Investments | 65% <= 75% 1,076.8 42.0 1,000.3 41.1 > 75% <= 85% 114.9 4.5 155.8 6.4 > 85% 22.6 0.9 86.6 3.6 Total $ 2,560.4 100.0 % $ 2,432.1 100.0 % The following table presents the amortized cost of our mortgage loans by year of origination and credit quality indicators for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2021 Prior to 2017 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total (in millions of dollars) Internal Rating AA $ 3.3 $ — $ 24.0 $ — $ — $ — $ 27.3 A 414.6 68.0 71.1 28.9 17.6 110.6 710.8 BBB 561.2 227.3 283.3 331.9 163.1 242.6 1,809.4 BB 5.0 10.2 6.0 — — — 21.2 B — — — — — — — Total Amortized Cost 984.1 305.5 384.4 360.8 180.7 353.2 2,568.7 Allowance for credit losses (2.6) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.7) (0.8) (8.3) Carrying Amount $ 981.5 $ 304.1 $ 383.0 $ 359.4 $ 180.0 $ 352.4 $ 2,560.4 Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 779.1 $ 146.9 $ 163.0 $ 80.7 $ 54.3 $ 124.7 $ 1,348.7 >65<=75% 115.7 115.4 215.4 280.1 126.4 228.5 1,081.5 >75%<=85% 89.3 26.3 — — — — 115.6 >85% — 16.9 6.0 — — — 22.9 Total Amortized Cost 984.1 305.5 384.4 360.8 180.7 353.2 2,568.7 Allowance for credit losses (2.6) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.7) (0.8) (8.3) Carrying Amount $ 981.5 $ 304.1 $ 383.0 $ 359.4 $ 180.0 $ 352.4 $ 2,560.4 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Prior to 2016 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total (in millions of dollars) Internal Rating AA $ 3.5 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3.5 A 240.3 119.5 56.3 60.2 16.9 18.0 511.2 BBB 482.6 287.8 253.9 331.8 351.9 166.4 1,874.4 BB 29.4 — 10.5 — — — 39.9 B 16.2 — — — — — 16.2 Total Amortized Cost 772.0 407.3 320.7 392.0 368.8 184.4 2,445.2 Allowance for credit losses (2.4) (2.0) (1.9) (2.4) (2.9) (1.5) (13.1) Carrying Amount $ 769.6 $ 405.3 $ 318.8 $ 389.6 $ 365.9 $ 182.9 $ 2,432.1 Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 598.5 $ 257.5 $ 139.0 $ 77.8 $ 82.8 $ 37.2 $ 1,192.8 >65<=75% 47.2 122.5 109.9 294.8 286.0 147.2 1,007.6 >75%<=85% 78.7 27.3 37.9 13.3 — — 157.2 >85% 47.6 — 33.9 6.1 — — 87.6 Total Amortized Cost 772.0 407.3 320.7 392.0 368.8 184.4 2,445.2 Allowance for credit losses (2.4) (2.0) (1.9) (2.4) (2.9) (1.5) (13.1) Carrying Amount $ 769.6 $ 405.3 $ 318.8 $ 389.6 $ 365.9 $ 182.9 $ 2,432.1 The following tables present a roll forward of allowance for expected credit losses by loan-to-value ratio for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2021 Beginning of Period Current Period Provisions Write-Offs Recoveries End of Period (in millions of dollars) Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 3.4 $ (0.8) $ — $ — $ 2.6 >65<=75% 7.3 (2.6) — — 4.7 >75%<=85% 1.3 (0.6) — — 0.7 >85% 1.1 (0.8) — — 0.3 Total $ 13.1 $ (4.8) $ — $ — $ 8.3 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Beginning of Period Current Period Provisions Write-Offs Recoveries End of Period (in millions of dollars) Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 2.8 $ 0.6 $ — $ — $ 3.4 >65<=75% 4.6 2.7 — — 7.3 >75%<=85% 0.5 0.8 — — 1.3 >85% 0.4 0.7 — — 1.1 Total $ 8.3 $ 4.8 $ — $ — $ 13.1 The decrease in our estimate of expected losses during the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to improved economic conditions and recovery from COVID-19, especially as it relates to underlying commercial real estate values, and reflects market conditions at December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we experienced an increase in our estimate of expected credit losses due to the expected impact of COVID-19 on underlying commercial real estate values, reflecting market conditions at the time. There were no troubled debt restructurings during 2021, 2020 or 2019. At December 31, 2021, we held no mortgage loans that were greater than 90 days past due regarding principal and/or interest payments. We had no loan foreclosures for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, or 2019. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no impaired mortgage loans. Our average investment in impaired mortgage loans was $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We did not recognize any interest income during 2021, 2020 or 2019 on mortgage loans subsequent to impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had commitments of $26.3 million and $11.4 million, respectively to fund certain commercial mortgage loans. Consistent with how we determine the estimate of current expected credit losses for our funded mortgage loans each period, we estimate expected credit losses for loans that have not been funded but we are committed to fund at the end of each period. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $0.1 million of expected credit losses related to unfunded commitments on our consolidated balance sheets. Investment Real Estate Our investment real estate balance was $119.5 million and $106.3 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and the associated accumulated depreciation was $171.3 million and $97.7 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We did not recognize any impairments related to our real estate during 2021 or 2019. We recognized $36.6 million in impairments during 2020 related to certain of our real estate held for investment. Transfers of Financial Assets To manage our cash position more efficiently, we may enter into repurchase agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions. We generally use repurchase agreements as a means to finance the purchase of invested assets or for short-term general business purposes until projected cash flows become available from our operations or existing investments. Our repurchase agreements are typically outstanding for less than 30 days. We post collateral through our repurchase agreement transactions whereby the counterparty commits to purchase securities with the agreement to resell them to us at a later, specified date. The fair value of collateral posted is generally 102 percent of the cash received. Our investment policy also permits us to lend fixed maturity securities to unaffiliated financial institutions in short-term securities lending agreements. These agreements increase our investment income with minimal risk. Our securities lending policy requires that a minimum of 102 percent of the fair value of the securities loaned be maintained as collateral. We may receive cash and/or securities as collateral under these agreements. Cash received as collateral is typically reinvested in short-term investments. If securities are received as collateral, we are not permitted to sell or re-post them. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $283.7 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $94.8 million and $198.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $96.6 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $17.6 million and $82.8 million, respectively. We had no outstanding repurchase agreements at December 31, 2021 or 2020. The remaining contractual maturities of our securities lending agreements disaggregated by class of collateral pledged are as follows: December 31 2021 2020 Overnight and Continuous (in millions of dollars) Borrowings United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $ 0.1 $ 0.1 State, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions 0.1 0.4 Public Utilities 3.1 0.3 All Other Corporate Bonds 91.5 16.8 Total Borrowings $ 94.8 $ 17.6 Gross Amount of Recognized Liability for Securities Lending Transactions 94.8 17.6 Amounts Related to Agreements Not Included in Offsetting Disclosure Contained Herein $ — $ — Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of regional FHLBs. Membership, which requires that we purchase a minimum amount of FHLB common stock on which we receive dividends, provides access to low-cost funding. Advances received from the FHLB are used for the purchase of fixed maturity securities. Additional common stock purchases may be required, based on the amount of funds we borrow from the FHLBs. The carrying value of common stock owned, collateral posted, and advances received are as follows: December 31 2021 2020 (in millions of dollars) Carrying Value of FHLB Common Stock $ 22.1 $ 28.2 Advances from FHLB 160.9 312.2 Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB Fixed Maturity Securities $ 786.1 $ 944.0 Commercial Mortgage Loans 930.0 1,072.5 Total Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB $ 1,716.1 $ 2,016.5 Offsetting of Financial Instruments We enter into master netting agreements with each of our derivative's counterparties. These agreements provide for conditional rights of set-off upon the occurrence of an early termination event. An early termination event is considered a default, and it allows the non-defaulting party to offset its contracts in a loss position against any gain positions or payments due to the defaulting party. Under our agreements, default type events are defined as failure to pay or deliver as contractually agreed, misrepresentation, bankruptcy, or merger without assumption. See Note 4 for further discussion of collateral related to our derivative contracts. We have securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to us in return for the use of our fixed maturity securities. A right of set-off exists that allows us to keep and apply collateral received in the event of default by the counterparty. Default within a securities lending agreement would typically occur if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from us as contractually agreed. In addition, if we default by not returning collateral received, the counterparty has a right of set-off against our securities or any other amounts due to us. Shown below are our financial instruments that either meet the accounting requirements that allow them to be offset in our balance sheets or that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Our accounting policy is to not offset these financial instruments in our balance sheets. Net amounts disclosed below have been reduced by the amount of collateral pledged to or received from our counterparties. December 31, 2021 Gross Amount Gross Amount Not of Recognized Gross Amount Net Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Financial Offset in Presented in Financial Cash Net Instruments Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Instruments Collateral Amount (in millions of dollars) Financial Assets: Derivatives $ 39.5 $ — $ 39.5 $ (9.8) $ (28.4) $ 1.3 Securities Lending 283.7 — 283.7 (188.9) (94.8) — Total $ 323.2 $ — $ 323.2 $ (198.7) $ (123.2) $ 1.3 Financial Liabilities: Derivatives $ 35.0 $ — $ 35.0 $ (34.0) $ — $ 1.0 Securities Lending 94.8 — 94.8 (94.8) — — Total $ 129.8 $ — $ 129.8 $ (128.8) $ — $ 1.0 December 31, 2020 Gross Amount Gross Amount Not of Recognized Gross Amount Net Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Financial Offset in Presented in Financial Cash Net Instruments Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Instruments Collateral Amount (in millions of dollars) Financial Assets: Derivatives $ 19.8 $ — $ 19.8 $ (10.1) $ (8.7) $ 1.0 Securities Lending 96.6 — 96.6 (79.0) (17.6) — Total $ 116.4 $ — $ 116.4 $ (89.1) $ (26.3) $ 1.0 Financial Liabilities: Derivatives $ 59.7 $ — $ 59.7 $ (59.0) $ — $ 0.7 Securities Lending 17.6 — 17.6 (17.6) — — Total $ 77.3 $ — $ 77.3 $ (76.6) $ — $ 0.7 Net Investment Income Net investment income reported in our consolidated statements of income is presented below. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 2019 (in millions of dollars) Fixed Maturity Securities $ 1,888.2 $ 2,164.0 $ 2,213.6 Derivatives 68.6 78.7 73.4 Mortgage Loans 105.0 108.9 103.3 Policy Loans 19.7 20.0 19.9 Other Long-term Investments Perpetual Preferred Securities 1 6.9 (2.1) 5.4 Private Equity Partnerships 2 165.4 19.8 31.7 Other 5.5 3.9 3.9 Short-term Investments 1.3 10.5 29.0 Gross Investment Income 2,260.6 2,403.7 2,480.2 Less Investment Expenses 35.1 30.6 32.1 Less Investment Income on Participation Fund Account Assets 12.3 12.4 12.8 Net Investment Income $ 2,213.2 $ 2,360.7 $ 2,435.3 1 The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at December 31, 2021 was $4.4 million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at year-end was $(4.6) million and $3.3 million, respectively 2 The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to private equity partnerships still held at December 31, 2021 was $107.8 million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to private equity partnerships still held at year-end was $(8.7) million and $6.8 million, respectively. See Note 2 for further discussion of private equity partnerships. Investment Gain and Loss Investment gains and losses are as follows: Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 2019 (in millions of dollars) Fixed Maturity Securities Gross Gains on Sales 1 $ 76.2 $ 1,332.8 $ 22.9 Gross Losses on Sales (11.5) (20.3) (32.6) Credit Losses (9.3) (53.6) (25.3) Mortgage Loans and Other Invested Assets Gross Gains on Sales 5.8 1.9 4.6 Gross Losses on Sales — (0.3) (0.3) Impairment Loss — (36.6) — Change in Allowance for Credit Losses 4.7 (4.6) — Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement 9.7 (17.0) 8.3 All Other Derivatives 3.1 (2.5) (0.1) Foreign Currency Transactions (2.0) (0.7) (0.7) Net Investment Gain (Loss) $ 76.7 $ 1,199.1 $ (23.2) 1 Gross gains on sales of fixed maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes gains of $67.6 million as a result of the second phase of the reinsurance transaction that we completed during the first quarter of 2021. Gross gains on sales of fixed maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes gains of $1,302.3 million as a result of the first phase of the reinsurance transaction that we completed during the fourth quarter of 2020. See Note 12 for further discussion." id="sjs-B4">Fixed Maturity Securities At December 31, 2021 and 2020, all fixed maturity securities were classified as available-for-sale. The amortized cost and fair values of securities by security type are shown as follows: December 31, 2021 Amortized ACL 1 Gross Gross Fair (in millions of dollars) United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $ 460.1 $ — $ 120.1 $ 0.1 $ 580.1 States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions 4,150.2 — 584.2 6.9 4,727.5 Foreign Governments 952.0 — 215.3 20.7 1,146.6 Public Utilities 5,266.4 — 1,159.4 9.8 6,416.0 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 587.9 — 50.4 — 638.3 All Other Corporate Bonds 25,966.1 — 3,919.9 62.6 29,823.4 Redeemable Preferred Stocks 4.0 — 0.1 — 4.1 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 37,386.7 $ — $ 6,049.4 $ 100.1 $ 43,336.0 December 31, 2020 Amortized ACL 1 Gross Gross Fair (in millions of dollars) United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $ 559.0 $ — $ 150.8 $ — $ 709.8 States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions 3,609.9 — 652.8 1.5 4,261.2 Foreign Governments 902.9 — 266.5 1.2 1,168.2 Public Utilities 5,486.4 — 1,481.9 6.0 6,962.3 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 1,019.9 — 88.0 0.2 1,107.7 All Other Corporate Bonds 24,958.8 6.8 5,013.5 46.9 29,918.6 Redeemable Preferred Stocks 9.6 — — 0.1 9.5 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 36,546.5 $ 6.8 $ 7,653.5 $ 55.9 $ 44,137.3 1 Allowance for Credit Losses The following charts indicate the length of time our fixed maturity securities have been in a gross unrealized loss position. December 31, 2021 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Fair Gross Fair Gross (in millions of dollars) United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $ 9.3 $ 0.1 $ — $ — States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions 326.4 6.9 0.4 — Foreign Governments 234.4 18.9 10.7 1.8 Public Utilities 263.3 9.1 17.6 0.7 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 29.2 — 0.1 — All Other Corporate Bonds 2,146.3 51.6 199.4 11.0 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 3,008.9 $ 86.6 $ 228.2 $ 13.5 December 31, 2020 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Fair Gross Fair Gross (in millions of dollars) States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions $ 133.4 $ 1.5 $ 0.1 $ — Foreign Governments 20.3 1.2 — — Public Utilities 76.3 3.7 25.4 2.3 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 3.0 0.1 3.1 0.1 All Other Corporate Bonds 520.4 22.4 113.5 24.5 Redeemable Preferred Stocks 9.5 0.1 — — Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 762.9 $ 29.0 $ 142.1 $ 26.9 The following is a distribution of the maturity dates for fixed maturity securities. The maturity dates have not been adjusted for possible calls or prepayments. December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost, Net of ACL Unrealized Gain Position Unrealized Loss Position Gross Gain Fair Value Gross Loss Fair Value (in millions of dollars) 1 year or less $ 767.3 $ 17.6 $ 756.0 $ 0.1 $ 28.9 Over 1 year through 5 years 6,613.2 540.2 7,050.5 6.0 96.9 Over 5 years through 10 years 10,614.3 1,453.3 10,905.0 26.0 1,136.6 Over 10 years 18,804.0 3,987.9 20,778.4 68.0 1,945.4 36,798.8 5,999.0 39,489.9 100.1 3,207.8 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 587.9 50.4 609.0 — 29.3 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 37,386.7 $ 6,049.4 $ 40,098.9 $ 100.1 $ 3,237.1 December 31, 2020 Amortized Cost, Net of ACL Unrealized Gain Position Unrealized Loss Position Gross Gain Fair Value Gross Loss Fair Value (in millions of dollars) 1 year or less $ 881.8 $ 19.5 $ 836.4 $ 2.9 $ 62.0 Over 1 year through 5 years 6,162.6 589.9 6,545.7 22.9 183.9 Over 5 years through 10 years 10,886.9 1,914.8 12,659.4 10.7 131.6 Over 10 years 17,588.5 5,041.3 22,089.2 19.2 521.4 35,519.8 7,565.5 42,130.7 55.7 898.9 Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities 1,019.9 88.0 1,101.6 0.2 6.1 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 36,539.7 $ 7,653.5 $ 43,232.3 $ 55.9 $ 905.0 The following chart depicts an analysis of our fixed maturity security portfolio between investment-grade and below-investment-grade categories as of December 31, 2021: Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Gain Amount Percent of Total Gross Unrealized Loss (in millions of dollars) Investment-Grade $ 40,359.0 $ 5,814.9 $ 88.4 88.3 % Below-Investment-Grade 2,977.0 234.5 11.7 11.7 Total Fixed Maturity Securities $ 43,336.0 $ 6,049.4 $ 100.1 100.0 % The unrealized losses on investment-grade fixed maturity securities principally relate to changes in interest rates or changes in market or sector credit spreads which occurred subsequent to the acquisition of the securities. Below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities are generally more likely to develop credit concerns than investment-grade securities. At December 31, 2021, the unrealized losses in our below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities were generally due to credit spreads in certain industries or sectors and, to a lesser extent, credit concerns related to specific securities. For each specific security in an unrealized loss position, we believe that there are positive factors which mitigate credit concerns and that the securities for which we have not recorded a credit loss will recover in value. We have the ability and intent to continue to hold these securities to recovery of amortized cost and believe that no credit losses have occurred. As of December 31, 2021, we held 204 individual investment-grade fixed maturity securities and 22 individual below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 11 investment-grade fixed maturity securities and 8 below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities had been in an unrealized loss position continuously for over one year. In determining when a decline in fair value below amortized cost of a fixed maturity security represents a credit loss, we evaluate the following factors: • Whether we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security • Whether we intend to sell the security or will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis • Whether the security is current as to principal and interest payments • The significance of the decline in value • Current and future business prospects and trends of earnings • The valuation of the security's underlying collateral • Relevant industry conditions and trends relative to their historical cycles • Market conditions • Rating agency and governmental actions • Bid and offering prices and the level of trading activity • Adverse changes in estimated cash flows for securitized investments • Changes in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date • Any other key measures for the related security While determining whether a credit loss exists is a judgmental area, we utilize a formal, well-defined, and disciplined process to monitor and evaluate our fixed income investment portfolio, supported by issuer specific research and documentation as of the end of each period. The process results in a thorough evaluation of problem investments and the recording of credit losses on a timely basis for investments determined to have a credit loss. We calculate the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturity securities based on the present value of our best estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted using the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. When estimating future cash flows, we analyze the strength of the issuer’s balance sheet, its debt obligations and near-term funding arrangements, cash flow and liquidity, the profitability of its core businesses, the availability of marketable assets which could be sold to increase liquidity, its industry fundamentals and regulatory environment, and its access to capital markets. The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, all of which are classified as "all other corporate bonds" in the preceding tables, at December 31, 2021: Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 (in millions of dollars) Balance, beginning of period $ 6.8 $ — Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded — 44.5 Change in allowance due to change in intent to hold securities to maturity — (37.7) Change in allowance on securities with allowance recorded in previous period 0.5 — Change in allowance on securities sold during the period (7.3) — Balance, end of period $ — $ 6.8 At December 31, 2021, we had commitments of $109.5 million to fund private placement fixed maturity securities, the amount of which may or may not be funded. Variable Interest Entities We invest in variable interests issued by variable interest entities. These investments include tax credit partnerships, private equity partnerships, and special purpose entities. For those variable interests that are not consolidated in our financial statements, we are not the primary beneficiary because we have neither the power to direct the activities that are most significant to economic performance nor the responsibility to absorb a majority of the expected losses. The determination of whether we are the primary beneficiary is performed at the time of our initial investment and at the date of each subsequent reporting period. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of our variable interest entity investments that are not consolidated in our financial statements was $987.9 million, comprised of $9.3 million of tax credit partnerships and $978.6 million of private equity partnerships. At December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of our variable interest entity investments that are not consolidated in our financial statements was $776.8 million, comprised of $29.3 million of tax credit partnerships and $747.5 million of private equity partnerships. These variable interest entity investments are reported as other long-term investments in our consolidated balance sheets. The Company invests in tax credit partnerships primarily for the receipt of income tax credits and tax benefits derived from passive losses on the investments. Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of income are as follows: Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 2019 (in millions of dollars) Income Tax Credits $ 21.6 $ 33.2 $ 37.8 Amortization, Net of Tax (15.0) (21.9) (25.2) Income Tax Benefit $ 6.6 $ 11.3 $ 12.6 Contractually, we are a limited partner in these tax credit partnerships, and our maximum exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of our investment, which includes $0.7 million of unfunded unconditional commitments at December 31, 2021. See Note 2 for commitments to fund private equity partnerships. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio is well diversified by both geographic region and property type to reduce risk of concentration. All of our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial real estate. When issuing a new loan, our general policy is not to exceed a loan-to-value ratio, or the ratio of the loan balance to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, of 75 percent. We update the loan-to-value ratios at least every three years for each loan, and properties undergo a general inspection at least every two years. Our general policy for newly issued loans is to have a debt service coverage ratio greater than 1.25 times on a normalized 25 year amortization period. We update our debt service coverage ratios annually. We carry our mortgage loans at amortized cost less the allowance for expected credit losses. The amortized cost of our mortgage loans was $2,568.7 million and $2,445.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The allowance for expected credit losses was $8.3 million and $13.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. We report accrued interest income for our mortgage loans as accrued investment income on our consolidated balance sheets, and the amount of the accrued income was $8.1 million and $8.0 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The carrying amount of mortgage loans by property type and geographic region are presented below. December 31 2021 2020 (in millions of dollars) Carrying Percent of Carrying Percent of Amount Total Amount Total Property Type Apartment $ 780.0 30.5 % $ 638.0 26.2 % Industrial 734.4 28.7 654.0 26.9 Office 467.2 18.2 517.8 21.3 Retail 533.3 20.8 575.6 23.7 Other 45.5 1.8 46.7 1.9 Total $ 2,560.4 100.0 % $ 2,432.1 100.0 % Region New England $ 54.9 2.1 % $ 40.0 1.6 % Mid-Atlantic 214.7 8.4 202.5 8.2 East North Central 298.4 11.7 330.4 13.6 West North Central 193.1 7.5 196.1 8.1 South Atlantic 582.1 22.7 512.0 21.1 East South Central 120.7 4.7 110.0 4.5 West South Central 243.2 9.6 257.4 10.6 Mountain 290.6 11.3 268.8 11.1 Pacific 562.7 22.0 514.9 21.2 Total $ 2,560.4 100.0 % $ 2,432.1 100.0 % The risk in our mortgage loan portfolio is primarily related to vacancy rates. Events or developments, such as economic conditions that impact the ability of the borrowers to ensure occupancy of the property, may have a negative effect on our mortgage loan portfolio, particularly to the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in an affected region or property type. An increase in vacancies increases the probability of default, which would negatively affect our expected losses in our mortgage loan portfolio. We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually for impairment and assign an internal credit quality rating based on a comprehensive rating system used to evaluate the credit risk of the loan. The factors we use to derive our internal credit ratings may include the following: • Loan-to-value ratio • Debt service coverage ratio based on current operating income • Property location, including regional economics, trends and demographics • Age, condition, and construction quality of property • Current and historical occupancy of property • Lease terms relative to market • Tenant size and financial strength • Borrower's financial strength • Borrower's equity in transaction • Additional collateral, if any Although all available and applicable factors are considered in our analysis, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios are the most critical factors in determining whether we will initially issue the loan and also in assigning values and determining impairment. We assign an overall rating to each loan using an internal rating scale of AA (highest quality) to B (lowest quality). We review and adjust, as needed, our internal credit quality ratings on an annual basis. This review process is performed more frequently for mortgage loans deemed to have a higher risk of delinquency. The following tables present information about mortgage loans by the applicable credit quality indicators: December 31 2021 2020 (in millions of dollars) Carrying Amount Percent of Total Carrying Amount Percent of Total Internal Rating AA $ 27.3 1.1 % $ 3.5 0.1 % A 709.6 27.7 510.0 21.0 BBB 1,802.6 70.4 1,863.0 76.6 BB 20.9 0.8 39.4 1.6 B — — 16.2 0.7 Total $ 2,560.4 100.0 % $ 2,432.1 100.0 % Loan-to-Value Ratio <= 65% $ 1,346.1 52.6 % $ 1,189.4 48.9 % > 65% <= 75% 1,076.8 42.0 1,000.3 41.1 > 75% <= 85% 114.9 4.5 155.8 6.4 > 85% 22.6 0.9 86.6 3.6 Total $ 2,560.4 100.0 % $ 2,432.1 100.0 % The following table presents the amortized cost of our mortgage loans by year of origination and credit quality indicators for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2021 Prior to 2017 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total (in millions of dollars) Internal Rating AA $ 3.3 $ — $ 24.0 $ — $ — $ — $ 27.3 A 414.6 68.0 71.1 28.9 17.6 110.6 710.8 BBB 561.2 227.3 283.3 331.9 163.1 242.6 1,809.4 BB 5.0 10.2 6.0 — — — 21.2 B — — — — — — — Total Amortized Cost 984.1 305.5 384.4 360.8 180.7 353.2 2,568.7 Allowance for credit losses (2.6) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.7) (0.8) (8.3) Carrying Amount $ 981.5 $ 304.1 $ 383.0 $ 359.4 $ 180.0 $ 352.4 $ 2,560.4 Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 779.1 $ 146.9 $ 163.0 $ 80.7 $ 54.3 $ 124.7 $ 1,348.7 >65<=75% 115.7 115.4 215.4 280.1 126.4 228.5 1,081.5 >75%<=85% 89.3 26.3 — — — — 115.6 >85% — 16.9 6.0 — — — 22.9 Total Amortized Cost 984.1 305.5 384.4 360.8 180.7 353.2 2,568.7 Allowance for credit losses (2.6) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.7) (0.8) (8.3) Carrying Amount $ 981.5 $ 304.1 $ 383.0 $ 359.4 $ 180.0 $ 352.4 $ 2,560.4 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Prior to 2016 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total (in millions of dollars) Internal Rating AA $ 3.5 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3.5 A 240.3 119.5 56.3 60.2 16.9 18.0 511.2 BBB 482.6 287.8 253.9 331.8 351.9 166.4 1,874.4 BB 29.4 — 10.5 — — — 39.9 B 16.2 — — — — — 16.2 Total Amortized Cost 772.0 407.3 320.7 392.0 368.8 184.4 2,445.2 Allowance for credit losses (2.4) (2.0) (1.9) (2.4) (2.9) (1.5) (13.1) Carrying Amount $ 769.6 $ 405.3 $ 318.8 $ 389.6 $ 365.9 $ 182.9 $ 2,432.1 Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 598.5 $ 257.5 $ 139.0 $ 77.8 $ 82.8 $ 37.2 $ 1,192.8 >65<=75% 47.2 122.5 109.9 294.8 286.0 147.2 1,007.6 >75%<=85% 78.7 27.3 37.9 13.3 — — 157.2 >85% 47.6 — 33.9 6.1 — — 87.6 Total Amortized Cost 772.0 407.3 320.7 392.0 368.8 184.4 2,445.2 Allowance for credit losses (2.4) (2.0) (1.9) (2.4) (2.9) (1.5) (13.1) Carrying Amount $ 769.6 $ 405.3 $ 318.8 $ 389.6 $ 365.9 $ 182.9 $ 2,432.1 The following tables present a roll forward of allowance for expected credit losses by loan-to-value ratio for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2021 Beginning of Period Current Period Provisions Write-Offs Recoveries End of Period (in millions of dollars) Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 3.4 $ (0.8) $ — $ — $ 2.6 >65<=75% 7.3 (2.6) — — 4.7 >75%<=85% 1.3 (0.6) — — 0.7 >85% 1.1 (0.8) — — 0.3 Total $ 13.1 $ (4.8) $ — $ — $ 8.3 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Beginning of Period Current Period Provisions Write-Offs Recoveries End of Period (in millions of dollars) Loan-to-Value Ratio <=65% $ 2.8 $ 0.6 $ — $ — $ 3.4 >65<=75% 4.6 2.7 — — 7.3 >75%<=85% 0.5 0.8 — — 1.3 >85% 0.4 0.7 — — 1.1 Total $ 8.3 $ 4.8 $ — $ — $ 13.1 The decrease in our estimate of expected losses during the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to improved economic conditions and recovery from COVID-19, especially as it relates to underlying commercial real estate values, and reflects market conditions at December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we experienced an increase in our estimate of expected credit losses due to the expected impact of COVID-19 on underlying commercial real estate values, reflecting market conditions at the time. There were no troubled debt restructurings during 2021, 2020 or 2019. At December 31, 2021, we held no mortgage loans that were greater than 90 days past due regarding principal and/or interest payments. We had no loan foreclosures for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, or 2019. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no impaired mortgage loans. Our average investment in impaired mortgage loans was $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We did not recognize any interest income during 2021, 2020 or 2019 on mortgage loans subsequent to impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had commitments of $26.3 million and $11.4 million, respectively to fund certain commercial mortgage loans. Consistent with how we determine the estimate of current expected credit losses for our funded mortgage loans each period, we estimate expected credit losses for loans that have not been funded but we are committed to fund at the end of each period. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $0.1 million of expected credit losses related to unfunded commitments on our consolidated balance sheets. Investment Real Estate Our investment real estate balance was $119.5 million and $106.3 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and the associated accumulated depreciation was $171.3 million and $97.7 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We did not recognize any impairments related to our real estate during 2021 or 2019. We recognized $36.6 million in impairments during 2020 related to certain of our real estate held for investment. Transfers of Financial Assets To manage our cash position more efficiently, we may enter into repurchase agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions. We generally use repurchase agreements as a means to finance the purchase of invested assets or for short-term general business purposes until projected cash flows become available from our operations or existing investments. Our repurchase agreements are typically outstanding for less than 30 days. We post collateral through our repurchase agreement transactions whereby the counterparty commits to purchase securities with the agreement to resell them to us at a later, specified date. The fair value of collateral posted is generally 102 percent of the cash received. Our investment policy also permits us to lend fixed maturity securities to unaffiliated financial institutions in short-term securities lending agreements. These agreements increase our investment income with minimal risk. Our securities lending policy requires that a minimum of 102 percent of the fair value of the securities loaned be maintained as collateral. We may receive cash and/or securities as collateral under these agreements. Cash received as collateral is typically reinvested in short-term investments. If securities are received as collateral, we are not permitted to sell or re-post them. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $283.7 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $94.8 million and $198.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of fixed maturity securities loaned to third parties under our securities lending program was $96.6 million, for which we received collateral in the form of cash and securities of $17.6 million and $82.8 million, respectively. We had no outstanding repurchase agreements at December 31, 2021 or 2020. The remaining contractual maturities of our securities lending agreements disaggregated by class of collateral pledged are as follows: December 31 2021 2020 Overnight and Continuous (in millions of dollars) Borrowings United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $ 0.1 $ 0.1 State, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions 0.1 0.4 Public Utilities 3.1 0.3 All Other Corporate Bonds 91.5 16.8 Total Borrowings $ 94.8 $ 17.6 Gross Amount of Recognized Liability for Securities Lending Transactions 94.8 17.6 Amounts Related to Agreements Not Included in Offsetting Disclosure Contained Herein $ — $ — Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of regional FHLBs. Membership, which requires that we purchase a minimum amount of FHLB common stock on which we receive dividends, provides access to low-cost funding. Advances received from the FHLB are used for the purchase of fixed maturity securities. Additional common stock purchases may be required, based on the amount of funds we borrow from the FHLBs. The carrying value of common stock owned, collateral posted, and advances received are as follows: December 31 2021 2020 (in millions of dollars) Carrying Value of FHLB Common Stock $ 22.1 $ 28.2 Advances from FHLB 160.9 312.2 Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB Fixed Maturity Securities $ 786.1 $ 944.0 Commercial Mortgage Loans 930.0 1,072.5 Total Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB $ 1,716.1 $ 2,016.5 Offsetting of Financial Instruments We enter into master netting agreements with each of our derivative's counterparties. These agreements provide for conditional rights of set-off upon the occurrence of an early termination event. An early termination event is considered a default, and it allows the non-defaulting party to offset its contracts in a loss position against any gain positions or payments due to the defaulting party. Under our agreements, default type events are defined as failure to pay or deliver as contractually agreed, misrepresentation, bankruptcy, or merger without assumption. See Note 4 for further discussion of collateral related to our derivative contracts. We have securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to us in return for the use of our fixed maturity securities. A right of set-off exists that allows us to keep and apply collateral received in the event of default by the counterparty. Default within a securities lending agreement would typically occur if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from us as contractually agreed. In addition, if we default by not returning collateral received, the counterparty has a right of set-off against our securities or any other amounts due to us. Shown below are our financial instruments that either meet the accounting requirements that allow them to be offset in our balance sheets or that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Our accounting policy is to not offset these financial instruments in our balance sheets. Net amounts disclosed below have been reduced by the amount of collateral pledged to or received from our counterparties. December 31, 2021 Gross Amount Gross Amount Not of Recognized Gross Amount Net Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Financial Offset in Presented in Financial Cash Net Instruments Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Instruments Collateral Amount (in millions of dollars) Financial Assets: Derivatives $ 39.5 $ — $ 39.5 $ (9.8) $ (28.4) $ 1.3 Securities Lending 283.7 — 283.7 (188.9) (94.8) — Total $ 323.2 $ — $ 323.2 $ (198.7) $ (123.2) $ 1.3 Financial Liabilities: Derivatives $ 35.0 $ — $ 35.0 $ (34.0) $ — $ 1.0 Securities Lending 94.8 — 94.8 (94.8) — — Total $ 129.8 $ — $ 129.8 $ (128.8) $ — $ 1.0 December 31, 2020 Gross Amount Gross Amount Not of Recognized Gross Amount Net Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Financial Offset in Presented in Financial Cash Net Instruments Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Instruments Collateral Amount (in millions of dollars) Financial Assets: Derivatives $ 19.8 $ — $ 19.8 $ (10.1) $ (8.7) $ 1.0 Securities Lending 96.6 — 96.6 (79.0) (17.6) — Total $ 116.4 $ — $ 116.4 $ (89.1) $ (26.3) $ 1.0 Financial Liabilities: Derivatives $ 59.7 $ — $ 59.7 $ (59.0) $ — $ 0.7 Securities Lending 17.6 — 17.6 (17.6) — — Total $ 77.3 $ — $ 77.3 $ (76.6) $ — $ 0.7 Net Investment Income Net investment income reported in our consolidated statements of income is presented below. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 2019 (in millions of dollars) Fixed Maturity Securities $ 1,888.2 $ 2,164.0 $ 2,213.6 Derivatives 68.6 78.7 73.4 Mortgage Loans 105.0 108.9 103.3 Policy Loans 19.7 20.0 19.9 Other Long-term Investments Perpetual Preferred Securities 1 6.9 (2.1) 5.4 Private Equity Partnerships 2 165.4 19.8 31.7 Other 5.5 3.9 3.9 Short-term Investments 1.3 10.5 29.0 Gross Investment Income 2,260.6 2,403.7 2,480.2 Less Investment Expenses 35.1 30.6 32.1 Less Investment Income on Participation Fund Account Assets 12.3 12.4 12.8 Net Investment Income $ 2,213.2 $ 2,360.7 $ 2,435.3 1 The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at December 31, 2021 was $4.4 million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at year-end was $(4.6) million and $3.3 million, respectively 2 The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to private equity partnerships still held at December 31, 2021 was $107.8 million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to private equity partnerships still held at year-end was $(8.7) million and $6.8 million, respectively. See Note 2 for further discussion of private equity partnerships. Investment Gain and Loss Investment gains and losses are as follows: Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 2019 (in millions of dollars) Fixed Maturity Securities Gross Gains on Sales 1 $ 76.2 $ 1,332.8 $ 22.9 Gross Losses on Sales (11.5) (20.3) (32.6) Credit Losses (9.3) (53.6) (25.3) Mortgage Loans and Other Invested Assets Gross Gains on Sales 5.8 1.9 4.6 Gross Losses on Sales — (0.3) (0.3) Impairment Loss — (36.6) — Change in Allowance for Credit Losses 4.7 (4.6) — Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement 9.7 (17.0) 8.3 All Other Derivatives 3.1 (2.5) (0.1) Foreign Currency Transactions (2.0) (0.7) (0.7) Net Investment Gain (Loss) $ 76.7 $ 1,199.1 $ (23.2) 1 Gross gains on sales of fixed maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes gains of $67.6 million as a result of the second phase of the reinsurance transaction that we completed during the first quarter of 2021. Gross gains on sales of fixed maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes gains of $1,302.3 million as a result of the first phase of the reinsurance transaction that we completed during the fourth quarter of 2020. See Note 12 for further discussion. |