Derivatives and Hedging Activities | Note 6 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities Credco uses d erivative financial instruments to manage exposures to various market risks. These instruments derive their value from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, and are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These instruments enable end users to increase, reduce or alter exposure to various market risks and, for that reason, are an integral component of Credco’s market risk management. Credco does not transact in derivatives for trading purposes. Market risk is the risk to earnings or asset and liability values resulting from movements in market prices. Credco’s market risk exposures include: Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and Foreign exchange risk arising from earnings, funding, transactions and inv estments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. American Express centrally monitor s market risks using market risk limits and escalation triggers as defined in its Asset/Liability Management Policy. Interest rate risk primarily arises through the fund ing of Card Member receivables and fixed-rate loans with variable-rate borrowings, as well as through the risk to net interest margin from changes in the relationship between benchmark rates such as Prime, LIBOR and the overnight indexed swap rate. Interes t rate exposure within charge card and fixed-rate lending products is managed by varying the proportion of total funding provided by short-term and variable-rate debt compared to fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to economically convert fixed-rate debt obligations to variable-rate obligations or to convert variable-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations. Credco may change the mix between variable-rate and fixed-rate funding based on changes in business vol umes and mix, among other factors. Foreign exchange risk is generated by funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans with U.S. dollars, foreign currency balance sheet exposures, foreign subsidiary equity and foreign currency earnings in enti ties outside the United States. Credco’s foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by entering into agreements to buy and sell currencies on a spot basis or by hedging this market exposure to the extent it is economical , through various means, including t he use of derivatives such as foreign exchange forwards and cross-currency swap contracts. Exposures from foreign subsidiary equity in Credco’s entities outside the United States are hedged through the use of foreign exchange forwards executed either by Cr edco or TRS. Derivatives may give rise to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that a derivative counterparty will default on, or otherwise be unable to perform pursuant to an uncollate ralized derivative exposure. This risk is managed by considering the current exposure, which is the replacement cost of contracts on the measurement date, as well as estimating the maximum potential value of the contracts over the next 12 months, considering such factors as the volatility of the underlying or reference index. To mitigate derivative credit risk, counterparties are required to be pre-approved by American Express and rated as investment grade , and counterparty risk exposures are centrally monitored. Additionally, in order to mitigate the bilateral counter party credit risk associated with derivatives, Credco has in certain instances entered into master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties, which provide a right of offset for certain exposures between the parties. A majority of Credco’s deri vative assets and liabilities as of December 31 , 2018 and 2017 are subject to master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties. Credco has no derivative amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not offset on the Co nsolidated Balance Sheets. To further mitigate counterparty credit risk, Credco exercise s its rights under executed credit support agreements with the respective derivative counterparties for most of its bilateral interest rate swaps . These agreements requ ire that, in the event the fair value change in the net derivatives position between the two parties exceeds certain dollar thresholds, the party in the net liability position posts collateral to its counterparty. All derivative contracts cleared through a central clearinghouse are collateralized to the full amount of the fair value of the contracts. In relation to Credco’s credit risk, certain of Credco’s bilateral derivative agreements include provisions that allow counterparties to terminate the agreement in the event of a downgrade of Credco’s debt credit ra ting below investment grade and settle the outstanding net liability position. As of December 31, 2018, these derivatives were not in a net liability position . Credco has no individually signi ficant derivative counterparties and therefore, no significant risk exposure to any single derivative counterparty. Based on Credco’s assessment of the credit risk of it s derivative counterparties as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , no credit risk adju stment to the derivative portfolio was required . Credco’s derivatives are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the instruments’ intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if an y, as discussed below. Refer to Note 7 for a description of Credco’s methodology for determining the fair value of derivatives. The following table summarizes the total fair value, excluding interest accruals, of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31: Other Assets Other Liabilities Fair Value Fair Value (Millions) 2018 2017 2018 2017 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Fair value hedges - Interest rate contracts (a)(b) $ ― $ ― $ ― $ ― Net investment hedges - Foreign exchange contracts 57 54 10 38 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments 57 54 10 38 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts 220 9 6 57 Total derivatives, gross 277 63 16 95 Less: Derivative asset and derivative liability netting (c) (11) (26) (11) (26) Total derivatives, net $ 266 $ 37 $ 5 $ 69 For Credco’s centrally cleared derivatives, variation margin payments are legally characterized as settlement payments as opposed to collateral. Credco posted $ 55 million and $ 115 million as of December 31 , 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, as initial margin on its centrally cleared interest rate swaps; such amounts are recorded within Other assets on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not netted against the derivative balances. Represents the amo unt of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparties under an enforceable master netting arrangement. Derivative Financial Instruments that Qualify for Hedge Accounting Derivatives executed for hedge accounting purposes are documented and designated as such when Credco enters into the contracts. In accordance with its risk management policies, Credco structures its hedges with terms similar to those of the item being hedged. Credco formally assess es , at inception of the hedge accounting relationship and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting th e fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. These assessments usually are made through the application of a regression analysis method. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Credco will discontinue the application of hedge accounting. Fair Value Hedges A fair value hedge involves a derivative designated to hedge Credco’s exposure to future changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability, or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk . Credco is exposed to interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate long-term debt obligations . At the time of issuance, certain fixed-rate debt obligations are designated in f air v alue hedging relationships using interest rate swaps to economically convert the fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate . Credco has $ 13.8 billion and $ 16.2 billion of its fixed-rate debt obligations designated in fair value hedging relationships a s of December 31, 201 8 and 201 7, respectively. Gains or loss es on the fair value hedging instrument principally offset the loss es or gain s on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. T he changes in the fair value of the derivative and the changes in the hedged item m ay not fully offset due to differences between a debt obligation’s intere st rate and the benchmark rate, primarily due to credit spreads at inception of the hedging relationship that are not reflected in the fair value of the interest rate swap. Furthermore, the difference may be caused by changes in 1-month LIBOR, 3-month LIBOR and the overnight indexed swa p rate, as spreads between these rates impact the fair value of the interest rate swap without an exact offsetting impact to the fair value of the hedged debt. The following table presents the gains and losses associated with the fair value hedges of Credco’s fixed-rate long-term debt for the years ended December 31: Gains (losses) (Millions) 2018 2017 2016 Interest Expense (a) Other expenses Other expenses Fixed-rate long-term debt $ 29 $ 100 $ 91 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (13) (129) (102) Total $ 16 $ (29) $ (11) Credco adopted new accounting guidance providing targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities effective January 1, 2018. In compliance with the standard, amounts previously recorded in Other expenses have been prospectively recorded in Interest expense. Refer to Note 1 for additional information. The carrying values of the hedged liabilities, recorded within Long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $ 13.5 billion and $16.0 b illion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, including offsetting amounts of $ 184 million and $155 million for the respective periods, related to the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments. Credco recognize d a net increase of $ 75 million in Interest expense on Long -term debt for the year ended December 31, 2018, and net reductions of $ 53 million and $ 126 million for the years ended Dec ember 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively, primarily related to the net settlements (interest accruals) on Credco’s interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges. Net Investment Hedges A net investment hedge is used to hedge future changes i n currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Credco primarily designate s foreign currency derivatives, typically foreign exchange forwards, and on occasion foreign currency denominated debt, as hedges of net investments in certain foreign operations. These instruments reduce exposure to changes in currency exchange rates on Credco’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. C redco had notionals of approximately $ 2.9 billion and $ 3.0 billion of foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The gain or loss on net investment hedges, net of taxes, recorded in A OCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment w as a gain of $ 127 million , a loss of $ 174 million and a gain of $ 80 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. No amounts associated with net investment hedges were reclassified from AOCI into income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Derivatives Not Designated a s Hedges Credco has derivatives that act as economic hedges, but are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes. Foreign currency transactions from time to t ime may be partially or fully economically hedged through foreign currency contracts, primarily foreign exchange forwards. These hedges generally mature within one year. Foreign currency contracts involve the purchase and sale of designated currencies at a n agreed - upon rate for settlement on a specified date. The changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not designated as hedges are intended to offset the related foreign exchange gains or losses of the underlying foreign currency exposures. The cha nges in the fair value of the derivatives and the related underlying foreign currency exposures resulted in a net gains of $ 59 million, $ 21 million and $1 million for t he years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and are recognized in Other expenses. |