Derivatives and Hedging Activities | Note 6 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities Credco uses derivative financial instruments (derivatives) to manage exposures to various market risks. These instruments derive their value from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including interest rate s and foreign exchange rates, and are carried a t fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These instruments enable end users to increase, reduce or alter exposure to various market risks and, for that reason, are an integral component of Credco’s market risk management. Credco does not transact i n derivatives for trading purposes. Market risk is the risk to earnings or asset and liability value s resulting from movements in market prices. Credco’s market risk exposure s include : Interest rate risk in its funding activities ; and Foreign exchange ri sk related to earnings, funding, transactions and investments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. American Express centrally monitors market risks using market risk limits and escalation triggers as defined in its Asset/Liability Management Policy. Interest rate exposure within charge card and lending products is managed by varying the proportion of total funding provided by short-term and variable-rate debt compared to fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to e conomically convert fixed-rate debt obligations to variable-rate obligations or to convert variable-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations. Credco may change the mix between variable-rate and fixed-rate funding based on changes in business volumes and mix, among other factors. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Credco did not have any designated cash flow hedges. Foreign exchange risk is generated by funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans with U.S. dollars , foreign currency balan ce sheet exposures , foreign subsidiary equity and foreign currency earnings in entities outside the U nited States . Credco’s foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by entering into agreements to buy and sell currencies on a spot basis or by hedging this market exposure to the extent it is economically justified through various means, including the use of derivatives such as foreign exchange forwards and cross-currency swap contracts, which can help mitigate Credco’s exposure to specific currencies. Expos ures from foreign subsidiary equity in Credco’s entities outside the U nited S tates are hedged through the use of foreign exchange forwards executed either by Credco or TRS. Derivative s may give rise to counterparty credit risk , which is the risk that a der ivative counterparty will default on, or otherwise be unable to perform pursuant to an uncollateralized derivative exposure. The risk is managed by considering the current exposure, which is the replacement cost of contracts on the measurement date, as wel l as estimating the maximum potential value of the contracts over the next 12 months, considering such factors as the volatility of the underlying or reference index. To mitigate derivative credit risk, counterparties are required to be pre-approved by Ame rican Express and rated as investment grade and c ounterparty risk exposures are centrally monitored . Additionally, in order to mitigate the bilateral counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives, Credco has in certain instances entered into master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties, which provide a right of offset for certain exposures between th e parties. To further mitigate bilateral counterparty credit risk, Credco exercises its rig hts under executed credit support agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties. These agreements require that, in the event the fair value change in the net derivatives position between the two parties exceeds certain dollar thresholds, the par ty in the net liability position posts collateral to its counterparty. All derivative contracts cleared through a central clearinghouse are collateralized to the full amount of the fair value of the contracts. In relation to Credco’s credit risk, under the terms of the derivative agreements it has with its various counterparties, Credco is not required to either immediately settle any outstanding liability balances or post collateral upon the occurrence of a specified credit risk-related event. Based on the assessment of credit risk of Credco’s derivative counterparties as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , Credco does not have derivative positions that warrant credit valuation adjustments. Credco’s derivative s are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the instruments’ intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if any, as discussed below. Refer to Note 7 for a description of Credco’s methodology for determining the fair value of derivative s. The following table summarizes the total fair value, excluding interest accruals, of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31: Accrued Interest and Other Assets Other Liabilities Fair Value Fair Value (Millions) 2015 2014 2015 2014 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate contracts Fair value hedges $ 64 $ 90 $ 9 $ 4 Foreign exchange contracts Net investment hedges 30 186 13 ― Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments 94 276 22 4 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts 62 73 33 49 Total derivatives, gross 156 349 55 53 Less: Cash collateral netting (a) (53) (63) ― ― Derivative asset and derivative liability netting (b) (33) (50) (33) (50) Total derivatives, net (c) $ 70 $ 236 $ 22 $ 3 Represents the offsetting of derivative instruments and the right to reclaim cash collateral (a receivable) or the obligation to return cash collateral (a payable) arising from derivative instrument(s) executed with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement . From time to time, Credco also receives non-cash collateral from counterparties in the form of security interests in U.S. Treasury securities, which reduces Credco’s risk exposure, but does not reduce the net exposur e on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Credco had such non-cash collateral, with a fair value of $ 40 million as of December 31 , 2014 , none of which was sold or repledged . Credco did not have any such non-cash collateral as of December 31, 2015. Additionally, Credco posted $ 128 million and $ 91 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively, as initial margin on its centra lly cleared interest rate swaps; such amounts are recorded within Other assets on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not netted against the derivative balances. Represents the amount of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparty under an enforcea ble master netting arrangement. Credco has no individually significant derivative counterparties and therefore, no significant risk exposure to any single derivative counterparty. The tot al net derivative assets and derivative li abilities are presented within Other assets and Accrued interest and other l iabilities on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. A majority of C redco ’s derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31 , 2015 and 2014 are subject to master netting agreements with its d erivative counterparties. As noted previously , Credco has no derivative amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative Financial Instruments that Qualify for Hedge Accounting Derivative s executed for hedge accounting purposes are documented and designated as such when Credco enters into the contracts. In accordance with its risk management policies, Credco structures its hedges with terms similar to those of the item being hedg ed . Credco formally assesses, at inception of the hedge accounting relationship and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting the fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. These assessments usuall y are m ade through the application of a regression analysis method. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Credco will discontinue the application of hedge accounting. Fair Value Hedges A fair value hedge involves a deri vative designated to hedge Credco’s exposure to future changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability, or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk. Credco is exposed to interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate long-term debt. Credco uses interest rate swaps to economically convert certain fix ed-rate debt obligations to floating-rate obligations at the time of issuance. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , Credco hedged $ 15.9 billion and $ 14.7 billion, respectively, of its fixed-rate debt to floating-rate debt using interest rate swaps. To the extent the fair value hedge is effective, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument offsets the loss or gain on the hedged item attrib utable to the hedged risk. Any difference between the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item is referred to as hedge ineffectiveness and is reflected in earnings as a component of O ther expenses . Hedge ineffectiveness may be caused by differences between a debt instrument ’s interest coupon and the benchmark rate, primarily due to credit spreads at inception of the hedging relationship that are not reflected in the valuation of the interest rate swap. Furthermore, hedge ineffectivene ss may be caused by changes in the relationship between 3-month LIBOR and 1-month LIBOR , as well as between the overnight indexed swap (OIS) and 1 -month LIBOR , as spreads between these rates may impact the valuation of the interest rate swap without causin g an offsetting impact in the value of the hedged debt. If a fair value hedge is de-designated or no longer considered to be effective, changes in fair value of the derivative continue to be recorded through earnings but the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates . The existing basis adjustment of the hedged asset or liability is amortized or accreted as an adjustment to yield over the remaining life of that asset or liability. Th e following table summarizes the impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income associated with Credco’s fair value hedges of its fixed-rate long-term debt for the years ended December 31: Gains (losses) recognized in income (Millions) Derivative contract Hedged item Net hedge Derivative Income Statement Amount Income Statement Amount ineffectiveness relationship Line Item 2015 2014 2013 Line Item 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Interest rate contracts Other expenses $ (31) $ (93) $ (224) Other expenses $ 44 $ 101 $ 218 $ 13 $ 8 $ (6) Credco also recognized a net reduction in interest expense on long-term debt of $ 177 million, $ 187 million and $ 235 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively, primarily related to the net settlements (interest accruals) on Credco’s interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges. Net Investment Hedges A net investment hedge is used to hedge future changes in currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Credco primarily designates foreign currency derivatives, typically foreign exchange forwards, and on occasion foreign currency denominated debt, as hedges of net investments in certain foreign operations. These instruments reduce exposure to changes in currency exchange rates on Credco’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. The effective portion of the gain on net investment hedges, net of taxes, recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) as part of the cumulative translation adjustment was $ 235 million, $ 162 million and $ 15 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively, with any ineffective portion recognized in Other expenses during the period of change. No ineffectiveness or other amounts associated with net investment hedges were reclassified from AOCI into income for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges Credco has derivative s that act as economic hedges , but are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes. Foreign currency transactions and non-U.S. dollar cash flow exposures from time to time may be partially or fully economically hedged through foreign currency contr acts, primarily foreign exchange forwards. These hedges generally mature within one year. Foreign currency contracts involve the purchase and sale of designated currencies at an agreed upon rate for settlement on a specified date. The changes in the fair v alue of the derivatives effectively offset the related foreign exchange gains or losses on the unde rlying balance sheet exposures. F rom time to time, Credco also may enter into interest rate swaps to specifically manage funding costs related to American Express’ proprietary card business. For derivative s that are not designated as hedges, changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings. The following table summarizes the impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income associated with the Cr edco’s derivatives not designated as hedges for the years ended December 31: Pretax gains (losses) Amount Description (Millions) Income Statement Line Item 2015 2014 2013 Foreign exchange contracts Other expenses $ (5) $ 133 $ 78 Total $ (5) $ 133 $ 78 |