Derivatives and Hedging Activities | Note 6 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities Credco uses derivative financial instruments (derivatives) to manage exposures to various market risks. These instruments derive their value from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, and are carried a t fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These instruments enable end users to increase, reduce or alter exposure to various market risks and, for that reason, are an integral component of Credco’s market risk management. Credco does not transact i n derivatives for trading purposes. Market risk is the risk to earnings or asset and liability values resulting from movements in market prices. Credco’s market risk exposures include: Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and Foreign exchange ri sk related to earnings, funding, transactions and investments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. American Express centrally monitors market risks using market risk limits and escalation triggers as defined in its Asset/Liability Management Policy. I nterest rate exposure within charge card and fixed-rate lending products is managed by varying the proportion of total funding provided by short-term and variable-rate debt compared to fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to economically convert fixed-rate debt obligations to variable-rate obligations or to convert variable-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations. Credco may change the mix between variable-rate and fixed-rate funding based on changes in busine ss volumes and mix, among other factors. Foreign exchange risk is generated by funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans with U.S. dollars, foreign currency balance sheet exposures, foreign subsidiary equity and foreign currency earnings i n entities outside the United States. Credco’s foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by entering into agreements to buy and sell currencies on a spot basis or by hedging this market exposure to the extent it is economically justified through various m eans, including the use of derivatives such as foreign exchange forwards and cross-currency swap contracts. Exposures from foreign subsidiary equity in Credco’s entities outside the United States are hedged through the use of foreign exchange forwards exec uted either by Credco or TRS. Derivatives may give rise to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that a derivative counterparty will default on, or otherwise be unable to perform pursuant to an uncollate ralized derivative exposure. This risk is manage d by considering the current exposure, which is the replacement cost of contracts on the measurement date, as well as estimating the maximum potential value of the contracts over the next 12 months, considering such factors as the volatility of the underly ing or reference index. To mitigate derivative credit risk, counterparties are required to be pre-approved by American Express and rated as investment grade , and counterparty risk exposures are centrally monitored. Additionally, in order to mitigate the bi lateral counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives, Credco has in certain instances entered into master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties, which provide a right of offset for certain exposures between the parties. A majority o f Credco’s derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31 , 2016 and 2015 are subject to master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties. Credco has no derivative amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not o ffset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. To further mitigate bilateral counterparty credit risk, Credco exercises its rights under executed credit support agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties. These agreements require that, in the event the fair value change in the net derivatives position between the two parties exceeds certain dollar thresholds, the party in the net liability position posts collateral to its counterparty. All derivative contracts cleared through a central clearing house are collateralized to the full amount of the fair value of the contracts. In relation to Credco’s credit risk, under the terms of the derivative agreements it has with its various counterparties, Credco is not required to either immediately settle an y outstanding liability balances or post collateral upon the occurrence of a specified credit risk-related event. Based on its assessment of the credit risk of Credco’s derivative counterparties as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 , no adjustment to the derivative portfolio was required . Credco’s derivatives are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the instruments’ intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if any, as discusse d below. Refer to Note 7 for a description of Credco’s methodology for determining the fair value of derivatives. The following table summarizes the total fair value, excluding interest accruals, of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31: Other Assets Other Liabilities Fair Value Fair Value (Millions) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Fair value hedges - Interest rate contracts $ 22 $ 64 $ 69 $ 9 Net investment hedges - Foreign exchange contracts 151 30 1 13 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments 173 94 70 22 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts 128 62 28 33 Total derivatives, gross 301 156 98 55 Less: Cash collateral netting on interest rate contracts (a) (2) (53) (49) ― Derivative asset and derivative liability netting (b) (27) (33) (27) (33) Total derivatives, net (c) $ 272 $ 70 $ 22 $ 22 Represents the offsetting of derivatives and the right to reclaim cash collateral (a receivable) or the obligation to return cash collateral (a payable) arising from derivatives executed with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement. To mitigate counterparty credit risk related to derivatives, Credco may accept non-cash collateral from its derivatives counterparties. There were no such non-cash collateral as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Additionally, Credco posted $ 144 million and $ 128 million as of December 31 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively, as initial margin on its centrally cleared interest rate swaps; such amounts are recorded within Other assets on Credco’s Consol idated Balance Sheets and are not netted against the derivative balances. Represents the amount of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement. Credco has no in dividually significant derivative counterparties and therefore, no significant risk exposure to any single derivative counterparty. The total net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities are presented within Other assets and Accrued interest and Ot her liabilities, respectively, on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative Financial Instruments that Qualify for Hedge Accounting Derivatives executed for hedge accounting purposes are documented and designated as such when Credco enters into the contracts. In accordance with its risk management policies, Credco structures its hedges with terms similar to those of the item being hedged. Credco formally assesses, at inception of the hedge accounting relationship and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting t he fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. These assessments usually are made through the application of a regression analysis method. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Credco will discontinue the application o f hedge accounting. Fair Value Hedges A fair value hedge involves a derivative designated to hedge Credco’s exposure to future changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability, or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular ris k. Credco is exposed to interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate long-term debt obligations . At the time of issuance, certain fixed-rate debt obligations are designated in f air v alue hedging relationships using interest rate swaps to economically convert the fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate . Credco has $ 14.8 billion and $ 15.9 billion of fixed-rate debt obligations designated as fair value hedges a s of December 31, 201 6 and 201 5, respectively. To the extent the fair value hedge is effective, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument offsets the loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. Any difference between the changes in the fair value of the derivative an d changes in the hedged item is referred to as hedge ineffectiveness and is reported as a component of Other expenses. Hedge ineffectiveness may be caused by differences between a debt obligation’s interest rate and the benchmark rate, primarily due to cre dit spreads at inception of the hedging relationship that are not reflected in the fair value of the interest rate swap. Furthermore, hedge ineffectiveness may be caused by changes in 1-month LIBOR, 3-month LIBOR and the overnight indexed swap rate , as spr eads between these rates impact the fair value of the interest rate swap without causing an exact offsetting impact to the fair value of the hedged debt. For the periods presented, C redco considers all fair value hedges to be highly effective and did not de-designate any fair value hedge relationships. Credco also recognized a net reduction in interest expense on long-term debt of $ 126 million, $ 177 million and $ 187 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively, primarily related to the net settlements (interest accruals) on Credco’s interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges. The following table summarizes the impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income associated with Cred co’s fair value hedges of its fixed-rate long-term debt for the years ended December 31: (Millions) 2016 2015 2014 Interest rate derivative contracts $ (102) $ (31) $ (93) Hedged items 91 44 101 Net hedge ineffectiveness (losses) gains $ (11) $ 13 $ 8 Net Investment Hedges A net investment hedge is used to hedge future changes in currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Credco primarily designates foreign currency derivatives, typically foreign exchange forwards, and on occasion foreign currency denominated debt, as hedges of net investments in certain foreign operations. These instruments reduce exposure to changes in currency exchange rates on Credco’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. The effective portion of the gain or loss on net investment hedges, net of taxes, recorded in A OCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment w ere gains of $ 80 million, $ 235 million and $ 162 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively, with any ineffective portion recognized in Other expenses during the period of change. No in effectiveness or other amounts associated with net investment hedges were reclassified from AOCI into income for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 . Derivatives Not Designated A s Hedges Credco has derivatives that act as economic h edges, but are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes. Foreign currency transactions and non-U.S. dollar cash flow exposures from time to time may be partially or fully economically hedged through foreign currency contracts, primarily foreign exchange forwards. These hedges generally mature within one year. Foreign currency contracts involve the purchase and sale of designated currencies at an agreed upon rate for settlement on a specified date. The changes in the fair value of the derivatives that are not designated as hedges are intended to offset the related foreign exchange gains or losses on the underlying foreign currency exposures. The changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the related underlying foreign currency exposures resu lted in net gain s of $ 1 million , $14 million and $87 million for the years ended December 31 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively, and are recognized in Other expenses. From time to time, Credco also may enter into interest rate swaps to specifically manage funding costs related to American Express’ proprietary card business. Related to its derivatives not designated as hedges, Credco previously disclosed in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in its Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the yea rs ended 2015 and 2014 a loss of $5 million and a gain of $133 million, respectively. These amounts should have been disclosed as gains of $293 million and $587 million, respectively, which are the amounts used to calculate the above-referenced net gains of $14 million and $87 million. T hese changes to the previously disclosed amounts have no impact on Credco’s Consolidated Statements of Income, Balance Sheets or Cash Flows. |