Derivatives and Hedging Activities | 9 Months Ended |
Sep. 30, 2013 |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ' |
Derivatives and Hedging Activities | ' |
5. Derivatives and Hedging Activities |
Credco uses derivative financial instruments (derivatives) to manage exposures to various market risks. Derivatives derive their value from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including interest rate and foreign exchange rate. These instruments enable end users to increase, reduce or alter exposure to various market risks and, for that reason, are an integral component of Credco's market risk management. Credco does not engage in derivatives for trading purposes. |
Market risk is the risk to earnings or value resulting from movements in market prices. Credco's market risk exposure is primarily generated by: |
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Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and |
Foreign exchange risk in its operations outside the United States and the associated funding of such operations. |
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American Express centrally monitors market risks using market risk limits and escalation triggers as defined in its Asset/Liability Management Policy. |
Interest rate exposure within Credco's charge card and fixed-rate lending products is managed by varying the proportion of total funding provided by short-term and variable-rate debt compared to fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to economically convert fixed-rate debt obligations to variable-rate obligations or to convert variable-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations. Credco may change the mix between variable-rate and fixed-rate funding based on changes in business volumes and mix, among other factors. |
Foreign exchange risk is generated by (i) funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans with U.S. dollars and (ii) foreign subsidiary equity and foreign currency earnings in entities outside the United States. Credco hedges market exposure to the extent it is economically justified through various means, including the use of derivatives such as foreign exchange forwards and cross-currency swap contracts, which can help mitigate Credco's exposure to specific currencies. Exposures from foreign subsidiary equity in Credco's entities outside the United States are hedged through various means, including the use of foreign currency debt and foreign exchange forwards executed either by Credco or TRS. |
Derivatives may give rise to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that a derivative counterparty will default on, or otherwise be unable to perform pursuant to, an uncollateralized derivative exposure. Credco manages this risk by considering the current exposure, which is the replacement cost of contracts on the measurement date, as well as estimating the maximum potential value of the contracts over the next 12 months, considering such factors as the volatility of the underlying or reference index. To mitigate derivative credit risk, counterparties are required to be pre-approved by American Express and rated as investment grade. Counterparty risk exposures are centrally monitored by American Express. Additionally, in order to mitigate the bilateral counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives, Credco has in certain instances entered into master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties, which provide a right of offset for certain exposures between the parties. A significant portion of Credco's derivative assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 is subject to such master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties. There are no instances where management makes an accounting policy election to not net assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting agreement on Credco's Consolidated Balance Sheets. To further mitigate bilateral counterparty credit risk, Credco exercises its rights under executed credit support agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties. These agreements require that, in the event the fair value change in the net derivatives position between the two parties exceeds certain dollar thresholds, the party in the net liability position posts collateral to its counterparty. All derivative contracts cleared through a central clearinghouse are collateralized to the full amount of the fair value of the contracts. |
In relation to Credco's credit risk, under the terms of the derivative agreements it has with its various counterparties, Credco is not required to either immediately settle any outstanding liability balances or post collateral upon the occurrence of a specified credit risk-related event. Based on the assessment of credit risk of Credco's derivative counterparties as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Credco does not have derivative positions that warrant credit valuation adjustments. |
Credco's derivatives are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the instruments' intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if any, as discussed below. Refer to Note 2 for a description of Credco's methodology for determining the fair value of derivatives. |
The following table summarizes the total fair value, excluding interest accruals, of derivative assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012: |
| | | | Deferred Charges and Other Assets | | Accrued Interest and Other Liabilities | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Fair Value | | Fair Value | | | | | | | | |
(Millions) | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest rate contracts | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Fair value hedges | | $ | 216 | | $ | 406 | | $ | ― | | $ | ― | | | | | | | | |
| | Cash flow hedges | | | ― | | | ― | | | ― | | | ― | | | | | | | | |
| Foreign exchange contracts | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Net investment hedges | | | 11 | | | 6 | | | 6 | | | 6 | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | $ | 227 | | $ | 412 | | $ | 6 | | $ | 6 | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Foreign exchange contracts | | $ | 35 | | $ | 20 | | $ | 61 | | $ | 73 | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | $ | 35 | | $ | 20 | | $ | 61 | | $ | 73 | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives, gross | | $ | 262 | | $ | 432 | | $ | 67 | | $ | 79 | | | | | | | | |
Cash collateral netting(a) | | | -203 | | | -160 | | | ― | | | ― | | | | | | | | |
Derivative asset and derivative liability netting(b) | | | -11 | | | -7 | | | -11 | | | -7 | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives, net(c) | | $ | 48 | | $ | 265 | | $ | 56 | | $ | 72 | | | | | | | | |
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Represents the offsetting of derivative instruments and the right to reclaim cash collateral (a receivable) or the obligation to return cash collateral (a payable) arising from derivative instrument(s) executed with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement. Additionally, Credco received noncash collateral in the form of security interest in U.S. Treasury securities with a fair value of nil and $242 million as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, none of which was sold or repledged. Such noncash collateral effectively further reduces Credco's risk exposure to $48 million and $23 million as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, but does not reduce the net exposure on Credco's Consolidated Balance Sheet. Additionally, Credco posted $33 million and nil as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, as initial margin on its centrally cleared interest rate swaps, not netted against the derivative balances. |
Represents the amount of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement. |
Credco has no individually significant derivative counterparties and therefore, no significant risk exposure to any single derivative counterparty. The total net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities are presented within Deferred Charges and Other Assets and Accrued Interest and Other Liabilities on Credco's Consolidated Balance Sheets. |
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Derivative Financial Instruments that Qualify for Hedge Accounting |
Derivatives executed for hedge accounting purposes are documented and designated as such when Credco enters into the contracts. In accordance with its risk management policies, Credco structures its hedges with terms similar to that of the item being hedged. Credco formally assesses, at inception of the hedge accounting relationship and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting the fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. These assessments usually are made through the application of a regression analysis method. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Credco will discontinue the application of hedge accounting. |
Fair Value Hedges |
A fair value hedge involves a derivative designated to hedge Credco's exposure to future changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability, or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk. Credco is exposed to interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate long-term debt. Credco uses interest rate swaps to economically convert certain fixed-rate long-term debt obligations to floating-rate obligations at the time of issuance. As of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Credco hedged $12.4 billion and $14.4 billion, respectively, of its fixed-rate debt to floating-rate debt using interest rate swaps. |
To the extent the fair value hedge is effective, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument offsets the loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. Any difference between the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item is referred to as hedge ineffectiveness and is reflected in earnings as a component of other expenses. Hedge ineffectiveness may be caused by differences between the debt's interest coupon and the benchmark rate, primarily due to credit spreads at inception of the hedging relationship that are not reflected in the valuation of the interest rate swap. Furthermore, hedge ineffectiveness may be caused by changes in the relationship between 3-month LIBOR and 1-month LIBOR, as well as between the overnight indexed swap (OIS) and 1-month LIBOR, as basis spreads may impact the valuation of the interest rate swap without causing an offsetting impact in the value of the hedged debt. If a fair value hedge is de-designated or no longer considered to be effective, changes in fair value of the derivative continue to be recorded through earnings but the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates. The existing basis adjustment of the hedged asset or liability is amortized or accreted as an adjustment to yield over the remaining life of that asset or liability. |
The following table summarizes the impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Retained Earnings associated with Credco's hedges of its fixed-rate long-term debt for the three and nine months ended September 30: |
For the Three Months Ended September 30: (Millions) | | | |
| | Gains (losses) recognized in income |
| | Derivative contract | | Hedged item | | Net hedge |
| | | | Amount | | | | Amount | | ineffectiveness |
Derivative Relationship | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
Interest rate contracts | | Other, net expenses | | $ | -8 | | $ | -7 | | Other, net expenses | | $ | 4 | | $ | -15 | | $ | -4 | | $ | -22 |
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For the Nine Months Ended September 30: (Millions) | | | |
| | Gains (losses) recognized in income |
| | Derivative contract | | Hedged item | | Net hedge |
| | | | Amount | | | | Amount | | ineffectiveness |
Derivative Relationship | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
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Interest rate contracts | | Other, net expenses | | $ | -187 | | $ | -11 | | Other, net expenses | | $ | 185 | | $ | -18 | | $ | -2 | | $ | -29 |
Credco also recognized a net reduction in interest expense of $53 million and $73 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively, primarily related to the net settlements (interest accruals) on Credco's interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, the impact on interest expense was a net reduction of $193 million and $214 million, respectively. |
Cash Flow Hedges |
A cash flow hedge involves a derivative designated to hedge Credco's exposure to variable future cash flows attributable to a particular risk. Such exposures may relate to either an existing recognized asset or liability, or a forecasted transaction. Credco hedges existing long-term variable-rate debt, the rollover of short-term borrowings and the anticipated forecasted issuance of additional funding through the use of derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps. These derivative instruments economically convert floating-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations for the duration of the instrument. As of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Credco did not hedge any of its floating-rate debt using interest rate swaps. |
For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivatives is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the hedged cash flows are recognized in earnings. The amount that is reclassified into earnings is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the same line item in which the hedged instrument or transaction is recognized, primarily in interest expense. Any ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivatives is reported as a component of other expenses. If a cash flow hedge is de-designated or terminated prior to maturity, the amount previously recorded in AOCI is recognized into earnings over the period that the hedged item impacts earnings. If a hedge relationship is discontinued because it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur according to the original strategy, any related amounts previously recorded in AOCI are recognized into earnings immediately. No ineffectiveness or other amounts were reclassified from AOCI into income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 and three months ended September 30, 2012. For the nine months ended September 30, 2012, an amount of $(1) million loss was reclassified from AOCI into income. |
In the normal course of business, as the hedged cash flows are recognized into earnings, Credco does not expect to reclassify any amount of net pretax losses on derivatives from AOCI into earnings during the next 12 months. |
Net Investment Hedges |
A net investment hedge is used to hedge future changes in currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Credco primarily designates foreign currency derivatives, typically foreign exchange forwards, and on occasion foreign currency denominated debt, as hedges of net investments in certain foreign operations. These instruments reduce exposure to changes in currency exchange rates on Credco's investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. The effective portion of the gain (loss) on net investment hedges, net of taxes, recorded in AOCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment, was $(19) million and $(58) million for the three months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, the effective portion of the gain (loss) on net investment hedges, net of taxes, was nil and $(70) million, respectively. Any ineffective portion of the gain or (loss) on net investment hedges is recognized in other expenses during the period of change. No ineffectiveness or other amounts were reclassified from AOCI into income for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 or 2012. |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges |
Credco has derivatives that act as economic hedges, but are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes. Foreign currency transactions and non-U.S. dollar cash flow exposures from time to time may be partially or fully economically hedged through foreign currency contracts, primarily foreign exchange forwards. These hedges generally mature within one year. Foreign currency contracts involve the purchase and sale of a designated currency at an agreed upon rate for settlement on a specified date. The changes in the fair value of the derivatives effectively offset the related foreign exchange gains or losses on the underlying balance sheet exposures. From time to time, Credco may enter into interest rate swaps to specifically manage funding costs related to American Express' proprietary card business. |
For derivatives that are not designated as hedges, changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings. |
The following table summarizes the impact on pretax earnings of derivatives not designated as hedges, as reported on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Retained Earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30: |
For the Three Months Ended September 30: (Millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Pretax gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Amount | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Description | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | Other, net expenses | | $ | 21 | | $ | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | | $ | 21 | | $ | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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For the Nine Months Ended September 30: (Millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Pretax gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Amount | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Description | | Income Statement Line Item | | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | Other, net expenses | | $ | 71 | | $ | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | $ | 71 | | $ | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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