S&P Global (SPGI) 10-K 11 Feb 25 2024 FY Annual report Financial data

Cover Page

Cover Page - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Jan. 31, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-1023
Entity Registrant Name	S&P Global Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	NY
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-1026995
Entity Address, Address Line One	55 Water Street
Entity Address, City or Town	New York
Entity Address, State or Province	NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10041
City Area Code	212
Local Phone Number	438-1000
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock — $1 par value
Trading Symbol	SPGI
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 139.6
Entity Common Stock, Share outstanding		307.8
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Part III incorporates information by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders.
Entity Central Index Key	0000064040
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY

Audit Information

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Auditor Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	42
Auditor Name	ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Auditor Location	New York, New York

Consolidated Statements of Inco

Consolidated Statements of Income - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 14,208	$ 12,497	$ 11,181
Expenses:
Operating-related expenses	4,391	4,141	3,753
Selling and general expenses	3,166	3,159	3,396
Depreciation	96	101	108
Amortization of intangibles	1,077	1,042	905
Total expenses	8,730	8,443	8,162
(Gain) loss on dispositions, net	(59)	70	(1,898)
Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries	(43)	(36)	(27)
Operating profit	5,580	4,020	4,944
Other (income) expense, net	(25)	15	(70)
Interest expense, net	297	334	304
Loss on extinguishment of debt	0	0	8
Income before taxes on income	5,308	3,671	4,702
Provision for taxes on income	1,141	778	1,180
Net income	4,167	2,893	3,522
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(315)	(267)	(274)
Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc.	$ 3,852	$ 2,626	$ 3,248
Net income:
Basic (in USD)	$ 12.36	$ 8.25	$ 10.25
Diluted (in USD)	$ 12.35	$ 8.23	$ 10.20
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	311.6	318.4	316.9
Diluted (in shares)	311.9	318.9	318.5
Actual shares outstanding at year end (shares)	307.8	314.1	321.9

Consolidated Statements of Comp

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 4,167	$ 2,893	$ 3,522
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(104)	70	(224)
Income tax effect	(18)	25	(22)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of income tax effect	(122)	95	(246)
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans	(12)	(18)	(60)
Income tax effect	2	5	16
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net of income tax effect	(10)	(13)	(44)
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges	15	54	325
Income tax effect	(3)	(13)	(80)
Unrealized loss on investment and forward exchange contracts, net of income tax effect	12	41	245
Comprehensive income	4,047	3,016	3,477
Less: comprehensive income attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests	(30)	(26)	(25)
Less: comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(285)	(241)	(249)
Comprehensive income attributable to S&P Global Inc.	$ 3,732	$ 2,749	$ 3,203

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,666	$ 1,290
Restricted cash	0	1
Short-term investments	20	26
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts: 2024- $44 ; 2023 - $54	2,867	2,826
Prepaid and other current assets	906	1,000
Total current assets	5,459	5,143
Property and equipment:
Buildings and leasehold improvements	433	424
Equipment and furniture	655	628
Total property and equipment	1,088	1,052
Less: accumulated depreciation	(823)	(794)
Property and equipment, net	265	258
Right of use assets	413	379
Goodwill	34,917	34,850
Other intangible assets, net	16,556	17,398
Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	1,774	1,787
Asset for pension benefits	246	238
Other non-current assets	591	536
Total Assets	60,221	60,589
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	553	557
Accrued compensation and contributions to retirement plans	1,073	906
Short-term debt	4	47
Income taxes currently payable	199	121
Unearned revenue	3,694	3,461
Other current liabilities	869	1,033
Total current liabilities	6,392	6,125
Long-term debt	11,394	11,412
Lease liabilities – non-current	535	541
Pension and other postretirement benefits	180	199
Deferred tax liability – non-current	3,397	3,690
Other non-current liabilities	815	522
Total liabilities	22,713	22,489
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	4,252	3,800
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Equity:
Common stock, $1 par value: authorized - 600 million shares; issued: 415 million shares in 2024 and 2023	415	415
Additional paid-in capital	44,321	44,231
Retained income	20,977	18,728
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(883)	(763)
Less: common stock in treasury - at cost: 2024 - 100 million shares; 2023- 93 million shares	(31,671)	(28,411)
Total equity – controlling interests	33,159	34,200
Total equity – noncontrolling interests	97	100
Total equity	33,256	34,300
Total liabilities and equity	$ 60,221	$ 60,589

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 44	$ 54
Common stock, par value (in USD)	$ 1	$ 1
Common stock authorized (in shares)	600,000,000	600,000,000
Common stock issued (in shares)	415,000,000	415,000,000
Treasury stock (in shares)	100,000,000	93,000,000

Consolidated Statements of Cash

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended			24 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 4,167	$ 2,893	$ 3,522
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	96	101	108
Amortization of intangibles	1,077	1,042	905
Provision for losses on accounts receivable	43	28	24
Deferred income taxes	(323)	(381)	(353)
Stock-based compensation	247	171	214
(Gain) loss on dispositions, net	(59)	70	(1,898)
Restructuring, lease impairment charges and other	206	246	319
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions and dispositions:
Accounts receivable	(79)	(291)	36
Prepaid and other current assets	(79)	(310)	(123)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	245	328	43
Unearned revenue	222	352	37
Other current liabilities	(418)	(277)	(166)
Net change in prepaid/accrued income taxes	192	(175)	(135)
Net change in other assets and liabilities	152	(87)	70
Cash provided by operating activities	5,689	3,710	2,603
Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures	(124)	(143)	(89)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(305)	(296)	210
Proceeds from dispositions	168	1,014	3,509
Changes in short-term investments	6	(13)	(2)
Cash (used for) provided by investing activities	(255)	562	3,628
Financing Activities:
Payments on short-term debt, net	0	(188)	(32)
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net	0	744	5,395
Payments on senior notes	(47)	0	(3,698)
Dividends paid to shareholders	(1,134)	(1,147)	(1,024)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders	(287)	(280)	(270)
Proceeds from noncontrolling interest holders	0	0	410
Repurchase of treasury shares	(3,301)	(3,301)	(12,004)
Contingent consideration payments	(107)	(9)	0
Employee withholding tax on share-based payments, excise tax payments on share repurchases and other	(122)	(99)	(103)
Cash used for financing activities	(4,998)	(4,280)	(11,326)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(61)	12	(123)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	375	4	(5,218)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year	1,291	1,287	6,505	$ 1,287	$ 6,505
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year	1,666	1,291	1,287	$ 1,666	$ 1,291
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	391	369	240
Income taxes	$ 1,159	$ 1,279	$ 1,555

Consolidated Statements of Equi

Consolidated Statements of Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Total	Total SPGI Equity	Common Stock $1 par	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Income	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Less: Treasury Stock	Noncontrolling Interests
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 2,107	$ 2,032	$ 294	$ 1,031	$ 15,017	$ (841)	$ (13,469)	$ 75
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Comprehensive income	[1]	3,228	3,203			3,248	(45)		25
Dividends (Dividend declared per common share)		(1,039)	(1,024)			(1,024)			(15)
Acquisition of IHS Markit		43,536	43,536	121	43,415
Share repurchases		(12,003)	(12,003)		(125)			11,878
Employee stock plans		114	114		114
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests		545	545			545
Adjustment to noncontrolling interests		(13)	(13)		(13)
Other		2	(2)			(2)			4
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2022		36,477	36,388	415	44,422	17,784	(886)	(25,347)	89
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Comprehensive income	[1]	2,775	2,749			2,626	123		26
Dividends (Dividend declared per common share)		(1,162)	(1,147)			(1,147)			(15)
Share repurchases		(3,301)	(3,301)		(70)			3,231
Employee stock plans		48	48		(119)			167
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests		(539)	(539)			(539)
Adjustment to noncontrolling interests		(2)	(2)		(2)
Other		4	4			4
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2023		34,300	34,200	415	44,231	18,728	(763)	(28,411)	100
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Comprehensive income	[1]	3,762	3,732			3,852	(120)		30
Dividends (Dividend declared per common share)		(1,152)	(1,134)			(1,134)			(18)
Share repurchases		(3,301)	(3,301)					3,301
Employee stock plans		131	131		90			41
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests		(470)	(470)			(470)
Other		(14)	1			1			(15)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2024		$ 33,256	$ 33,159	$ 415	$ 44,321	$ 20,977	$ (883)	$ (31,671)	$ 97
[1] Excludes $285 million, $241 million and $249 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests.

Consolidated Statements of Eq_2

Consolidated Statements of Equity (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended												12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in USD)	$ 1				$ 1								$ 1	$ 1
Dividends declared per share (in USD)	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.77	$ 3.64	$ 3.60	$ 3.32
Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests													$ 285	$ 241	$ 249

Accounting Policies

Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Accounting Policies	Accounting Policies Nature of operations S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” the “Registrant,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a provider of credit ratings, benchmarks, analytics and workflow solutions in the global capital, commodity and automotive markets. The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; the commodity markets include producers, consumers, traders and intermediaries within energy, chemicals, shipping, metals, carbon and agriculture; and the automotive markets include manufacturers, suppliers, dealerships, service shops and consumers. Our operations consist of five reportable segments: S&P Global Market Intelligence (“Market Intelligence”), S&P Global Ratings (“Ratings”), S&P Global Commodity Insights (“Commodity Insights”), S&P Global Mobility (“Mobility”) and S&P Dow Jones Indices (“Indices”). • Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data and analytics integrated with purpose-built workflow solutions. • Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research, and analytics, offering investors and other market participants information, ratings and benchmarks. • Commodity Insights is a leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodity and energy markets. • Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (Original Equipment Manufacturers or OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. • Indices is a global index provider that maintains a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors. As of May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of S&P Global Engineering Solutions ( “ Engineering Solutions ” ), a provider of engineering standards and related technical knowledge, and the results are included through that date. On February 28, 2022, we completed the merger with IHS Markit Ltd (“IHS Markit”), and as a result, IHS Markit and its subsidiaries became wholly owned consolidated subsidiaries of S&P Global, and the financial results include IHS Markit from the date of acquisition. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures for further discussion. Revenue Recognition Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Subscription revenue Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, valuation services, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information through both feed and web-based channels. Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence also includes software and hosted product offerings which provide maintenance and continuous access to our platforms over the contract term. Subscription revenue at Commodity Insights is primarily from subscriptions to our market data and market insights (price assessments, market reports and commentary and analytics) along with other information products and software term licenses. Subscription revenue at Mobility is primarily derived from products that provide data and insight on future vehicles sales and production, including detailed forecasts on technology and vehicle components; supply car makers and dealers with market reporting products, predictive analytics and marketing automation software; and support dealers with vehicle history reports, used car listings and service retention solutions. Subscription revenue at Mobility also include a range of services to financial institutions, to support their marketing, insurance underwriting and claims management activities. Subscription revenue at Indices is derived from the contracts for underlying data of our indexes to support our customers’ management of index funds, portfolio analytics, and research. Subscription revenue at Engineering Solutions was primarily from subscriptions to our Product Design offerings providing standards, codes and specifications; applied technical reference; engineering journals, reports, best practices, and other vetted technical reference; and patents and patent applications. For subscription products and services, we generally provide continuous access to dynamic data sets and analytics for a defined period, with revenue recognized ratably as our performance obligation to provide access to our data and analytics is progressively fulfilled over the stated term of the contract. Non-transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue at Ratings primarily includes fees for surveillance of a credit rating, annual fees for customer relationship-based pricing programs, fees for entity credit ratings and global research and analytics at Crisil. Non-transaction revenue also includes an intersegment revenue elimination of $186 million, $177 million and $169 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, mainly consisting of the royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. For non-transaction revenue related to Rating’s surveillance services, we continuously monitor factors that impact the creditworthiness of an issuer over the contractual term with revenue recognized to the extent that our performance obligation is progressively fulfilled over the term contract. Because surveillance services are continuously provided throughout the term of the contract, our measure of progress towards fulfillment of our obligation to monitor a rating is a time-based output measure with revenue recognized ratably over the term of the contract. Non-subscription / Transaction revenue Transaction revenue at our Ratings segment primarily includes fees associated with: • ratings related to new issuance of corporate and government debt instruments; as well as structured finance instruments; and • bank loan ratings. Transaction revenue is recognized at the point in time when our performance obligation is satisfied by issuing a rating on our customer’s instruments and when we have a right to payment and the customer can benefit from the significant risks and rewards of ownership. Non-subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily related to certain advisory, pricing conferences and events, and analytical services. Non-subscription revenue at Mobility include one-time transactional sales of data that are non-cyclical in nature — and that are usually tied to underlying business metrics such as vehicle manufacturers marketing spend or safety recall activity — as well as consulting and advisory services. Non-subscription revenue at Commodity Insights is primarily related to conference sponsorship, consulting engagements, events, and perpetual software licenses. Non-subscription revenue at Engineering Solutions was primarily from retail transaction and consulting services. Asset-linked fees Asset-linked fees at Indices are primarily related to royalties payments based on the value of assets under management in our customers exchange-traded funds and mutual funds. For asset-linked products and services, we provide licenses conveying continuous access to our index and benchmark-related intellectual property during a specified contract term. Revenue is recognized when the extent that our customers have used our licensed intellectual property can be quantified. Recognition of revenue for our asset-linked fee arrangements is subject to the “ recognition constraint ” for usage-based royalty payments because we cannot reasonably predict the value of the assets that will be invested in index funds structured using our intellectual property until it is either publicly available or when we are notified by our customers. Revenue derived from an asset-linked fee arrangement is measured and recognized when the certainty of the extent of its utilization of our index products by our customers is known. Sales usage-based royalties Sales usage-based royalty revenue at our Indices segment is primarily related to trading based fees from exchange-traded derivatives. Sales and usage-based royalty revenue at our Commodity Insights segment is primarily related to licensing of its proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges. For sales usage-based royalty products and services, we provide licenses conveying the right to continuous access to our intellectual property over the contract term, with revenue recognized when the extent of our license’s utilization can be quantified, or more specifically, when trading volumes are known and publicly available to us or when we are notified by our customers. Recognition of revenue of fees tied to trading volumes is subject to the recognition constraint for a usage-based royalty promised by our customers in exchange for the license of our intellectual property, with revenue recognized when trading volumes are known. Recurring variable revenue Recurring variable revenue at Market Intelligence represents revenue from contracts for services that specify a fee based on, among other factors, the number of trades processed, assets under management, or the number of positions valued. Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. Revenue relating to agreements that provide for more than one performance obligation is recognized based upon the relative fair value to the customer of each service component as each component is earned. The fair value of the service components are determined using an analysis that considers cash consideration that would be received for instances when the service components are sold separately. If the fair value to the customer for each service is not objectively determinable, we make our best estimate of the services’ stand-alone selling price and record revenue as it is earned over the service period. Receivables We record a receivable when a customer is billed or when revenue is recognized prior to billing a customer. For multi-year agreements, we generally invoice customers annually at the beginning of each annual period. Contract Assets Contract assets include unbilled amounts from when the Company transfers service to a customer before a customer pays consideration or before payment is due. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, contract assets were $69 million and $75 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. Unearned Revenue We record unearned revenue when cash payments are received in advance of our performance. The increase in the unearned revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily driven by cash payments received in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, offset by $3.2 billion of revenues recognized that were included in the unearned revenue balance at the beginning of the period. Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of contracts for work that has not yet been performed. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $4.8 billion. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately sixty percent and eighty-five percent of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 and 24 months, respectively, with the remainder recognized thereafter. We do not disclose the value of unfulfilled performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts where revenue is a usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Costs to Obtain a Contract We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that the costs associated with certain sales commission programs are incremental to the costs to obtain contracts with customers and therefore meet the criteria to be capitalized. Total capitalized costs to obtain a contract were $291 million and $234 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The capitalized asset will be amortized over a period consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates, calculated based on the customer term and the average life of the products and services underlying the contracts which has been determined to be approximately 5 years. The expense is recorded within selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income. We expense sales commissions when incurred if the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling and general expenses. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries The Company holds an investment in a 50/50 joint venture arrangement with shared control with CME Group that combines each company’s post-trade services into a joint venture, OSTTRA. The joint venture provides trade processing and risk mitigation operations and incorporates CME Group’s optimization businesses (Traiana, TriOptima, and Reset) and the Company’s MarkitSERV business. The combination is intended to increase operating efficiencies of both the company’s business to more effectively service clients with enhanced platforms and services for OTC markets across interest rate, FX, equity, and credit asset classes. Our share of earnings or losses are recognized in Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries in our consolidated statements of income. Other (Income) Expense, net The components of other (income) expense, net for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Other components of net periodic benefit cost $ (24) $ — $ (11) Net (gain) loss from investments (1) 15 (59) Other (income) expense, net $ (25) $ 15 $ (70) Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale We classify a disposal group to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group; the disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such disposal group; an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell the disposal group have been initiated; the sale of the disposal group is probable, and transfer of the disposal group is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond our control extend the period of time required to sell the disposal group beyond one year; the disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. A disposal group that is classified as held for sale is initially measured at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a disposal group until the date of sale. The fair value of a disposal group less any costs to sell is assessed each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and any subsequent changes are reported as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the carrying value of the disposal group at the time it was initially classified as held for sale. Upon determining that a disposal group meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the Company reports the assets and liabilities of the disposal group as held for sale in the current period in our consolidated balance sheets. Discontinued Operations In determining whether a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be presented as a discontinued operation, we make a determination whether the disposal represents a strategic shift that had, or will have, a major effect on our operations and financial results. A component of an entity comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished both operationally and for financial reporting purposes. If we conclude that the disposal represents a strategic shift, then the results of operations of the group of assets being disposed of (as well as any gain or loss on the disposal transaction) are aggregated for separate presentation apart from our continuing operating results in the consolidated financial statements. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries and our share of earnings or losses of joint ventures and affiliated companies under the equity method of accounting. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company applies the guidelines set forth in Topic 810 of the ASC in assessing its interests in variable interest entities to decide whether to consolidate an entity. The Company has reviewed the potential variable interest entities and determined that there are no consolidation requirements under Topic 810 of the ASC. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include ordinary bank deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that consist primarily of money market funds with unrestricted daily liquidity and fixed term time deposits. Such investments and bank deposits are stated at cost, which approximates market value, and were $1.7 billion and $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These investments are not subject to significant market risk. Restricted cash Cash that is subject to legal restrictions or is unavailable for general operating purposes is classified as restricted cash. We had no restricted cash included in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. Restricted cash included in our consolidated balance sheet was $1 million as of December 31, 2023. Short-term investments Short-term investments are securities with original maturities greater than 90 days that are available for use in our operations in the next twelve months. The short-term investments, primarily consisting of certificates of deposit and mutual funds, are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, which is estimated based on the net asset value of these investments. Interest and dividends are recorded in income when earned. Accounts receivable Credit is extended to customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. Accounts receivable, which include billings consistent with terms of contractual arrangements, are recorded at net realizable value. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reserve methodology is based on historical analysis, a review of outstanding balances and current conditions, and by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks. In determining these reserves, we consider, amongst other factors, the financial condition and risk profile of our customers, areas of specific or concentrated risk as well as applicable industry trends or market indicators. Capitalized technology costs We capitalize certain software development and website implementation costs. Capitalized costs only include incremental, direct costs of materials and services incurred to develop the software after the preliminary project stage is completed, funding has been committed and it is probable that the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Incremental costs are expenditures that are out-of-pocket to us and are not part of an allocation or existing expense base. Software development and website implementation costs are expensed as incurred during the preliminary project stage. Capitalized costs are amortized from the year the software is ready for its intended use over its estimated useful life, three Fair Value Certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value and classified within a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used when measuring fair value. We have foreign exchange forward contracts, cross currency and interest rate swaps that are adjusted to fair value on a recurring basis. Other financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments. The fair value of our long-term debt borrowings were $10.0 billion and $10.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was estimated based on quoted market prices. Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets (including other intangible assets) We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to current forecasts of undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. For long-lived assets held for sale, assets are written down to fair value, less cost to sell. Fair value is determined based on market evidence, discounted cash flows, appraised values or management’s estimates, depending upon the nature of the assets. Leases We determine whether an arrangement meets the criteria for an operating lease or a finance lease at the inception of the arrangement. We have operating leases for office space and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 11 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases early. We consider these options in determining the lease term used to establish our right-of use ( “ ROU ” ) assets and associated lease liabilities. We sublease certain real estate leases to third parties which mainly consist of operating leases for space within our offices. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expenses for these leases on a straight line-basis over the lease term in operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Our future minimum based payments used to determine our lease liabilities include minimum based rent payments and escalations. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We have five reporting units with goodwill that are evaluated for impairment. We initially perform a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred or exist that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount. If, based on our evaluation we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying amounts we perform a quantitative impairment test. When conducting our impairment test to evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at the reporting unit level, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value including goodwill. Fair value of the reporting units are estimated using the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted free cash flow (“DCF”) analyses and are corroborated using the market approach, which incorporates the use of revenue and earnings multiples based on market data. The DCF analyses are based on the current operating budgets and estimated long-term growth projections for each reporting unit. Future cash flows are discounted based on a market comparable weighted average cost of capital rate for each reporting unit, adjusted for market and other risks where appropriate. In addition, we analyze any difference between the sum of the fair values of the reporting units and our total market capitalization for reasonableness, taking into account certain factors including control premiums. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recognized as an impairment charge. We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. If necessary, an impairment analysis is performed using the income approach to estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. If the intangible asset carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible asset and could result in an impairment charge, which could be material to our financial position and results of operations. We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Equity investments for which we exercise significant influence, but do not have control over the investee, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other (income) expense, net. Equity investments for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence are primarily accounted for under the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. Adjustments are determined primarily based on a market approach as of the transaction date and are recorded in other (income) expense, net. Our equity investments are included in Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries in our consolidated balance sheets. Our share of earnings or losses are recognized in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of income. We periodically evaluate all our equity investments for impairment. The OSTTRA joint venture is accounted for using the equity method of accounting, and our share of earnings or losses are recognized in Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries in our consolidated statements of income. Foreign currency translation We have operations in many foreign countries. For most international operations, the local currency is the functional currency. For international operations that are determined to be extensions of the parent company, the United States ( “U.S.” ) dollar is the functional currency. For local currency operations, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using end of period exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments are accumulated in a separate component of equity. Depreciation The costs of property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements from 15 to 40 years and equipment and furniture from 2 to 10 years. The costs of leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives or the terms of the respective leases. Advertising expense The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred. We incurred $229 million, $209 million and $177 million in advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the requisite service period, which typically is the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is classified as both operating-related expense and selling and general expense in the consolidated statements of income. Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the operation that is recording a net deferred tax asset is considered along with any other pertinent information. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2025. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period we would make an

Acquisitions and Divestitures

Acquisitions and Divestitures	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]
Acquisitions and Divestitures	Acquisitions and Divestitures Acquisitions 2024 Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2024 included: • On December 31, 2024 we completed the acquisition of ProntoNLP, a leading provider of generative artificial intelligence tooling, allowing users to derive differentiated insights from unstructured and structured data. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and its intellectual property is expected to power broader enterprise-wide applications. ProntoNLP’s proprietary models and LLM-based signal tools will bolster S&P Global’s textual data analytics capabilities. The acquisition of ProntoNLP is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • On May 1, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Visible Alpha, the financial technology provider of deep industry and segment consensus data creating a premium offering of fundamental investment research capabilities on Market Intelligence’s Capital IQ Pro platform. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and further enhances the depth and breadth of the overall Visible Alpha and S&P Capital IQ Pro offering. The acquisition of Visible Alpha is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • On May 14, 2024, we completed the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders, a globally-recognized portfolio of hydrogen-related conferences and events, digital training and market intelligence. The acquisition is part of our Commodity Insight’s segment and complements Commodity Insights global conference business and provides customers with full coverage of the hydrogen and derivative value chain alongside Energy Transition and Sustainability solutions, including hydrogen price assessments, emission factors and market research. The acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders is not material to our consolidated financial statements. None of our acquisitions completed during 2024 were material individually or in the aggregate, including the pro forma impact on earnings. For acquisitions during 2024 that were accounted for using the purchase method, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill and other intangibles. The goodwill recognized on our acquisitions is largely attributable to anticipated operational synergies and growth opportunities as a result of the acquisition. The intangible assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, are being amortized over their anticipated use ful lives of 7 years. 2023 Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2023 included: • On February 16, 2023, we completed the acquisition of Market Scan Information Systems, Inc. (“Market Scan”), a leading provider of automotive pricing and incentive intelligence, including Automotive Payments as a Service TM and its powerful payment calculation engine. The addition of Market Scan to Mobility enabled the integration of detailed transaction intelligence in areas that are complementary to existing services for dealers, OEMs, lenders, and other market participants. The acquisition of Market Scan is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • On January 3, 2023, we completed the acquisition of ChartIQ, a premier charting provider for the financial services industry. ChartIQ is a professional grade charting solution that allows users to visualize data with a fully interactive web-based library that works seamlessly across web, mobile and desktop. It provides advanced capabilities including trade visualization, options analytics, technical analysis and more. Additionally, ChartIQ allows clients to visualize vendor-supplied data combined with their own proprietary content, alternative datasets or analytics. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and further enhances our S&P Capital IQ Pro platform and other workflow solutions to provide the industry with leading visualization capabilities. The acquisition of ChartIQ is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • On January 4, 2023, we completed the acquisition of TruSight Solutions LLC (“TruSight”) a provider of third-party vendor risk assessments. The acquisition was integrated into our Market Intelligence segment and further expanded the breadth and depth of S&P Global’s third party vendor risk management solutions by offering high-quality validated assessment data to clients designed to reduce further the vendor due diligence burden on service providers to the financial services industry. The acquisition of TruSight is not material to our consolidated financial statements. None of our acquisitions completed during 2023 were material individually or in the aggregate, including the pro forma impact on earnings. For acquisitions during 2023 that were accounted for using the purchase method, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill and other intangibles. The goodwill recognized on our acquisitions is largely attributable to anticipated operational synergies and growth opportunities as a result of the acquisition. The intangible assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, are being amortized over their anticipated use ful lives of 5-7 years. 2022 On December 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of the Shades of Green business from the Center for International Climate Research (“CICERO”), Norway ’ s foremost institute for interdisciplinary climate research. The acquisition was integrated into S&P Global Ratings and further expanded the breadth and depth of its second party opinions (SPOs) offering. SPOs are independent assessments of a company's financing or framework's alignment with market standards and typically provided before any borrowing is raised. The acquisition of the Shades of Green business is not material to our consolidated financial statements. Merger with IHS Markit On February 28, 2022, we completed the merger with IHS Markit by acquiring 100% of the IHS Markit common stock that was issued and outstanding as of the date of acquisition, and as a result, IHS Markit and its subsidiaries became wholly owned consolidated subsidiaries of S&P Global. Upon completion of the merger with IHS Markit, IHS Markit stockholders received 113.8 million shares of S&P Global’s common stock, at an exchange ratio of 0.2838 S&P Global shares for each share of IHS Markit common stock, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. The Company also issued approximately 0.9 million replacement equity award shares for IHS Markit equity awards that were assumed pursuant to the merger agreement. The fair value of the consideration transferred for IHS Markit was approximately $43.5 billion as of the merger date, which consisted of the following: (in millions, except for share and per share data) February 28, 2022 Number of shares IHS Markit issued and outstanding* 400,988,207 Exchange ratio 0.2838 Number of S&P Global common stock transferred to IHS Markit stockholders 113,800,453 Closing price per share of S&P Global common stock** $ 380.89 Fair value of S&P Global common stock transferred IHS Markit stockholders $ 43,345 Fair value of S&P Global replacement equity awards attributable to pre-combination service $ 191 Total equity consideration $ 43,536 *Excludes 25,219,470 IHS Markit shares held by the Markit Group Holdings Limited Employee Benefit Trust ( “ EBT ” ). The shares held by the EBT were converted in the merger into S&P Global shares at the exchange ratio of 0.2838 and will continue to be held by the trustee in the EBT. **Based on S&P Global's closing stock price on February 25, 2022. Allocation of Purchase Price The merger with IHS Markit was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired was allocated to goodwill, of which $699 million is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Goodwill is primarily attributed to synergies from future expected economic benefits, including enhanced revenue growth from expanded capabilities and geographic presence as well as substantial cost savings from duplicative overhead, streamlined op erations and enhanced operational efficiency. The allocation of purchase price recorded for IHS Markit is as follows: (in millions) February 28, 2022 Assets acquired Cash and cash equivalents $ 310 Accounts receivable, net 968 Prepaid and other current assets 224 Assets of businesses held for sale 1,519 Property and equipment 118 Right of use assets 240 Goodwill 31,456 Other intangible assets 18,620 Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries 1,644 Other non-current assets 54 Total assets acquired $ 55,153 Liabilities assumed Accounts payable $ 174 Accrued compensation 90 Short-term debt 968 Unearned revenue 1,053 Other current liabilities 581 Liabilities of businesses held for sale 72 Long-term debt 4,191 Lease liabilities - non-current 231 Deferred tax liability - non-current 4,200 Other non-current liabilities 57 Total liabilities assumed $ 11,617 Total consideration transferred $ 43,536 Acquired Identifiable Intangible Assets The following table sets forth the fair values of the components of the identifiable intangible assets acquired and their useful lives: (in millions) February 28, 2022 Fair Value Weighted Average Useful Lives Customer relationships $ 13,596 25 years Trade names and trademarks 1,469 14 years Developed technology 1,043 10 years Databases 2,512 12 years Total Identified Intangible Assets $ 18,620 21 years Acquisition-Related Expenses The Company incurred acquisition-related costs of $133 million related to the IHS Markit merger for the year ended December 31, 2024, $236 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $619 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively. These costs were included in selling and general expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Pro forma information Since the acquisition date, the results of operations for IHS Markit of $3.799 billion of revenue and $659 million of operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2022, have been included within the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The following unaudited supplemental pro forma combined financial information presents the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 as if the acquisition of IHS Markit had occurred on January 1, 2021. The pro forma financial information is presented for comparative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s operating results that may have actually occurred had the acquisition of IHS Markit been completed on January 1, 2021. The pro forma results do not include anticipated synergies or other expected benefits of the acquisition. Year ended (in millions) 2022 2021 Revenue $ 11,842 $ 12,382 Net income $ 3,533 $ 4,137 The unaudited pro forma financial information reflects pro forma adjustments to present the combined pro forma results of operations as if the acquisition had occurre d on January 1, 2021 to give effect to certain events the Company believes to be directly attributable to the acquisition. Non-cash investing activities Liabilities assumed in conjunction with our acquisitions are as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Fair value of assets acquired $ 549 $ 399 54,944 Equity transferred — — (43,536) Cash (paid) acquired, net (305) (296) 210 Liabilities assumed $ 244 $ 103 $ 11,618 Divestitures 2024 During the year ended December 31, 2024 we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of 59 million which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: • On November 1, 2024, we completed the sale of the PrimeOne business, our outsourced technology platform servicing the global prime finance business. The PrimeOne business was part of our Market Intelligence segment. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $38 million ($27 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of the PrimeOne business in our Market Intelligence segment. • On August 15, 2024, we completed the sale of Fincentric, formerly known as Markit Digital. This sale followed our announced intent to explore strategic opportunities for Fincentric in February of 2024. Fincentric was S&P Global’s premier digital solutions provider focused on developing mobile applications and websites for retail brokerages and other financial institutions. Fincentric specializes in designing cutting-edge financial data visualizations, interfaces and investor experiences. Fincentric was acquired by S&P Global through the merger with IHS Markit and was part of our Market Intelligence segment. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $21 million ($12 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of Fincentric in our Market Intelligence segment. 2023 During the year ended December 31, 2023 , we completed the following disposition and received the following contingent payment that resulted in a pre-tax loss of $ 70 million , which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: • On May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of Engineering Solutions to Allium Buyer LLC, a Delaware limited liability company controlled by funds affiliated with Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P. (“KKR”). We received the full proceeds from the sale of $975 million in cash, subject to purchase price adjustments, which resulted in approximately $750 million in after-tax proceeds. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $120 million in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net and disposition-related costs of $16 million in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statement of income ($182 million after-tax, net of a release of a deferred tax liability of $157 million) related to the sale of Engineering Solutions. The transaction followed our announced intent in November of 2022 to divest the business. Engineering Solutions became part of the Company following our merger with IHS Markit. • In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) along with a related family of leveraged loan indices in June of 2022. The contingent payment was payable six months following the closing upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the transition of LCD customer relationships. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the contingent payment resulted in a pre-tax gain of $46 million ($34 million after-tax) related to the sale of LCD in our Market Intelligence segment and $4 million ($3 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net related to the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in our Indices segment. 2022 As a condition of securing regulatory approval for the merger, S&P Global and IHS Markit agreed to divest of certain of their businesses. S&P Global’s divestitures include CUSIP Global Services (“CGS”), its LCD business and a related family of leveraged loan indices while IHS Markit’s divestitures include Oil Price Information Services (“OPIS”); Coal, Metals and Mining; and PetroChem Wire businesses and its Base Chemicals business. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $ 1.9 billion , which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: • In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of LCD along with a related family of leveraged loan indices, within our Market Intelligence and Indices segments, respectively, to Morningstar for a purchase price of $600 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and a contingent payment of up to $50 million which was payable six months following the closing upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the transition of LCD customer relationships. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $505 million ($378 million after-tax) for the sale of LCD. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $52 million ($43 million after-tax) for the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income. • In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of the Base Chemicals business to News Corp for $295 million in cash. We did not recognize a gain on the sale of the Base Chemicals business. • In March of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of CGS, a business within our Market Intelligence segment, to FactSet Research Systems Inc. for a purchase price of $1.925 billion in cash, subject to customary adjustments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1.342 billion ($1.005 billion after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of CGS. • In February of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of OPIS to News Corp for $1.150 billion in cash. We d id not recognize a gain on the sale of OPIS. The operating (loss) profit of our businesses that were held for sale or disposed of for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Operating (loss) profit 1 $ (1) $ 22 $ 82 1 The operating (loss) profit presented includes the revenue and recurring direct expenses associated with businesses held for sale. The year ended December 31, 2024 excludes a pre-tax gain related to the sale of the PrimeOne business of $38 million and a pre-tax gain related to the sale of Fincentric of $21 million. The year ended December 31, 2023 excludes a pre-tax loss related to the sale of Engineering Solutions of $120 million. The year ended December 31, 2022 excludes pre-tax gains related to the sale LCD and a related family of leveraged loan indices of $505 million and $52 million , respectively. The year ended December 31, 2022 also excludes a pre-tax gain of $1.3 billion

Goodwill and Other Intangible A

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is shown below: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Corporate Total Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 18,110 $ 257 $ 5,522 $ 8,695 $ 1,399 $ 562 $ 34,545 Acquisitions 62 3 6 168 — — 239 Other 1 11 14 10 — 18 13 66 Balance as of December 31, 2023 18,183 274 5,538 8,863 1,417 575 34,850 Acquisitions 229 — 16 — — — 245 Dispositions (80) — — — — — (80) Other 1 (26) (15) (4) (5) (48) — (98) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 18,306 $ 259 $ 5,550 $ 8,858 $ 1,369 $ 575 $ 34,917 1 Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. Goodwill additions and dispositions in the table above relate to transactions discussed in Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures. Other Intangible Assets Other intangible assets include both indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization and definite-lived assets subject to amortization. We have indefinite-lived assets with a carrying value of $846 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. • 2024 and 2023 both include $380 million and $90 million for Dow Jones Indices intellectual property and the Dow Jones tradename, respectively, that we recorded as part of the transaction to form S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC in 2012. • 2024 and 2023 both include $185 million within our Market Intelligence segment for the SNL tradename. • 2024 and 2023 both include $132 million within our Indices segment for the balance of the IP rights in a family of indices derived from the S&P 500, solidifying Indices IP in and to the S&P 500 index family. • 2024 and 2023 both include $59 million within our Indices segment for the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index intellectual property and the Broad Market Indices intellectual property. The following table summarizes our definite-lived intangible assets: (in millions) Cost Databases and software Content Customer relationships Tradenames Other intangibles Total Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 3,941 $ 139 $ 13,467 $ 1,524 $ 214 $ 19,285 Acquisitions — — — — 104 104 Other 1 1 — 23 4 7 35 Balance as of December 31, 2023 3,942 139 13,490 1,528 325 19,424 Acquisitions — — — — 268 268 Reclassifications (15) — — — — (15) Other 1 — — (25) (7) (7) (39) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 3,927 $ 139 $ 13,465 $ 1,521 $ 586 $ 19,638 Accumulated amortization Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 765 $ 139 $ 656 $ 142 $ 123 $ 1,825 Current year amortization 351 — 545 111 35 1,042 Reclassifications — — (2) 2 — — Other 1 — — (1) 1 5 5 Balance as of December 31, 2023 1,116 139 1,198 256 163 2,872 Current year amortization 350 — 542 111 74 1,077 Reclassifications (13) — — — — (13) Other 1 — — (3) (1) (4) (8) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 1,453 $ 139 $ 1,737 $ 366 $ 233 $ 3,928 Net definite-lived intangibles: December 31, 2023 $ 2,826 $ — $ 12,292 $ 1,272 $ 162 $ 16,552 December 31, 2024 $ 2,474 $ — $ 11,728 $ 1,155 $ 353 $ 15,710 1 Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. Definite-lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of up to 25 years. The weighted-average life of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is approximately 22 years. Amortization expense was $1,077 million, $1,042 million and $905 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Expected amortization expense for intangible assets over the next five years for the years ended December 31, assuming no further acquisitions or dispositions, is as follows: (in millions) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Amortization expense $ 1,076 $ 1,041 $ 1,027 $ 1,009 $ 987

Taxes on Income

Taxes on Income	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Taxes on Income	Taxes on Income Income before taxes on income resulting from domestic and foreign operations is as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Domestic operations $ 3,436 $ 1,899 $ 3,426 Foreign operations 1,872 1,772 1,276 Total income before taxes $ 5,308 $ 3,671 $ 4,702 The provision for taxes on income consists of the following: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Federal: Current $ 740 $ 559 $ 928 Deferred (131) (177) (185) Total federal 609 382 743 Foreign: Current 472 370 322 Deferred (161) (150) (98) Total foreign 311 220 224 State and local: Current 252 216 265 Deferred (31) (40) (52) Total state and local 221 176 213 Total provision for taxes $ 1,141 $ 778 $ 1,180 A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate for financial reporting purposes is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State and local income taxes 3.5 3.5 3.9 Foreign operations (4.7) (5.1) (2.8) Stock-based compensation (0.3) (0.4) — S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture (1.1) (1.5) (1.1) Tax credits and incentives (0.8) (2.5) (1.3) Divestitures 0.1 1.8 2.9 Other, net 3.8 4.4 2.5 Effective income tax rate 21.5 % 21.2 % 25.1 % Fluctuation in tax rates by year is primarily due to tax charge on merger related divestitures and change in mix of income by jurisdiction. We have elected to recognize the tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a period expense in the year the tax is incurred. GILTI expense is included in Other, net above. The principal temporary differences between the accounting for income and expenses for financial reporting and income tax purposes are as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Accrued expenses $ 114 $ 122 Losses and other carryforwards 695 622 Research & Development Expenditures 350 258 Other 423 473 Total deferred tax assets 1,582 1,475 Deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and intangible assets (4,348) (4,573) Other (245) (212) Total deferred tax liabilities (4,593) (4,785) Net deferred income tax asset before valuation allowance (3,011) (3,310) Valuation allowance (313) (316) Net deferred income tax liability $ (3,324) $ (3,626) Reported as: Non-current deferred tax assets $ 73 $ 64 Non-current deferred tax liabilities (3,397) (3,690) Net deferred income tax liability $ (3,324) $ (3,626) We record valuation allowances against deferred income tax assets when we determine that it is more likely than not that such deferred income tax assets will not be realized based upon all the available evidence. The valuation allowance is primarily related to operating losses and other carryforwards. As of December 31, 2024, we have approximately $8.5 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $4.7 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. We have not recorded deferred income taxes applicable to undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Quantification of the deferred tax liability, if any, associated with indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable. We made net income tax payments tot aling $1,159 million in 2024, $1,279 million in 2023, and $1,555 million in 2022. As of December 31, 2024, we had net operating loss carryforwards of $1,228 million , of which a significant portion has an unlimited carryover period under current law. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of year $ 230 $ 223 $ 147 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 76 21 28 Additions for tax positions of prior years 48 10 62 Reduction for settlements (11) (11) — Expiration of applicable statutes of limitations (18) (13) (14) Balance at end of year $ 325 $ 230 $ 223 The total amount of federal, state and local, and foreign unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $325 million , $230 million and $223 million, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the change in unrecognized tax benefits resulted in a net increase of tax expense of $95 million . We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and operating-related expense, respectively. Based on the current status of income tax audits, we believe that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits on the balance sheet may be reduced by up to approximately $16 million in the next twelve months as a result of the resolution of local tax examinations and expiration of applicable statutes of limitations. In addition to the unrecognized tax benefits, we had accrued interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits of $65 million and $50 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The U.S. federal income tax audits for 2018 through 2024 are in process. During 2024, we completed state and foreign tax audits and, with few exceptions, we are no longer subject to federal, state, or foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before 2016. Th e impact to tax expense in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was not material. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2025. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period, we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) introduced an international tax framework under Pillar Two which includes a global minimum tax of 15%. This framework has been implemented by several jurisdictions, including jurisdictions in which we operate, with effect from January 1, 2024, and many other jurisdictions, including jurisdictions in which we operate, are in the process of implementing it. The effect of enacted Pillar Two taxes has been included in the results disclosed and did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. The Company continues to monitor jurisdictions that are expected to implement Pillar Two in the future, and it is in the process of evaluating the potential impact of the enactment of Pillar Two by such jurisdictions on its consolidated financial statements.

Debt

Debt	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt	Debt A summary of short-term and long-term debt outstanding is as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 3.625% Senior Notes, due 2024 1 — 47 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2025 2 4 4 4.0% Senior Notes, due 2026 3 3 3 2.95% Senior Notes, due 2027 4 498 497 2.45% Senior Notes, due 2027 5 1,243 1,240 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2028 6 797 810 4.25% Senior Notes, due 2029 7 1,004 1,016 2.5% Senior Notes, due 2029 8 497 497 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes, due 2029 9 1,238 1,236 1.25% Senior Notes, due 2030 10 595 595 2.90% Senior Notes, due 2032 11 1,477 1,474 5.25% Senior Notes due 2033 12 744 743 6.55% Senior Notes, due 2037 13 291 291 4.5% Senior Notes, due 2048 14 273 272 3.25% Senior Notes, due 2049 15 590 590 3.70% Senior Notes, due 2052 16 975 975 2.3% Senior Notes, due 2060 17 683 683 3.9% Senior Notes, due 2062 18 486 486 Commercial paper — — Total debt 11,398 11,459 Less: short-term debt including current maturities 4 47 Long-term debt $ 11,394 $ 11,412 1 We made a $47 million repayment of our 3.625% senior note in the second quarter of 2024. 2 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15. 3 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1. 4 Interest payments are due semiannually on January 22 and July 22, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $2 million. 5 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $7 million. 6 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 1 and August 1. 7 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 1 and November 1. 8 Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $3 million. 9 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $12 million. 10 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $5 million. 11 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $23 million. 12 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 15 and September 15, beginning on March 15, 2024, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $6 million . 13 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $2 million. 14 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $10 million. 15 Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $10 million. 16 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $25 million. 17 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $17 million. 18 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $14 million. Annual long-term debt maturities are scheduled as follows based on book values as of December 31, 2024: $4 million due in 2025, $3 million due in 2026, $1.7 billion due in 2027; $797 million due in 2028; $2.7 billion due in 2029; and $6.1 billion due thereafter. The fair value of our total debt borrowings was $10.0 billion and $10.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was estimated based on quoted market prices. On September 12, 2023, we issued $750 million of 5.25% senior notes due in 2033. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. In the third quarter of 2023, the Company used the net proceeds to repay its outstanding commercial paper borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a n $8 million lo ss on extinguishment of debt. The year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $142 million tender premium paid to tendering note holders in accordance with the terms of the tender offer, partially offset by a $134 million non-cash write-off related to the fair market value step up premium on extinguished debt. On December 17, 2024, we entered into a revolving $2.0 billion five-year credit agreement that will terminate on December 17, 2029 (our “credit facility”). This credit facility replaced our revolving $2.0 billion five-year credit facility that was scheduled to terminate on April 26, 2026 (our “previous credit facility”). The previous credit facility was canceled immediately after the new credit facility became effective. There were no outstanding borrowings under the previous credit facility when it was replaced. We have the ability to borrow a total of $2.0 billion through our commercial paper program, which is supported by our credit facility. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no outstanding commercial paper. Commitment fees for the unutilized commitments under the credit facility and applicable margins for borrowings thereunder are linked to the Company achieving three environmental sustainability performance indicators related to emissions, tested annually. We currently pay a commitment fee of 7 basis points. The credit facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and customary events of default. The occurrence of an event of default could result in an acceleration of the obligations under the credit facility. The only financial covenant required under our credit facility is that our indebtedness to cash flow ratio, as defined in our credit facility, was not greater than 4 to 1, and this covenant level has never been exceeded.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Derivative Instruments	Derivative Instruments Our exposure to market risk includes changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates. We have operations in foreign countries where the functional currency is primarily the local currency. For international operations that are determined to be extensions of the parent company, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency. We typically have naturally hedged positions in most countries from a local currency perspective with offsetting assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate or hedge the effect of adverse fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held cross currency swap contracts to hedge a portion of our net investment in foreign subsidiaries against volatility in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2023, we held a series of interest rate swaps to mitigate or hedge the adverse fluctuations in interest rates on our future debt refinancing. These contracts are recorded at fair value that is based on foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates in active markets; therefore, we classify these derivative contracts within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We do not enter into any derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Undesignated Derivative Instruments During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we entered into foreign exchange forward contracts in order to mitigate the change in fair value of specific assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. These forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate notional value of these outstanding forward contracts was $2.3 billion and $2.6 billion, respectively. The changes in fair value of these forward contracts are recorded in prepaid and other assets or other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets with their corresponding change in fair value recognized in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The amount recorded in prepaid and other current assets was $69 million as of December 31, 2023. The amount recorded in other current liabilities was $42 million and $1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amount recorded in selling and general expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to these contracts was a net gain $60 million, a net gain of $81 million and a net loss of $45 million, respectively. Net Investment Hedges During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 we entered into cross currency swaps to hedge a portion of our net investment in certain European subsidiaries against volatility in the Euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we held cross currency swaps to hedge a portion of our net investment in one of our European subsidiaries against volatility in the Euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate. These swaps are designated and qualify as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign subsidiary and are scheduled to mature in 2029, 2030, 2032 and 2033. The notional value of our outstanding cross currency swaps designated as a net investment hedge was $3.5 billion and $1.5 billion as December 31, 2024 and 2023. The changes in the fair value of these swaps are recognized in foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of other comprehensive income (loss), and reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheet. The gain or loss will be subsequently reclassified into net earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold, liquidated or substantially liquidated. We have elected to assess the effectiveness of our net investment hedges based on changes in spot exchange rates. Accordingly, amounts related to the cross currency swaps recognized directly in net income represent net periodic interest settlements and accruals, which are recognized in interest expense, net. We recognized net interest income of $41 million, net interest income of $25 million and net interest expense of $31 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash Flow Hedges Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of the Indian rupee, British pound, and Euro exposures through the fourth quarter of 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These contracts are intended to offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future revenue and operating costs and are scheduled to mature within twenty-four months. The changes in the fair value of these contracts are initially reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheet and are subsequently reclassified into revenue and selling and general expenses in the same period that the hedged transaction affects earnings. As of December 31, 2024, we estimate that $1 million of pre-tax gain related to foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges recorded in other comprehensive income is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate notional value of our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $539 million and $529 million, respectively. Interest Rate Swaps In the first quarter of 2024, we terminated our interest rate swap contracts with an aggregate notional value of $813 million and received net proceeds of $155 million upon termination. These contracts were designated as cash flow hedges and were scheduled to mature beginning in the first quarter of 2027. We performed a final effectiveness test upon the termination of each swap, and the effective portion of the gain of $155 million was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheet. The gain will be recognized into interest expense, net over the term which related interest payments will be made when we enter into anticipated future debt refinancing. The following table provides information on the location and fair value amounts of our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (in millions) December 31, December 31, Balance Sheet Location 2024 2023 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Prepaid and other current assets Foreign exchange forward contracts $ 4 $ 9 Other current liabilities Foreign exchange forward contracts $ 5 $ 2 Other non-current assets Interest rate swap contracts $ — $ 134 Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: Other non-current assets Cross currency swaps $ 58 $ — Other non-current liabilities Cross currency swaps $ 2 $ 14 The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax gains (losses) on our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion) Location of Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Cash flow hedges - designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts $ (6) $ 6 $ (8) Revenue, Selling and general expenses $ 8 $ 7 $ (6) Interest rate swap contracts $ 21 $ 48 $ 333 Interest expense, net $ 1 $ (3) $ (4) Net investment hedges- designated as hedging instruments Cross currency swaps $ 71 $ (102) $ 98 Interest expense, net $ (4) $ (4) $ (4) The activity related to the change in unrealized gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss was as follows for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Cash Flow Hedges Foreign exchange forward contracts Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ 5 $ — $ 6 Change in fair value, net of tax 4 12 (11) Reclassification into earnings, net of tax (8) (7) 5 Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 1 $ 5 $ — Interest rate swap contracts Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ 84 $ 48 $ (203) Change in fair value, net of tax 16 32 247 Reclassification into earnings, net of tax (1) 4 4 Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 99 $ 84 $ 48 Net Investment Hedges Net unrealized (losses) gains on net investment hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ (21) $ 56 $ (17) Change in fair value, net of tax 50 (81) 69 Reclassification into earnings, net of tax 4 4 4 Net unrealized gains (losses) on net investment hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 33 $ (21) $ 56

Employee Benefits

Employee Benefits	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Employee Benefits	Employee Benefits We maintain a number of active defined contribution retirement plans for our employees. The majority of our defined benefit plans are frozen. As a result, no new employees will be permitted to enter these plans and no additional benefits for current participants in the frozen plans will be accrued. We also have supplemental benefit plans that provide senior management with supplemental retirement, disability and death benefits. Certain supplemental retirement benefits are based on final monthly earnings. In addition, we sponsor a voluntary 401(k) plan under which we may match employee contributions up to certain levels of compensation as well as profit-sharing plans under which we contribute a percentage of eligible employees’ compensation to the employees’ accounts. We also provide certain medical, dental and life insurance benefits for active employees and eligible dependents. The medical and dental plans and supplemental life insurance plan are contributory, while the basic life insurance plan is noncontributory. We currently do not prefund any of these plans. We recognize the funded status of our retirement and postretirement plans in the consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes. The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss represent net unrecognized actuarial losses and unrecognized prior service costs. These amounts will be subsequently recognized as net periodic pension cost pursuant to our accounting policy for amortizing such amounts. Net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and postretirement plans other than the service cost component are included in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of income. Benefit Obligation A summary of the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status for the retirement and postretirement plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, is as follows (benefits paid in the table below include only those amounts contributed directly to or paid directly from plan assets): (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2024 2023 Net benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 1,425 $ 1,407 $ 20 $ 20 Service cost 2 2 — — Interest cost 69 74 1 1 Plan participants’ contributions — — — — Actuarial loss (gain) (89) 57 (1) 1 Gross benefits paid (76) (70) (3) (2) Foreign currency effect (8) 20 — — Other adjustments 1 — (65) — — Net benefit obligation at end of year 1,323 1,425 17 20 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 1,473 1,464 1 5 Actual return on plan assets (9) 115 — (1) Employer contributions 11 10 2 — Plan participants’ contributions — — — — Gross benefits paid (75) (70) (2) (3) Foreign currency effect (5) 19 — — Other adjustments 1 — (65) — — Fair value of plan assets at end of year 1,395 1,473 1 1 Funded status $ 72 $ 48 $ (16) $ (19) Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets: Non-current assets $ 246 $ 238 $ — $ — Current liabilities (10) (10) — — Non-current liabilities (164) (180) (16) (19) $ 72 $ 48 $ (16) $ (19) Accumulated benefit obligation $ 1,317 $ 1,418 Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of the fair value of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation $ 173 $ 190 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 168 $ 182 Fair value of plan assets $ — $ — Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 418 $ 410 $ (36) $ (37) Prior service credit — — (10) (11) Total recognized $ 418 $ 410 $ (46) $ (48) 1 Relates to the impact of lump sum benefit payments to terminated vested participants to settle existing pension obligations owed under the plan. The non-cash pretax settlement charge reflects the accelerated recognition of a portion of unamortized actuarial losses in the plan. Net Periodic Benefit Cost For purposes of determining annual pension cost, prior service costs are being amortized straight-line over the average expected remaining lifetime of plan participants expected to receive benefits. A summary of net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, is as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Service cost $ 2 $ 2 $ 3 $ — $ — $ — Interest cost 69 74 48 1 1 1 Expected return on assets (97) (101) (87) — — — Amortization of: Actuarial loss (gain) 8 6 15 (2) (2) (2) Prior service credit — — — (2) (2) (2) Net periodic benefit cost (18) (19) (21) (3) (3) (3) Settlement charge 1 — 23 13 — — — Total net periodic benefit cost $ (18) $ 4 $ (8) $ (3) $ (3) $ (3) 1 Lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.S. retirement plan during the year ended December 31, 2023 and U.K. plan during for the year ended December 31, 2022, triggering the recognition of non-cash pre-tax settlement charges of $23 million and $13 million 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our U.K. retirement plan accounted for a cost of $3 million and $4 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and a benefit of $6 million in 2022, of the net periodic benefit cost attributable to the funded plans. Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax for the years ended December 31, are as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 14 $ 33 $ 67 $ (1) $ 1 $ (3) Recognized actuarial (gain) loss (6) (5) (12) 2 1 1 Prior service cost — — — 1 1 1 Settlement charge 1 — (18) (10) — — — Total recognized $ 8 $ 10 $ 45 $ 2 $ 3 $ (1) 1 Lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.S. retirement plan during the year ended December 31, 2023 and U.K. plan during for the year ended December 31, 2022, triggering the recognition of non-cash pre-tax settlement charges of $23 million and $13 million 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total cost for our retirement plans was $159 million for 2024, $170 million for 2023 and $124 million for 2022. Included in the total retirement plans cost are defined contribution plans cost of $126 million, $120 million and $88 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively Assumptions Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Benefit obligation: Discount rate 1 5.74 % 5.27 % 5.63 % 5.57 % 5.18 % 5.52 % Net periodic cost: Discount rate - U.S. plan 1 5.27 % 5.63 % 3.05 % 5.18 % 5.52 % 2.72 % Discount rate - U.K. plan 1 4.50 % 4.76 % 1.87 % Return on assets 2 6.00 % 6.00 % 4.00 % 1 Effective January 1, 2024, we changed our discount rate assumption on our U.S. retirement plans to 5.27% from 5.63% in 2023 and changed our discount rate assumption on our U.K. plan to 4.50% from 4.76% in 2023. 2 The expected return on assets assumption is calculated based on the plan’s asset allocation strategy and projected market returns over the long-term. Effective January 1, 2025, we changed our return on assets assumption to 6.25% from 6.00% for the U.S. plan in 2024 and to 5.40% from 5.50% for the U.K. plan in 2024. Cash Flows Expected employer contributions in 2025 are $11 million and $2 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2025, we may elect to make non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status. Information about the expected cash flows for our retirement and postretirement plans is as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans 1 Postretirement Plans 2 2025 $ 78 2 2026 80 2 2027 82 2 2028 84 2 2029 85 2 2030-2034 453 6 1 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from the plans or from our assets including both our share of the benefit cost and the participants’ share of the cost. 2 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from our assets. Fair Value of Plan Assets In accordance with authoritative guidance for fair value measurements certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value hierarchy has been established which requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows: • Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. • Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The fair value of our defined benefit plans assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by asset class is as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash and short-term investments $ 2 $ 2 $ — $ — Fixed income: Long duration strategy 1 905 — 905 — Total $ 907 $ 2 $ 905 $ — Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 2 488 Total $ 1,395 (in millions) December 31, 2023 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash and short-term investments $ 3 $ 3 $ — $ — Fixed income: Long duration strategy 1 991 — 991 — Real Estate: U.K. 3 34 — — 34 Total $ 1,028 $ 3 $ 991 $ 34 Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 2 445 Total $ 1,473 1 Includes securities that are mainly investment grade obligations of issuers in the U.S. 2 Includes the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 600 Composite Stock Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index, the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Composite Stock Index, a short-term investment fund which is a common collective trust vehicle, and other various asset classes 3 Includes a fund which holds real estate properties in the U.K. For securities that are quoted in active markets, the trustee/custodian determines fair value by applying securities’ prices obtained from its pricing vendors. For commingled funds that are not actively traded, the trustee applies pricing information provided by investment management firms to the unit quantities of such funds. Investment management firms employ their own pricing vendors to value the securities underlying each commingled fund. Underlying securities that are not actively traded derive their prices from investment managers, which in turn, employ vendors that use pricing models (e.g., discounted cash flow, comparables). The domestic defined benefit plans have no investment in our stock, except through the S&P 500 commingled trust index fund. The trustee obtains estimated prices from vendors for securities that are not easily quotable and they are categorized accordingly as Level 3. The following table details further information on our plan assets where we have used significant unobservable inputs: (in millions) Level 3 Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 34 Distributions (34) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ — Pension Trusts’ Asset Allocations There are two pension trusts, one in the U.S. and one in the U.K. • The U.S. pension trust had assets of $1,130 million and $1,176 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively, and the target allocations in 2024 include 90% fixed income, 5% domestic equities, 3% international equities and 2% cash and cash equivalents. • The U.K. pension trust had assets of $265 million and $297 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the target allocations in 2024 include 95% fixed income and 5% diversified growth funds. The pension assets are invested with the goal of producing a combination of capital growth, income and a liability hedge. The mix of assets is established after consideration of the long-term performance and risk characteristics of asset classes. Investments are selected based on their potential to enhance returns, preserve capital and reduce overall volatility. Holdings are diversified within each asset class. The portfolios employ a mix of index and actively managed equity strategies by market capitalization, style, geographic regions and economic sectors. The fixed income strategies include U.S. long duration securities, core fixed income, intermediate credit, high yield, and U.K. debt instruments. The short-term portfolio, whose primary goal is capital preservation for liquidity purposes, is composed of government and government-agency securities, uninvested cash, receivables and payables. The portfolios do not employ any financial leverage. U.S. Defined Contribution Plan Assets of the defined contribution plan in the U.S. consist primarily of investment options, which include actively managed equity, indexed equity, actively managed equity/bond funds, target date funds, S&P Global Inc. common stock, stable value and money market strategies. There is also a self-directed mutual fund investment option. The plan purchased 81,400 shares and sold 159,810 shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock in 2024 and purchased 146,600 shares and sold 179,569 shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock in 2023. The plan held approximately 1.1 million and 1.2 million shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with market values of $547 million and $518 million, respectively. The plan received dividends on S&P Global Inc. common stock of $4.4 million and $4.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation We issue stock-based incentive awards to our eligible employees under the 2019 Employee Stock Incentive Plan and to our eligible non-employee members of the Board of Directors under a Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan. No further awards may be granted under the 2002 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (the “2002 Plan”), although awards granted under the 2002 Plan prior to the adoption of the new 2019 Plan in June of 2019 remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. • 2019 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) – The 2019 Plan permits the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, performance awards, and other stock-based awards. • Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan (the “Director Plan”) – Under the Director Plan, common stock reserved may be credited to deferred stock accounts for eligible non-employee members of the Board of Directors. In general, the plan requires that 50% of eligible Directors’ annual compensation and dividend equivalents be credited to deferred stock accounts. Each Director may also elect to defer all or a portion of the remaining compensation and have an equivalent number of shares credited to their deferred stock account. Recipients under this plan are not required to provide consideration to us other than rendering service. Shares will be delivered as of the date a recipient ceases to be a member of the Board of Directors or within five years thereafter, if so elected. The plan will remain in effect until terminated by the Board of Directors or until no shares of stock remain available under the plan. • 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan and the Amended and Restated IHS Inc. 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “IHS Markit’s equity plans”) – In connection with the merger with IHS Markit, we assumed the outstanding restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, deferred stock units, and stock options granted under IHS Markit’s equity plans, converted using the 0.2838 merger exchange ratio. From the merger date, no additional awards under these plans may be granted; however, the outstanding awards that were converted at the merger date continue to vest in accordance with the terms of the merger agreement. The number of common shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan are as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 Shares available for granting 1 18.0 18.3 Options outstanding — 0.1 Total shares reserved for issuance 18.0 18.4 1 Shares reserved for issuance under the Director Plan are less than 1.0 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. We issue treasury shares upon the issuance of restricted stock and other stock-based awards and the exercise of stock options. To offset the dilutive effect of our equity compensation plans, we periodically repurchase shares. See Note 9 – Equity for further discussion. Stock-based compensation expense and the corresponding tax benefit are as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Restricted stock and other stock-based awards expense $ 247 $ 171 $ 214 Stock option expense — — — Total stock-based compensation expense $ 247 $ 171 $ 214 Tax benefit $ 49 $ 32 $ 38 Restricted Stock and Other Stock-Based Awards Restricted stock and other stock-based awards (performance and non-performance) have been granted under the 2002 Plan and 2019 Plan. Performance unit awards only vest if we achieve certain financial goals over the performance period. Restricted stock non-performance awards have various vesting periods (generally three years). Recipients of restricted stock and unit awards are not required to provide consideration to us other than rendering service. The stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock and other stock-based awards is determined based on the market price of our stock at the grant date of the award applied to the total number of awards that are anticipated to fully vest. For performance awards, adjustments are made to expense consistent with the expected percent achievement of the performance goals. Restricted stock and other stock-based award activity is as follows: (in millions, except per award amounts) Shares Weighted-average grant-date fair value Balance as of December 31, 2023 1.4 $ 365.51 Granted 0.4 $ 427.84 Vested (0.5) $ 371.62 Forfeited (0.1) $ 366.39 Balance as of December 31, 2024 1.2 $ 387.14 Total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted awards $ 216 Weighted-average years to be recognized over 1.1 Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Weighted-average grant-date fair value per award $ 427.84 $ 374.00 $ 384.65 Total fair value of restricted stock and other stock-based awards vested $ 230 $ 323 $ 146 Tax benefit relating to restricted award activity $ 56 $ 71 $ 30 Stock Options Stock options may not be granted at a price less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Stock options granted vest over a four-year service period and have a maximum term of 10 years. Stock option compensation costs are recognized from the date of grant, utilizing a four-year graded vesting method. Under this method, more than half of the costs are recognized over the first twelve months, approximately one-quarter of the costs are recognized over a twenty-four month period starting from the date of grant, approximately one-tenth of the costs are recognized over a thirty-six month period starting from the date of grant, and the remaining costs are recognized over a forty-eight month period starting from the date of grant. There were no stock options granted in 2024, 2023 and 2022. Stock option activity is as follows: (in millions, except per award amounts) Shares Weighted average exercise price Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term Aggregate intrinsic value Options outstanding as of December 31, 2023 0.1 $ 77.25 Exercised (0.1) $ 77.86 Options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 — $ 74.46 2.22 $ 5 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2024 — $ 74.46 2.22 $ 5 Information regarding our stock option exercises is as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options $ 4 $ 13 $ 7 Total intrinsic value of stock option exercises $ 19 $ 55 $ 13 Income tax benefit realized from stock option exercises $ 5 $ 12 $ 4

Equity

Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Equity	Equity Capital Stock Two million shares of preferred stock, par value $1 per share, are authorized; none have been issued. On January 28, 2025, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the dividends for 2025 to a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.96 per share. Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Annualized dividend rate 1 $ 3.64 $ 3.60 $ 3.32 Dividends paid (in millions) $ 1,134 $ 1,147 $ 1,024 1 The quarterly dividend rate was $0.91 per share for the year ended December 31 2024. The quarterly dividend rate was $0.90 per share for the year ended December 31 2023. The quarterly dividend rate was $0.77 per share in the first quarter of 2022 and increased to $0.85 per share beginning in the second quarter of 2022. Stock Repurchases On June 22, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 9% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. On January 29, 2020, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2020 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 12% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. Our purchased shares may be used for general corporate purposes, including the issuance of shares for stock compensation plans and to offset the dilutive effect of the exercise of employee stock options. As of December 31, 2024, 12.0 million shares remained available under the 2022 Repurchase Program and the 2020 repurchase program was completed. Our 2022 Repurchase Program has no expiration date and purchases under this program may be made from time to time on the open market and in private transactions, depending on market conditions. We have entered into accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements with financial institutions to initiate share repurchases of our common stock. Under an ASR agreement, we pay a specified amount to the financial institution and receive an initial delivery of shares. This initial delivery of shares represents the minimum number of shares that we may receive under the agreement. Upon settlement of the ASR agreement, the financial institution typically delivers additional shares. The total number of shares ultimately delivered, and therefore the average price paid per share, is determined at the end of the applicable purchase period of each ASR agreement based on the volume weighted-average share price, less a discount. We account for our ASR agreements as two transactions: a stock purchase transaction and a forward stock purchase contract. The shares delivered under the ASR agreements resulted in a reduction of outstanding shares used to determine our weighted average common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share. The repurchased shares are held in Treasury. The forward stock purchase contracts are classified as equity instruments. The terms of each ASR agreement entered into for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, structured as outlined above, are as follows: (in millions, except average price) ASR Agreement Initiation Date ASR Agreement Completion Date Initial Shares Delivered Additional Shares Delivered Total Number of Shares Average Price Paid Per Share Total Cash Utilized October 28, 2024 1 2.3 — 2.3 $ — $ 1,300 July 31, 2024 2 October 22, 2024 2.6 0.3 3.0 $ 505.19 $ 1,500 February 12, 2024 3 April 12, 2024 1.0 0.2 1.2 $ 421.05 $ 500 November 13, 2023 4 February 7, 2024 2.8 0.2 3.0 $ 428.45 $ 1,300 August 7, 2023 5 September 8, 2023 1.1 0.2 1.3 $ 387.36 $ 500 May 8, 2023 6 August 4, 2023 2.5 0.1 2.6 $ 384.75 $ 1,000 February 13, 2023 7 May 5, 2023 1.1 0.3 1.4 $ 341.95 $ 500 December 2, 2022 8 February 3, 2023 2.4 0.4 2.8 $ 350.74 $ 1,000 August 9, 2022 9 October 25, 2022 5.8 1.6 7.4 $ 337.94 $ 2,500 May 13, 2022 10 August 2, 2022 3.8 0.6 4.4 $ 343.85 $ 1,500 March 1, 2022 11 August 9, 2022 15.2 4.1 19.3 $ 362.03 $ 7,000 1 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.3 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.3 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on October 28, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.3 million shares from the ASR program. The final settlement of the transaction under the ASR is expected to be completed no later than the first quarter of 2025. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 2 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.5 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on July 31, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.6 million shares from the ASR program on August 1, 2024. We completed the ASR agreement on October 22, 2024 and received an additional 0.3 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 3 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on February 12, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.0 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on April 12, 2024 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 4 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.3 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.3 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on November 13, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on February 7, 2024 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 5 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on August 7, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.1 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on September 8, 2023 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 6 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $1 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on May 8, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.5 million shares from the ASR program.We completed the ASR agreement on August 4, 2023 and received an additional 0.1 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 7 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on February 13, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.1 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on May 5, 2023 and received an additional 0.3 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 8 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $1 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on December 2, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.4 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on February 3, 2023 and received an additional 0.4 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 9 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $2.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $2.5 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on August 9, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 5.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on October 25, 2022 and received an additional 1.6 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 and 2020 Repurchase Program. 10 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.5 billion at a share price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on May 13, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 3.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on August 2, 2022 and received an additional 0.6 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2020 Repurchase Program. 11 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $7 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $7 billion at a share equal to the then market price of the Company ’ s common stock on March 1, 2022 when the company received an initial delivery of 15.2 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on August 9, 2022 and received an additional 4.1 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2020 Repurchase Program. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we received a total of 6.7 million shares, including 0.2 million shares received in February of 2024 related to our November 13, 2023 ASR agreement, resulting in $3.3 billion of cash used to purchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received a total of 8.6 million shares, including 0.4 million shares received in February of 2023 related to our December 2, 2022 ASR agreement, resulting in $3.3 billion of cash used to purchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we purchased 33.5 million shares for $12.0 billion of cash. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Our redeemable interests include an agreement with the minority partners that own 27% of our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture contains redemption features whereby interests held by minority partners are redeemable either (i) at the option of the holder or (ii) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within our control. Specifically, under the terms of the operating agreement of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, CME Group and CME Group Index Services LLC (“CGIS”) has the right at any time to sell, and we are obligated to buy, at least 20% of their share in S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. In addition, in the event there is a change of control of the Company, for the 15 days following a change in control, CME Group and CGIS will have the right to put their interest to us at the then fair value of CME Group’s and CGIS’ minority interest. If interests were to be redeemed under this agreement, we would generally be required to purchase the interest at fair value on the date of redemption. This interest is presented on the consolidated balance sheets outside of equity under the caption “Redeemable noncontrolling interests” with an initial value based on fair value for the portion attributable to the net assets we acquired, and based on our historical cost for the portion attributable to our S&P Index business. We adjust the redeemable noncontrolling interest each reporting period to its estimated redemption value, but never less than its initial fair value, using both income and market valuation approaches. Our income and market valuation approaches may incorporate Level 3 fair value measures for instances when observable inputs are not available. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., the revenue growth rates and operating margins), and a company specific beta. The significant judgmental assumptions used that incorporate market data, including the relative weighting of market observable information and the comparability of that information in our valuation models, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. Any adjustments to the redemption value will impact retained income. Noncontrolling interests that do not contain such redemption features are presented in equity. Ch anges to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: (in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 3,800 Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests 285 Distributions to noncontrolling interests (289) Redemption value adjustment 470 Other 1 (14) Balance as of December 31, 2024 2 $ 4,252 1 Relates to foreign currency translation adjustments 2 As of December 31, 2024, $4,239 million relates to our redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Indices business Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table summarizes the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024: (in millions) Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges 3 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ (487) $ (362) $ 86 $ (763) Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (126) 1 (15) 20 (121) Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings 4 5 2 (8) 3 1 Net other comprehensive (loss) income (122) (10) 12 (120) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ (609) $ (372) $ 98 $ (883) 1 Includes an unrealized loss related to our cross currency swaps. See Note 6 – Derivative Instruments for additional detail of items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. 2 Reflects amortization of net actuarial losses and is net of a tax benefit of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 7 — Employee Benefits for additional details of items reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings. 3 See Note 6 – Derivative Instruments for additional details of items reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings per Share	Earnings per Share Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to the common shareholders of the Company by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed in the same manner as basic EPS, except the number of shares is increased to include additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potential common shares with a dilutive effect had been issued. Potential common shares consist primarily of restricted performance shares and stock options calculated using the treasury stock method. The calculation for basic and diluted EPS is as follows: (in millions, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Amount attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income $ 3,852 $ 2,626 $ 3,248 Basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 311.6 318.4 316.9 Effect of dilutive securities 0.3 0.5 1.6 Diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 311.9 318.9 318.5 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic $ 12.36 $ 8.25 $ 10.25 Diluted $ 12.35 $ 8.23 $ 10.20 We have certain stock options and restricted performance shares that are potentially excluded from the computation of diluted EPS. The effect of the potential exercise of stock options is excluded when the average market price of our common stock is lower than the exercise price of the related option during the period or when a net loss exists because the effect would have been antidilutive. Additionally, restricted performance shares are excluded because the necessary vesting conditions had not been met or when a net loss exists. Restricted performance shares outstandin g of 0.5 million as of December 31, 2024, 0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 0.6 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively, were excl uded. As of December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022, there were no stock options excluded.

Restructuring

Restructuring	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Restructuring	Restructuring We continuously evaluate our cost structure to identify cost savings associated with streamlining our management structure. Our 2024 and 2023 restructuring plans consisted of company-wide workforce reductions of approximately 1,230 and 1,050 positions, respectively, and are further detailed below. The charges for each restructuring plan are classified as selling and general expenses In certain circumstances, reserves are no longer needed because employees previously identified for separation resigned from the Company and did not receive severance or were reassigned due to circumstances not foreseen when the original plans were initiated. In these cases, we reverse reserves through the consolidated statements of income during the period when it is determined they are no longer needed. The initial restructuring charge recorded and the ending reserve balance as of December 31, 2024 by segment is as follows: 2024 Restructuring Plan 2023 Restructuring Plan (in millions) Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance Market Intelligence $ 77 $ 48 $ 90 $ 13 Ratings 4 3 10 — Commodity Insights 13 11 26 2 Mobility 6 3 9 1 Indices 1 — 5 — Engineering Solutions — — — — Corporate 24 23 43 4 Total $ 125 $ 88 $ 183 $ 20 For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a pre-tax restructuring charge of $125 million primarily related to employee severance charges for the 2024 restructuring plan and have reduced the reserve by $37 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have reduced the reserve for the 2023 restructuring plan by $132 million and $31 million, respectively. The reductions primarily related to cash payments for employee severance charges.

Segment and Geographic Informat

Segment and Geographic Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segment and Geographic Information	Segment and Geographic Information As discussed in Note 1 – Accounting Policies , we have five reportable segments: Market Intelligence, Ratings, Commodity Insights, Mobility and Indices. Our Chief Executive Officer is our chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) and evaluates performance of our segments and allocates resources (including employees, property, and financial or capital resources) based primarily on operating profit for each segment. Segment operating profit does not include Corporate Unallocated expense, equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries, other (income) expense, net, or interest expense, net, as these are amounts that do not affect the operating results of our reportable segments. We use the same accounting policies for our segments as those described in Note 1 – Accounting Policies . Operating results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2024 Revenue from external customers $ 4,633 $ 4,207 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,617 $ — $ 14,208 Intersegment revenue 1 12 163 — — 11 — 186 Revenue 4,645 4,370 2,142 1,609 1,628 — 14,394 Intersegment elimination (186) Total revenue 14,208 Less: segment expenses 2 3,133 1,617 1,139 982 483 — 7,354 Less: other segment items 3 637 46 158 315 42 — 1,198 Intersegment elimination (186) Segment operating profit $ 875 $ 2,707 $ 845 $ 312 $ 1,103 $ — $ 5,842 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 305 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (43) Operating profit 5,580 Other income, net (25) Interest expense, net 297 Income before taxes on income $ 5,308 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2023 Revenue from external customers $ 4,365 $ 3,177 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,392 $ 133 $ 12,497 Intersegment revenue 1 11 155 — — 11 — 177 Revenue 4,376 3,332 1,946 1,484 1,403 133 12,674 Intersegment elimination (177) Total revenue 12,497 Less: segment expenses 2 2,933 1,449 1,049 908 436 113 6,888 Less: other segment items 3 729 19 193 316 42 1 1,300 Intersegment elimination (177) Segment operating profit $ 714 $ 1,864 $ 704 $ 260 $ 925 $ 19 $ 4,486 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 502 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (36) Operating profit 4,020 Other expense, net 15 Interest expense, net 334 Income before taxes on income $ 3,671 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2022 Revenue from external customers $ 3,797 $ 2,906 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,328 $ 323 $ 11,181 Intersegment revenue 1 14 144 — — 11 — 169 Revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ 11,350 Intersegment elimination (169) Total revenue 11,181 Less: segment expenses 2 2,568 1,340 912 694 418 268 6,200 Less: other segment items 3 (1,245) 38 182 235 (6) 40 (756) Intersegment elimination (169) Segment operating profit $ 2,488 $ 1,672 $ 591 $ 213 $ 927 $ 15 $ 5,906 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 989 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (27) Operating profit 4,944 Other income, net (70) Interest expense, net 304 Loss on extinguishment of debt 8 Income before taxes on income $ 4,702 1 Intersegment revenue primarily relates to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 2 The segment expense category for Market Intelligence, Ratings, Commodity Insights, Mobility and Indices for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 primarily include an aggregation of compensation costs, technology costs and strategic investments. The segment expense category for Engineering Solutions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily include an aggregation of technology costs and compensation costs. The CODM considers actual-to-actual and budget-to-actual variances when making decisions about allocating personnel and capital to the segments, however, the CODM does not receive the individual expense items underlying the overall segment expenses. Variance explanations include segment expenses including compensation costs, technology costs and strategic investments, but the CODM is otherwise not provided, and cannot easily calculate, lower-level expense information. 3 Other segment items for each reportable segment primarily include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions, (gain) loss on dispositions and certain items primarily including IHS Markit merger costs, employee severance charges and acquisition and disposition-related costs. 4 Corporate Unallocated expense includes costs for corporate functions, select initiatives, unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses. The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue type for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2024 Subscription $ 3,882 $ — $ 1,873 $ 1,299 $ 292 $ — $ — $ 7,346 Non-subscription / Transaction 184 2,326 166 310 — — — 2,986 Non-transaction — 2,044 — — — — (186) 1,858 Asset-linked fees — — — — 1,046 — — 1,046 Sales usage-based royalties — — 103 — 290 — — 393 Recurring variable 579 — — — — — — 579 Total revenue $ 4,645 $ 4,370 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,628 $ — $ (186) $ 14,208 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 184 $ 2,326 $ 166 $ 310 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,986 Services transferred over time 4,461 2,044 1,976 1,299 1,628 — (186) 11,222 Total revenue $ 4,645 $ 4,370 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,628 $ — $ (186) $ 14,208 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2023 Subscription $ 3,685 $ — $ 1,707 $ 1,169 $ 277 $ 125 $ — $ 6,963 Non-subscription / Transaction 187 1,425 158 315 — 8 — 2,093 Non-transaction — 1,907 — — — — (177) 1,730 Asset-linked fees — — — — 859 — — 859 Sales usage-based royalties — — 81 — 267 — — 348 Recurring variable 504 — — — — — — 504 Total revenue $ 4,376 $ 3,332 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,403 $ 133 $ (177) $ 12,497 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 187 $ 1,425 $ 158 $ 315 $ — $ 8 $ — $ 2,093 Services transferred over time 4,189 1,907 1,788 1,169 1,403 125 (177) 10,404 Total revenue $ 4,376 $ 3,332 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,403 $ 133 $ (177) $ 12,497 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2022 Subscription $ 3,263 $ — $ 1,492 $ 888 $ 258 $ 300 $ — $ 6,201 Non-subscription / Transaction 163 1,241 126 254 — 23 — 1,807 Non-transaction — 1,809 — — — — (169) 1,640 Asset-linked fees — — — — 862 — — 862 Sales usage-based royalties — — 67 — 219 — — 286 Recurring variable 385 — — — — — — 385 Total revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ (169) $ 11,181 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 163 $ 1,241 $ 126 $ 254 $ — $ 23 $ — $ 1,807 Services transferred over time 3,648 1,809 1,559 888 1,339 300 (169) 9,374 Total revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ (169) $ 11,181 1 Intersegment eliminations mainly consists of a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Segment information for the years ended December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Depreciation & Amortization Capital Expenditures 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Market Intelligence $ 627 $ 597 $ 509 $ 61 $ 73 $ 43 Ratings 37 37 46 29 24 23 Commodity Insights 137 137 115 7 7 4 Mobility 317 314 248 18 22 6 Indices 42 42 39 3 13 2 Engineering Solutions — 2 35 — — 4 Total reportable segments 1,160 1,129 992 118 139 82 Corporate 13 14 21 6 4 7 Total $ 1,173 $ 1,143 $ 1,013 $ 124 $ 143 $ 89 Segment information as of December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Total Assets 2024 2023 Market Intelligence $ 29,478 $ 29,674 Ratings 1,056 1,041 Commodity Insights 8,636 8,746 Mobility 13,222 13,495 Indices 3,200 3,222 Total reportable segments 55,592 56,178 Corporate 1 4,629 4,411 Total $ 60,221 $ 60,589 1 Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, investments, goodwill and other intangible assets, assets for pension benefits and deferred income taxes. We do not have operations in any foreign country that represent more than 7% of our consolidated revenue. Transfers between geographic areas are recorded at agreed upon prices and intercompany revenue and profit are eliminated. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue. The following provides revenue and long-lived assets by geographic region: (in millions) Revenue Long-lived Assets Year ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 U.S. $ 8,640 $ 7,542 $ 6,653 $ 4,786 $ 4,535 European region 3,256 2,822 2,597 46,947 47,960 Asia 1,491 1,375 1,246 92 73 Rest of the world 821 758 685 47 47 Total $ 14,208 $ 12,497 $ 11,181 $ 51,872 $ 52,615 Revenue Long-lived Assets Year ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 U.S. 61 % 60 % 60 % 9 % 9 % European region 23 23 23 91 91 Asia 10 11 11 — — Rest of the world 6 6 6 — — Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % See Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 11 – Restructuring , for actions that impacted the segment operating results.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Leases We determine whether an arrangement meets the criteria for an operating lease or a finance lease at the inception of the arrangement. We have operating leases for office space and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 11 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases early. We sublease certain real estate leases to third parties which mainly consist of operating leases for space within our offices. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expenses for these leases on a straight line-basis over the lease term in operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Our future minimum based payments used to determine our lease liabilities include minimum based rent payments and escalations. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded a pre-tax impairment charge of $3 million, $26 million and $132 million, respectively, related to the impairment and abandonment of operating lease related ROU assets. The pre-tax impairment charge recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily associated with reductions in the anticipated sublease income on vacated leased facilities following the deterioration of local market conditions and consolidating our real estate facilities following the merger with IHS Markit. The impairment charges are included in selling and general expenses within the consolidated statements of income. The following table provides information on the location and amounts of our leases on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: (in millions) 2024 2023 Balance Sheet Location Assets Right of use assets Lease right-of-use assets $ 413 $ 379 Liabilities Other current liabilities Current lease liabilities 109 105 Lease liabilities — non-current Non-current lease liabilities 535 541 The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Operating lease cost $ 129 $ 134 $ 147 Sublease income (13) (16) (5) Total lease cost $ 116 $ 118 $ 142 Supplemental information related to leases for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement for operating lease liabilities Operating cash flows for operating leases 140 149 159 Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations Operating leases 106 35 6 Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31 are as follows: 2024 2023 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 5.6 6.0 Weighted-average discount rate 4.02 % 3.46 % Maturities of lease liabilities for our operating leases are as follows: (in millions) 2025 $ 134 2026 127 2027 120 2028 95 2029 77 2030 and beyond 182 Total undiscounted lease payments $ 735 Less: Imputed interest 91 Present value of lease liabilities $ 644 Related Party Agreement In June of 2012, we entered into a license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with the holder of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC noncontrolling interest, CME Group, which replaced the 2005 license agreement between Indices and CME Group. Under the terms of the License Agreement, S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC receives a share of the profits from the trading and clearing of CME Group’s equity index products. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC earned $192 million, $174 million and $170 million of revenue under the terms of the License Agreement, respectively. The entire amount of this revenue is included in our consolidated statement of income and the portion related to the 27% noncontrolling interest is removed in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Contractual Obligations We typically have various contractual obligations, which are recorded as liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, while other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized. For example, we are contractually committed to contracts for information-technology outsourcing, certain enterprise-wide information-technology software licensing and maintenance. In the first quarter of 2023, S&P Global and Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) entered into a multi-year strategic collaboration agreement with a purchase obligation of $1.0 billion, before incremental credits, over a five-year period. With AWS as its preferred cloud provider, S&P Global will enhance its cloud infrastructure, accelerate business growth, engineer new innovations for key industry segments, and help their customers navigate rapidly changing market conditions . Legal & Regulatory Matters In the normal course of business both in the United States and abroad, the Company and its subsidiaries are defendants in a number of legal proceedings and are often subjected to government and regulatory proceedings, investigations and inquiries. A class action lawsuit was filed in Australia on August 7, 2020 against the Company and a subsidiary of the Company. A separate lawsuit was filed against the Company and a subsidiary of the Company in Australia on February 2, 2021 by two entities within the Basis Capital investment group. The lawsuits both relate to alleged investment losses in collateralized debt obligations rated by Ratings prior to the financial crisis. We can provide no assurance that we will not be obligated to pay significant amounts in order to resolve these matters on terms deemed acceptable. From time to time, the Company receives customer complaints. The Company believes it has strong contractual protections in the terms and conditions included in its arrangements with customers. Nonetheless, in the interest of managing customer relationships, the Company from time to time engages in dialogue with such customers in an effort to resolve such complaints, and if such complaints cannot be resolved through dialogue, may face litigation regarding such complaints. The Company does not expect to incur material losses as a result of these matters. Moreover, various government and self-regulatory agencies frequently make inquiries and conduct investigations into our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including those related to our regulated products and services, antitrust matters and other matters, such as ESG. For example, as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization ("NRSRO") registered with the SEC under Section 15E of the Exchange Act, S&P Global Ratings is in ongoing communication with the staff of the SEC regarding compliance with its extensive obligations under the federal securities laws. On September 3, 2024, as part of an industry-wide investigation into off-channel communications by the SEC, S&P Global Ratings, and certain other NRSROs, reached a settlement to resolve violations of recordkeeping rules. This matter was previously disclosed by S&P Global. In the SEC’s order, the SEC recognized S&P Global Ratings’ remedial acts and its cooperation with the SEC staff. As part of the resolution, S&P Global Ratings paid a penalty of $20 million. S&P Global previously accrued that amount in its consolidated financial statements for the second quarter of 2024. Although S&P Global seeks to promptly address any compliance issues that it detects or that the staff of the SEC or another regulator raises, there can be no assurance that the SEC or another regulator will not seek remedies against S&P Global for one or more compliance deficiencies. Any of these proceedings, investigations or inquiries could ultimately result in adverse judgments, damages, fines, penalties or activity restrictions, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. In view of the uncertainty inherent in litigation and government and regulatory enforcement matters, we cannot predict the eventual outcome of such matters or the timing of their resolution, or in most cases reasonably estimate what the eventual judgments, damages, fines, penalties or impact of activity (if any) restrictions may be. As a result, we cannot provide assurance that such outcomes will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. As litigation or the process to resolve pending matters progresses, as the case may be, we will continue to review the latest information available and assess our ability to predict the outcome of such matters and the effects, if any, on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position, which may require that we record liabilities in the consolidated financial statements in future periods.

Schedule II - Valuation and Qua

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts [Abstract]
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (in millions) Additions/(deductions) Balance at Net charges Deductions and other 1 Balance at end Year ended December 31, 2024 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 54 $ 42 $ (52) $ 44 Year ended December 31, 2023 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 48 $ 27 $ (21) $ 54 Year ended December 31, 2022 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 26 $ 58 $ (36) $ 48 1 Primarily includes uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries, impact of acquisitions and divestitures and adjustments for foreign currency translation.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 3,852	$ 2,626	$ 3,248

Insider Trading Arrangements

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Insider Trading Policies and Pr

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

Cybersecurity Risk Management a

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Line Items]
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block]	Integrated Risk Management Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Company’s risk exposures in a manner consistent with the strategic direction and objectives established by the Board. As a critical component of the Company’s risk management process, management has adopted an integrated risk management framework to continuously identify, assess, measure, manage, monitor and report current and emerging non-financial risks. As part of this framework, the Company has an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Committee which is chaired by the Company’s Chief Risk Officer. Our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) is also a member of the ERM Committee. The ERM Committee oversees the Company’s risk management framework, including the implementation of the framework components across the Company and promotes a strong Company-wide culture of risk management, compliance and control. Engagement of Third-party Support We engage third-party services to conduct evaluations of our security controls, whether through penetration testing, independent audits or consulting on best practices to address new challenges. These evaluations include testing both the design and operational effectiveness of security controls. We also share and receive threat intelligence with our defense industrial base peers, government agencies, information sharing and analysis centers and cybersecurity associations. Third-party Risk Management Our risk management program also assesses third-party risks, and we perform third-party risk management to identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers, and other business partners associated with our use of third-party service providers. Cybersecurity risks are evaluated when determining the selection and oversight of applicable third-party service providers. Impact of Risks from Cybersecurity Threats We are regularly subject to cybersecurity attacks. None of the risks from cybersecurity threats we’ve faced to date have materially affected, and we do not believe are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For further information about risks we face from cybersecurity threats, see the risk factor entitled " Our size, scale and role in the global markets increases our risk for cyber attacks and other cyber-security risks. Our information systems and networks and those of our third-party service providers are exposed to risks related to cybersecurity and protection of confidential information, including material non-public information, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations " in Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]	Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Company’s risk exposures in a manner consistent with the strategic direction and objectives established by the Board. As a critical component of the Company’s risk management process, management has adopted an integrated risk management framework to continuously identify, assess, measure, manage, monitor and report current and emerging non-financial risks. As part of this framework, the Company has an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) Committee which is chaired by the Company’s Chief Risk Officer. Our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) is also a member of the ERM Committee.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]	false
Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block]	Board Oversight of Cybersecurity Threats The board of directors of the Company (the “Board”) has oversight responsibility for the Company’s risk management framework, including technology and cybersecurity risks facing the Company. Our Board, and Nominating and Audit Committees, gave significant consideration over the past several years to the appropriate Board and Committee oversight structure for risks associated with technology and cybersecurity. The full Board receives briefings from management on enterprise-wide technology, cybersecurity risk management and the overall technology and cybersecurity environment by management. Specifically, the full Board receives biannual reports from the Chief Digital Solutions Officer and the CISO. The Board coordinates with the Audit Committee and Finance Committee to ensure active Board- and Committee-level oversight of the Company’s technology and cyber risk profile, enterprise technology and cyber strategies, and information security initiatives. In addition, the Board has delegated primary responsibility for oversight of the Company’s key risks, including cybersecurity, to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee reviews technology and cybersecurity risks, as well as the Company’s risk mitigation processes and internal control procedures to protect sensitive business information. The Audit Committee also receives regular updates from the Chief Digital Solutions Officer and the CISO on the Company’s technology and cybersecurity programs. In addition, the Finance Committee oversees management’s strategy with regard to technology and associated risks, including cybersecurity risks, when considering major capital expenditures and acquisitions. The Board also receives regular updates from the Audit Committee and Finance Committee on their in-depth Committee-level reviews.
Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	In addition to the risk management activities undertaken by the ERM Committee, our corporate information security organization, led by our CISO, is responsible for our overall information security strategy, policy, security engineering, operations and cyber threat detection and response.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	In addition to the risk management activities undertaken by the ERM Committee, our corporate information security organization, led by our CISO, is responsible for our overall information security strategy, policy, security engineering, operations and cyber threat detection and response. The current CISO has more than 27 years of technology industry leadership, cybersecurity expertise and engineering and operations experience. The corporate information security organization manages and continually enhances the Company’s enterprise security structure with the goal of preventing cybersecurity incidents to the extent feasible, while simultaneously increasing our system resilience to minimize the business impact should an incident occur.
Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]	In addition to the risk management activities undertaken by the ERM Committee, our corporate information security organization, led by our CISO, is responsible for our overall information security strategy, policy, security engineering, operations and cyber threat detection and response. The current CISO has more than 27 years of technology industry leadership, cybersecurity expertise and engineering and operations experience. The corporate information security organization manages and continually enhances the Company’s enterprise security structure with the goal of preventing cybersecurity incidents to the extent feasible, while simultaneously increasing our system resilience to minimize the business impact should an incident occur. Central to this organization is our cyber incident response team, which is responsible for the Company’s protection, detection and response capabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company is equipped with an incident response plan that includes: (i) detection and analysis, (ii) containment and eradication, and (iii) remediation and (iv) preparation for future incidents. Incident responses are led by our Information Security team and supported by Legal, Compliance and other functions as appropriate. The CISO and the Chief Digital Solutions Officer provide regular updates to the Board and the Audit Committee concerning the Company’s technology and cybersecurity programs, associated risks and the Company’s efforts to help mitigate those risks.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	In addition to the risk management activities undertaken by the ERM Committee, our corporate information security organization, led by our CISO, is responsible for our overall information security strategy, policy, security engineering, operations and cyber threat detection and response.Central to this organization is our cyber incident response team, which is responsible for the Company’s protection, detection and response capabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company is equipped with an incident response plan that includes: (i) detection and analysis, (ii) containment and eradication, and (iii) remediation and (iv) preparation for future incidents. Incident responses are led by our Information Security team and supported by Legal, Compliance and other functions as appropriate. The CISO and the Chief Digital Solutions Officer provide regular updates to the Board and the Audit Committee concerning the Company’s technology and cybersecurity programs, associated risks and the Company’s efforts to help mitigate those risks.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Expertise of Management Responsible [Text Block]	The current CISO has more than 27 years of technology industry leadership, cybersecurity expertise and engineering and operations experience.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	Central to this organization is our cyber incident response team, which is responsible for the Company’s protection, detection and response capabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the Company is equipped with an incident response plan that includes: (i) detection and analysis, (ii) containment and eradication, and (iii) remediation and (iv) preparation for future incidents. Incident responses are led by our Information Security team and supported by Legal, Compliance and other functions as appropriate. The CISO and the Chief Digital Solutions Officer provide regular updates to the Board and the Audit Committee concerning the Company’s technology and cybersecurity programs, associated risks and the Company’s efforts to help mitigate those risks.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]	true

Accounting Policies (Policies)

Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Nature of operations	Nature of operations S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” the “Registrant,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a provider of credit ratings, benchmarks, analytics and workflow solutions in the global capital, commodity and automotive markets. The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; the commodity markets include producers, consumers, traders and intermediaries within energy, chemicals, shipping, metals, carbon and agriculture; and the automotive markets include manufacturers, suppliers, dealerships, service shops and consumers. Our operations consist of five reportable segments: S&P Global Market Intelligence (“Market Intelligence”), S&P Global Ratings (“Ratings”), S&P Global Commodity Insights (“Commodity Insights”), S&P Global Mobility (“Mobility”) and S&P Dow Jones Indices (“Indices”). • Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data and analytics integrated with purpose-built workflow solutions. • Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research, and analytics, offering investors and other market participants information, ratings and benchmarks. • Commodity Insights is a leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodity and energy markets. • Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (Original Equipment Manufacturers or OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. • Indices is a global index provider that maintains a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Subscription revenue Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, valuation services, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information through both feed and web-based channels. Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence also includes software and hosted product offerings which provide maintenance and continuous access to our platforms over the contract term. Subscription revenue at Commodity Insights is primarily from subscriptions to our market data and market insights (price assessments, market reports and commentary and analytics) along with other information products and software term licenses. Subscription revenue at Mobility is primarily derived from products that provide data and insight on future vehicles sales and production, including detailed forecasts on technology and vehicle components; supply car makers and dealers with market reporting products, predictive analytics and marketing automation software; and support dealers with vehicle history reports, used car listings and service retention solutions. Subscription revenue at Mobility also include a range of services to financial institutions, to support their marketing, insurance underwriting and claims management activities. Subscription revenue at Indices is derived from the contracts for underlying data of our indexes to support our customers’ management of index funds, portfolio analytics, and research. Subscription revenue at Engineering Solutions was primarily from subscriptions to our Product Design offerings providing standards, codes and specifications; applied technical reference; engineering journals, reports, best practices, and other vetted technical reference; and patents and patent applications. For subscription products and services, we generally provide continuous access to dynamic data sets and analytics for a defined period, with revenue recognized ratably as our performance obligation to provide access to our data and analytics is progressively fulfilled over the stated term of the contract. Non-transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue at Ratings primarily includes fees for surveillance of a credit rating, annual fees for customer relationship-based pricing programs, fees for entity credit ratings and global research and analytics at Crisil. Non-transaction revenue also includes an intersegment revenue elimination of $186 million, $177 million and $169 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, mainly consisting of the royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. For non-transaction revenue related to Rating’s surveillance services, we continuously monitor factors that impact the creditworthiness of an issuer over the contractual term with revenue recognized to the extent that our performance obligation is progressively fulfilled over the term contract. Because surveillance services are continuously provided throughout the term of the contract, our measure of progress towards fulfillment of our obligation to monitor a rating is a time-based output measure with revenue recognized ratably over the term of the contract. Non-subscription / Transaction revenue Transaction revenue at our Ratings segment primarily includes fees associated with: • ratings related to new issuance of corporate and government debt instruments; as well as structured finance instruments; and • bank loan ratings. Transaction revenue is recognized at the point in time when our performance obligation is satisfied by issuing a rating on our customer’s instruments and when we have a right to payment and the customer can benefit from the significant risks and rewards of ownership. Non-subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily related to certain advisory, pricing conferences and events, and analytical services. Non-subscription revenue at Mobility include one-time transactional sales of data that are non-cyclical in nature — and that are usually tied to underlying business metrics such as vehicle manufacturers marketing spend or safety recall activity — as well as consulting and advisory services. Non-subscription revenue at Commodity Insights is primarily related to conference sponsorship, consulting engagements, events, and perpetual software licenses. Non-subscription revenue at Engineering Solutions was primarily from retail transaction and consulting services. Asset-linked fees Asset-linked fees at Indices are primarily related to royalties payments based on the value of assets under management in our customers exchange-traded funds and mutual funds. For asset-linked products and services, we provide licenses conveying continuous access to our index and benchmark-related intellectual property during a specified contract term. Revenue is recognized when the extent that our customers have used our licensed intellectual property can be quantified. Recognition of revenue for our asset-linked fee arrangements is subject to the “ recognition constraint ” for usage-based royalty payments because we cannot reasonably predict the value of the assets that will be invested in index funds structured using our intellectual property until it is either publicly available or when we are notified by our customers. Revenue derived from an asset-linked fee arrangement is measured and recognized when the certainty of the extent of its utilization of our index products by our customers is known. Sales usage-based royalties Sales usage-based royalty revenue at our Indices segment is primarily related to trading based fees from exchange-traded derivatives. Sales and usage-based royalty revenue at our Commodity Insights segment is primarily related to licensing of its proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges. For sales usage-based royalty products and services, we provide licenses conveying the right to continuous access to our intellectual property over the contract term, with revenue recognized when the extent of our license’s utilization can be quantified, or more specifically, when trading volumes are known and publicly available to us or when we are notified by our customers. Recognition of revenue of fees tied to trading volumes is subject to the recognition constraint for a usage-based royalty promised by our customers in exchange for the license of our intellectual property, with revenue recognized when trading volumes are known. Recurring variable revenue Recurring variable revenue at Market Intelligence represents revenue from contracts for services that specify a fee based on, among other factors, the number of trades processed, assets under management, or the number of positions valued. Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. Revenue relating to agreements that provide for more than one performance obligation is recognized based upon the relative fair value to the customer of each service component as each component is earned. The fair value of the service components are determined using an analysis that considers cash consideration that would be received for instances when the service components are sold separately. If the fair value to the customer for each service is not objectively determinable, we make our best estimate of the services’ stand-alone selling price and record revenue as it is earned over the service period. Receivables We record a receivable when a customer is billed or when revenue is recognized prior to billing a customer. For multi-year agreements, we generally invoice customers annually at the beginning of each annual period. Contract Assets Contract assets include unbilled amounts from when the Company transfers service to a customer before a customer pays consideration or before payment is due. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, contract assets were $69 million and $75 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. Unearned Revenue We record unearned revenue when cash payments are received in advance of our performance. The increase in the unearned revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily driven by cash payments received in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, offset by $3.2 billion of revenues recognized that were included in the unearned revenue balance at the beginning of the period. Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of contracts for work that has not yet been performed. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $4.8 billion. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately sixty percent and eighty-five percent of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 and 24 months, respectively, with the remainder recognized thereafter. We do not disclose the value of unfulfilled performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts where revenue is a usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Costs to Obtain a Contract We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that the costs associated with certain sales commission programs are incremental to the costs to obtain contracts with customers and therefore meet the criteria to be capitalized. Total capitalized costs to obtain a contract were $291 million and $234 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The capitalized asset will be amortized over a period consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates, calculated based on the customer term and the average life of the products and services underlying the contracts which has been determined to be approximately 5 years. The expense is recorded within selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income. We expense sales commissions when incurred if the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling and general expenses.
Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations	Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale We classify a disposal group to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group; the disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such disposal group; an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell the disposal group have been initiated; the sale of the disposal group is probable, and transfer of the disposal group is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond our control extend the period of time required to sell the disposal group beyond one year; the disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. A disposal group that is classified as held for sale is initially measured at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a disposal group until the date of sale. The fair value of a disposal group less any costs to sell is assessed each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and any subsequent changes are reported as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the carrying value of the disposal group at the time it was initially classified as held for sale. Upon determining that a disposal group meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the Company reports the assets and liabilities of the disposal group as held for sale in the current period in our consolidated balance sheets. Discontinued Operations
Principles of consolidation	Principles of consolidation
Use of estimates	Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include ordinary bank deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that consist primarily of money market funds with unrestricted daily liquidity and fixed term time deposits. Such investments and bank deposits are stated at cost, which approximates market value, and were $1.7 billion and $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These investments are not subject to significant market risk.
Restricted cash	Restricted cash
Short-term investments	Short-term investments Short-term investments are securities with original maturities greater than 90 days that are available for use in our operations in the next twelve months. The short-term investments, primarily consisting of certificates of deposit and mutual funds, are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, which is estimated based on the net asset value of these investments. Interest and dividends are recorded in income when earned.
Accounts receivable	Accounts receivable Credit is extended to customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. Accounts receivable, which include billings consistent with terms of contractual arrangements, are recorded at net realizable value.
Allowance for doubtful accounts	Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reserve methodology is based on historical analysis, a review of outstanding balances and current conditions, and by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks. In determining these reserves, we consider, amongst other factors, the financial condition and risk profile of our customers, areas of specific or concentrated risk as well as applicable industry trends or market indicators.
Capitalized technology costs	Capitalized technology costs three
Fair Value	Fair Value Certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value and classified within a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used when measuring fair value. We have foreign exchange forward contracts, cross currency and interest rate swaps that are adjusted to fair value on a recurring basis.
Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets (including other intangible assets)	Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets (including other intangible assets)
Leases	Leases We determine whether an arrangement meets the criteria for an operating lease or a finance lease at the inception of the arrangement. We have operating leases for office space and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 11 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases early. We consider these options in determining the lease term used to establish our right-of use ( “ ROU ” ) assets and associated lease liabilities. We sublease certain real estate leases to third parties which mainly consist of operating leases for space within our offices. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expenses for these leases on a straight line-basis over the lease term in operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Our future minimum based payments used to determine our lease liabilities include minimum based rent payments and escalations. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets	Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We have five reporting units with goodwill that are evaluated for impairment. We initially perform a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred or exist that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount. If, based on our evaluation we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying amounts we perform a quantitative impairment test. When conducting our impairment test to evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at the reporting unit level, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value including goodwill. Fair value of the reporting units are estimated using the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted free cash flow (“DCF”) analyses and are corroborated using the market approach, which incorporates the use of revenue and earnings multiples based on market data. The DCF analyses are based on the current operating budgets and estimated long-term growth projections for each reporting unit. Future cash flows are discounted based on a market comparable weighted average cost of capital rate for each reporting unit, adjusted for market and other risks where appropriate. In addition, we analyze any difference between the sum of the fair values of the reporting units and our total market capitalization for reasonableness, taking into account certain factors including control premiums. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recognized as an impairment charge. We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. If necessary, an impairment analysis is performed using the income approach to estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. If the intangible asset carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible asset and could result in an impairment charge, which could be material to our financial position and results of operations.
Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries	Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Equity investments for which we exercise significant influence, but do not have control over the investee, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other (income) expense, net. Equity investments for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence are primarily accounted for under the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. Adjustments are determined primarily based on a market approach as of the transaction date and are recorded in other (income) expense, net. Our equity investments are included in Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries in our consolidated balance sheets. Our share of earnings or losses are recognized in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of income. We periodically evaluate all our equity investments for impairment. The OSTTRA joint venture is accounted for using the equity method of accounting, and our share of earnings or losses are recognized in Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries in our consolidated statements of income.
Foreign currency translation	Foreign currency translation We have operations in many foreign countries. For most international operations, the local currency is the functional currency. For international operations that are determined to be extensions of the parent company, the United States ( “U.S.” ) dollar is the functional currency. For local currency operations, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using end of period exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments are accumulated in a separate component of equity.
Depreciation	Depreciation The costs of property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements from 15 to 40 years and equipment and furniture from 2 to 10 years. The costs of leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives or the terms of the respective leases.
Advertising expense	Advertising expense
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation
Income taxes	Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the operation that is recording a net deferred tax asset is considered along with any other pertinent information.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Contingencies	Contingencies We accrue for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. We continually assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to our contingencies, as well as potential amounts or ranges of probable losses, and recognize a liability, if any, for these contingencies based on an analysis of each matter with the assistance of outside legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Because many of these matters are resolved over long periods of time, our estimate of liabilities may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy related to the matter. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record our best estimate within the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred.
Recent Accounting Standards	Recent Accounting Standards In November of 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued accounting guidance which requires that an entity disclose, in the notes to financial statements, additional information about specific expense categories. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s disclosures. In December of 2023, the FASB issued accounting guidance that expands disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s disclosures. In November of 2023, the FASB issued accounting guidance that expands reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance and the amendments have been applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. As a result of the adoption of this guidance, we enhanced our disclosures about significant expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included in the segment’s measure of profit or loss to assess segment performance and allocate resources. See Note 12 – Segment and Geographic Information for additional information.
Reclassification	Reclassification Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparability purposes.

Accounting Policies (Tables)

Accounting Policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net	The components of other (income) expense, net for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Other components of net periodic benefit cost $ (24) $ — $ (11) Net (gain) loss from investments (1) 15 (59) Other (income) expense, net $ (25) $ 15 $ (70)

Acquisitions and Divestitures (

Acquisitions and Divestitures (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]
Schedule of Estimated Fair Value of the Consideration Transferred for IHS Markit / Liabilities Assumed In Conjunction With Acquisitions Businesses	The fair value of the consideration transferred for IHS Markit was approximately $43.5 billion as of the merger date, which consisted of the following: (in millions, except for share and per share data) February 28, 2022 Number of shares IHS Markit issued and outstanding* 400,988,207 Exchange ratio 0.2838 Number of S&P Global common stock transferred to IHS Markit stockholders 113,800,453 Closing price per share of S&P Global common stock** $ 380.89 Fair value of S&P Global common stock transferred IHS Markit stockholders $ 43,345 Fair value of S&P Global replacement equity awards attributable to pre-combination service $ 191 Total equity consideration $ 43,536 *Excludes 25,219,470 IHS Markit shares held by the Markit Group Holdings Limited Employee Benefit Trust ( “ EBT ” ). The shares held by the EBT were converted in the merger into S&P Global shares at the exchange ratio of 0.2838 and will continue to be held by the trustee in the EBT. Liabilities assumed in conjunction with our acquisitions are as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Fair value of assets acquired $ 549 $ 399 54,944 Equity transferred — — (43,536) Cash (paid) acquired, net (305) (296) 210 Liabilities assumed $ 244 $ 103 $ 11,618
Schedule of Allocation of Purchase Price	The allocation of purchase price recorded for IHS Markit is as follows: (in millions) February 28, 2022 Assets acquired Cash and cash equivalents $ 310 Accounts receivable, net 968 Prepaid and other current assets 224 Assets of businesses held for sale 1,519 Property and equipment 118 Right of use assets 240 Goodwill 31,456 Other intangible assets 18,620 Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries 1,644 Other non-current assets 54 Total assets acquired $ 55,153 Liabilities assumed Accounts payable $ 174 Accrued compensation 90 Short-term debt 968 Unearned revenue 1,053 Other current liabilities 581 Liabilities of businesses held for sale 72 Long-term debt 4,191 Lease liabilities - non-current 231 Deferred tax liability - non-current 4,200 Other non-current liabilities 57 Total liabilities assumed $ 11,617 Total consideration transferred $ 43,536
Schedule of Acquired Identifiable Intangible Assets	The following table sets forth the fair values of the components of the identifiable intangible assets acquired and their useful lives: (in millions) February 28, 2022 Fair Value Weighted Average Useful Lives Customer relationships $ 13,596 25 years Trade names and trademarks 1,469 14 years Developed technology 1,043 10 years Databases 2,512 12 years Total Identified Intangible Assets $ 18,620 21 years
Schedule of Pro Forma Information	The pro forma results do not include anticipated synergies or other expected benefits of the acquisition. Year ended (in millions) 2022 2021 Revenue $ 11,842 $ 12,382 Net income $ 3,533 $ 4,137
Schedule of Key Components of Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale	The operating (loss) profit of our businesses that were held for sale or disposed of for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Operating (loss) profit 1 $ (1) $ 22 $ 82 1 The operating (loss) profit presented includes the revenue and recurring direct expenses associated with businesses held for sale. The year ended December 31, 2024 excludes a pre-tax gain related to the sale of the PrimeOne business of $38 million and a pre-tax gain related to the sale of Fincentric of $21 million. The year ended December 31, 2023 excludes a pre-tax loss related to the sale of Engineering Solutions of $120 million. The year ended December 31, 2022 excludes pre-tax gains related to the sale LCD and a related family of leveraged loan indices of $505 million and $52 million , respectively. The year ended December 31, 2022 also excludes a pre-tax gain of $1.3 billion

Goodwill and Other Intangible_2

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Change in Carrying Amount of Goodwill	The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is shown below: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Corporate Total Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 18,110 $ 257 $ 5,522 $ 8,695 $ 1,399 $ 562 $ 34,545 Acquisitions 62 3 6 168 — — 239 Other 1 11 14 10 — 18 13 66 Balance as of December 31, 2023 18,183 274 5,538 8,863 1,417 575 34,850 Acquisitions 229 — 16 — — — 245 Dispositions (80) — — — — — (80) Other 1 (26) (15) (4) (5) (48) — (98) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 18,306 $ 259 $ 5,550 $ 8,858 $ 1,369 $ 575 $ 34,917 1
Schedule of Other Intangible Assets	The following table summarizes our definite-lived intangible assets: (in millions) Cost Databases and software Content Customer relationships Tradenames Other intangibles Total Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 3,941 $ 139 $ 13,467 $ 1,524 $ 214 $ 19,285 Acquisitions — — — — 104 104 Other 1 1 — 23 4 7 35 Balance as of December 31, 2023 3,942 139 13,490 1,528 325 19,424 Acquisitions — — — — 268 268 Reclassifications (15) — — — — (15) Other 1 — — (25) (7) (7) (39) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 3,927 $ 139 $ 13,465 $ 1,521 $ 586 $ 19,638 Accumulated amortization Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ 765 $ 139 $ 656 $ 142 $ 123 $ 1,825 Current year amortization 351 — 545 111 35 1,042 Reclassifications — — (2) 2 — — Other 1 — — (1) 1 5 5 Balance as of December 31, 2023 1,116 139 1,198 256 163 2,872 Current year amortization 350 — 542 111 74 1,077 Reclassifications (13) — — — — (13) Other 1 — — (3) (1) (4) (8) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 1,453 $ 139 $ 1,737 $ 366 $ 233 $ 3,928 Net definite-lived intangibles: December 31, 2023 $ 2,826 $ — $ 12,292 $ 1,272 $ 162 $ 16,552 December 31, 2024 $ 2,474 $ — $ 11,728 $ 1,155 $ 353 $ 15,710 1
Schedule of Amortization Expense for Intangible Assets	Expected amortization expense for intangible assets over the next five years for the years ended December 31, assuming no further acquisitions or dispositions, is as follows: (in millions) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Amortization expense $ 1,076 $ 1,041 $ 1,027 $ 1,009 $ 987

Taxes on Income (Tables)

Taxes on Income (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Income Before Taxes from Domestic and Foreign Operations	Income before taxes on income resulting from domestic and foreign operations is as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Domestic operations $ 3,436 $ 1,899 $ 3,426 Foreign operations 1,872 1,772 1,276 Total income before taxes $ 5,308 $ 3,671 $ 4,702
Schedule of Provision for Taxes on Income	The provision for taxes on income consists of the following: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Federal: Current $ 740 $ 559 $ 928 Deferred (131) (177) (185) Total federal 609 382 743 Foreign: Current 472 370 322 Deferred (161) (150) (98) Total foreign 311 220 224 State and local: Current 252 216 265 Deferred (31) (40) (52) Total state and local 221 176 213 Total provision for taxes $ 1,141 $ 778 $ 1,180
Schedule of Reconciliation of Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate to Effective Income Tax Rate	A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate for financial reporting purposes is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State and local income taxes 3.5 3.5 3.9 Foreign operations (4.7) (5.1) (2.8) Stock-based compensation (0.3) (0.4) — S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture (1.1) (1.5) (1.1) Tax credits and incentives (0.8) (2.5) (1.3) Divestitures 0.1 1.8 2.9 Other, net 3.8 4.4 2.5 Effective income tax rate 21.5 % 21.2 % 25.1 %
Schedule of Differences Between the Accounting for Income and Expenses for Financial Reporting and Income Tax	The principal temporary differences between the accounting for income and expenses for financial reporting and income tax purposes are as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Accrued expenses $ 114 $ 122 Losses and other carryforwards 695 622 Research & Development Expenditures 350 258 Other 423 473 Total deferred tax assets 1,582 1,475 Deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and intangible assets (4,348) (4,573) Other (245) (212) Total deferred tax liabilities (4,593) (4,785) Net deferred income tax asset before valuation allowance (3,011) (3,310) Valuation allowance (313) (316) Net deferred income tax liability $ (3,324) $ (3,626) Reported as: Non-current deferred tax assets $ 73 $ 64 Non-current deferred tax liabilities (3,397) (3,690) Net deferred income tax liability $ (3,324) $ (3,626)
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits	A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of year $ 230 $ 223 $ 147 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 76 21 28 Additions for tax positions of prior years 48 10 62 Reduction for settlements (11) (11) — Expiration of applicable statutes of limitations (18) (13) (14) Balance at end of year $ 325 $ 230 $ 223

Debt (Tables)

Debt (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Short-term and Long-term Debt Outstanding	A summary of short-term and long-term debt outstanding is as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 3.625% Senior Notes, due 2024 1 — 47 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2025 2 4 4 4.0% Senior Notes, due 2026 3 3 3 2.95% Senior Notes, due 2027 4 498 497 2.45% Senior Notes, due 2027 5 1,243 1,240 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2028 6 797 810 4.25% Senior Notes, due 2029 7 1,004 1,016 2.5% Senior Notes, due 2029 8 497 497 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes, due 2029 9 1,238 1,236 1.25% Senior Notes, due 2030 10 595 595 2.90% Senior Notes, due 2032 11 1,477 1,474 5.25% Senior Notes due 2033 12 744 743 6.55% Senior Notes, due 2037 13 291 291 4.5% Senior Notes, due 2048 14 273 272 3.25% Senior Notes, due 2049 15 590 590 3.70% Senior Notes, due 2052 16 975 975 2.3% Senior Notes, due 2060 17 683 683 3.9% Senior Notes, due 2062 18 486 486 Commercial paper — — Total debt 11,398 11,459 Less: short-term debt including current maturities 4 47 Long-term debt $ 11,394 $ 11,412 1 We made a $47 million repayment of our 3.625% senior note in the second quarter of 2024. 2 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15. 3 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1. 4 Interest payments are due semiannually on January 22 and July 22, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $2 million. 5 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $7 million. 6 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 1 and August 1. 7 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 1 and November 1. 8 Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $3 million. 9 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $12 million. 10 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $5 million. 11 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $23 million. 12 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 15 and September 15, beginning on March 15, 2024, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $6 million . 13 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $2 million. 14 Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $10 million. 15 Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $10 million. 16 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $25 million. 17 Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $17 million. 18 Interest payments are due semiannually on March 1 and September 1, and as of December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $14 million.

Derivative Instruments (Tables)

Derivative Instruments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Location and Fair Value Amounts of Cash Flow Hedges	The following table provides information on the location and fair value amounts of our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (in millions) December 31, December 31, Balance Sheet Location 2024 2023 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Prepaid and other current assets Foreign exchange forward contracts $ 4 $ 9 Other current liabilities Foreign exchange forward contracts $ 5 $ 2 Other non-current assets Interest rate swap contracts $ — $ 134 Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: Other non-current assets Cross currency swaps $ 58 $ — Other non-current liabilities Cross currency swaps $ 2 $ 14
Schedule of Pre-tax Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges	The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax gains (losses) on our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion) Location of Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Cash flow hedges - designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts $ (6) $ 6 $ (8) Revenue, Selling and general expenses $ 8 $ 7 $ (6) Interest rate swap contracts $ 21 $ 48 $ 333 Interest expense, net $ 1 $ (3) $ (4) Net investment hedges- designated as hedging instruments Cross currency swaps $ 71 $ (102) $ 98 Interest expense, net $ (4) $ (4) $ (4)
Schedule of Unrealized Gains (Losses) in AOCI	The activity related to the change in unrealized gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss was as follows for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Cash Flow Hedges Foreign exchange forward contracts Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ 5 $ — $ 6 Change in fair value, net of tax 4 12 (11) Reclassification into earnings, net of tax (8) (7) 5 Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 1 $ 5 $ — Interest rate swap contracts Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ 84 $ 48 $ (203) Change in fair value, net of tax 16 32 247 Reclassification into earnings, net of tax (1) 4 4 Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 99 $ 84 $ 48 Net Investment Hedges Net unrealized (losses) gains on net investment hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period $ (21) $ 56 $ (17) Change in fair value, net of tax 50 (81) 69 Reclassification into earnings, net of tax 4 4 4 Net unrealized gains (losses) on net investment hedges, net of taxes, end of period $ 33 $ (21) $ 56

Employee Benefits (Tables)

Employee Benefits (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Schedule of the Benefit Obligation	A summary of the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status for the retirement and postretirement plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, is as follows (benefits paid in the table below include only those amounts contributed directly to or paid directly from plan assets): (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2024 2023 Net benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 1,425 $ 1,407 $ 20 $ 20 Service cost 2 2 — — Interest cost 69 74 1 1 Plan participants’ contributions — — — — Actuarial loss (gain) (89) 57 (1) 1 Gross benefits paid (76) (70) (3) (2) Foreign currency effect (8) 20 — — Other adjustments 1 — (65) — — Net benefit obligation at end of year 1,323 1,425 17 20 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 1,473 1,464 1 5 Actual return on plan assets (9) 115 — (1) Employer contributions 11 10 2 — Plan participants’ contributions — — — — Gross benefits paid (75) (70) (2) (3) Foreign currency effect (5) 19 — — Other adjustments 1 — (65) — — Fair value of plan assets at end of year 1,395 1,473 1 1 Funded status $ 72 $ 48 $ (16) $ (19) Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets: Non-current assets $ 246 $ 238 $ — $ — Current liabilities (10) (10) — — Non-current liabilities (164) (180) (16) (19) $ 72 $ 48 $ (16) $ (19) Accumulated benefit obligation $ 1,317 $ 1,418 Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of the fair value of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation $ 173 $ 190 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 168 $ 182 Fair value of plan assets $ — $ — Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 418 $ 410 $ (36) $ (37) Prior service credit — — (10) (11) Total recognized $ 418 $ 410 $ (46) $ (48) 1
Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Cost	A summary of net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, is as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Service cost $ 2 $ 2 $ 3 $ — $ — $ — Interest cost 69 74 48 1 1 1 Expected return on assets (97) (101) (87) — — — Amortization of: Actuarial loss (gain) 8 6 15 (2) (2) (2) Prior service credit — — — (2) (2) (2) Net periodic benefit cost (18) (19) (21) (3) (3) (3) Settlement charge 1 — 23 13 — — — Total net periodic benefit cost $ (18) $ 4 $ (8) $ (3) $ (3) $ (3) 1 Lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.S. retirement plan during the year ended December 31, 2023 and U.K. plan during for the year ended December 31, 2022, triggering the recognition of non-cash pre-tax settlement charges of $23 million and $13 million 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Schedule of Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax	Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax for the years ended December 31, are as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 14 $ 33 $ 67 $ (1) $ 1 $ (3) Recognized actuarial (gain) loss (6) (5) (12) 2 1 1 Prior service cost — — — 1 1 1 Settlement charge 1 — (18) (10) — — — Total recognized $ 8 $ 10 $ 45 $ 2 $ 3 $ (1) 1 Lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.S. retirement plan during the year ended December 31, 2023 and U.K. plan during for the year ended December 31, 2022, triggering the recognition of non-cash pre-tax settlement charges of $23 million and $13 million 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Schedule of Assumptions	Assumptions Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Benefit obligation: Discount rate 1 5.74 % 5.27 % 5.63 % 5.57 % 5.18 % 5.52 % Net periodic cost: Discount rate - U.S. plan 1 5.27 % 5.63 % 3.05 % 5.18 % 5.52 % 2.72 % Discount rate - U.K. plan 1 4.50 % 4.76 % 1.87 % Return on assets 2 6.00 % 6.00 % 4.00 % 1 Effective January 1, 2024, we changed our discount rate assumption on our U.S. retirement plans to 5.27% from 5.63% in 2023 and changed our discount rate assumption on our U.K. plan to 4.50% from 4.76% in 2023. 2 The expected return on assets assumption is calculated based on the plan’s asset allocation strategy and projected market returns over the long-term. Effective January 1, 2025, we changed our return on assets assumption to 6.25% from 6.00% for the U.S. plan in 2024 and to 5.40% from 5.50% for the U.K. plan in 2024.
Schedule of Information about the Expected Cash Flows for Retirement and Post-Retirement Plans	Information about the expected cash flows for our retirement and postretirement plans is as follows: (in millions) Retirement Plans 1 Postretirement Plans 2 2025 $ 78 2 2026 80 2 2027 82 2 2028 84 2 2029 85 2 2030-2034 453 6 1 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from the plans or from our assets including both our share of the benefit cost and the participants’ share of the cost. 2 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from our assets.
Schedule of Fair Value of Defined Benefit Plan Assets	The fair value of our defined benefit plans assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by asset class is as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash and short-term investments $ 2 $ 2 $ — $ — Fixed income: Long duration strategy 1 905 — 905 — Total $ 907 $ 2 $ 905 $ — Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 2 488 Total $ 1,395 (in millions) December 31, 2023 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash and short-term investments $ 3 $ 3 $ — $ — Fixed income: Long duration strategy 1 991 — 991 — Real Estate: U.K. 3 34 — — 34 Total $ 1,028 $ 3 $ 991 $ 34 Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 2 445 Total $ 1,473 1 Includes securities that are mainly investment grade obligations of issuers in the U.S. 2 Includes the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 600 Composite Stock Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index, the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Composite Stock Index, a short-term investment fund which is a common collective trust vehicle, and other various asset classes 3 Includes a fund which holds real estate properties in the U.K.
Schedule of Effect of Significant Unobservable Inputs, Changes in Plan Assets	The following table details further information on our plan assets where we have used significant unobservable inputs: (in millions) Level 3 Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 34 Distributions (34) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ —

Stock-Based Compensation (Table

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Schedule of Number of Common Shares Reserved for Issuance	The number of common shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan are as follows: (in millions) December 31, 2024 2023 Shares available for granting 1 18.0 18.3 Options outstanding — 0.1 Total shares reserved for issuance 18.0 18.4 1 Shares reserved for issuance under the Director Plan are less than 1.0 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense	Stock-based compensation expense and the corresponding tax benefit are as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Restricted stock and other stock-based awards expense $ 247 $ 171 $ 214 Stock option expense — — — Total stock-based compensation expense $ 247 $ 171 $ 214 Tax benefit $ 49 $ 32 $ 38
Schedule of Restricted Stock and Unit Activity	Restricted stock and other stock-based award activity is as follows: (in millions, except per award amounts) Shares Weighted-average grant-date fair value Balance as of December 31, 2023 1.4 $ 365.51 Granted 0.4 $ 427.84 Vested (0.5) $ 371.62 Forfeited (0.1) $ 366.39 Balance as of December 31, 2024 1.2 $ 387.14 Total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted awards $ 216 Weighted-average years to be recognized over 1.1 Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Weighted-average grant-date fair value per award $ 427.84 $ 374.00 $ 384.65 Total fair value of restricted stock and other stock-based awards vested $ 230 $ 323 $ 146 Tax benefit relating to restricted award activity $ 56 $ 71 $ 30
Schedule of Stock Option Activity	Stock option activity is as follows: (in millions, except per award amounts) Shares Weighted average exercise price Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term Aggregate intrinsic value Options outstanding as of December 31, 2023 0.1 $ 77.25 Exercised (0.1) $ 77.86 Options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 — $ 74.46 2.22 $ 5 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2024 — $ 74.46 2.22 $ 5
Schedule of Stock Option Exercises	Information regarding our stock option exercises is as follows: (in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options $ 4 $ 13 $ 7 Total intrinsic value of stock option exercises $ 19 $ 55 $ 13 Income tax benefit realized from stock option exercises $ 5 $ 12 $ 4

Equity (Tables)

Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Schedule of Capital Stock	Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Annualized dividend rate 1 $ 3.64 $ 3.60 $ 3.32 Dividends paid (in millions) $ 1,134 $ 1,147 $ 1,024 1 The quarterly dividend rate was $0.91 per share for the year ended December 31 2024. The quarterly dividend rate was $0.90 per share for the year ended December 31 2023.
Schedule of Accelerated Share Repurchase Agreements	The terms of each ASR agreement entered into for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, structured as outlined above, are as follows: (in millions, except average price) ASR Agreement Initiation Date ASR Agreement Completion Date Initial Shares Delivered Additional Shares Delivered Total Number of Shares Average Price Paid Per Share Total Cash Utilized October 28, 2024 1 2.3 — 2.3 $ — $ 1,300 July 31, 2024 2 October 22, 2024 2.6 0.3 3.0 $ 505.19 $ 1,500 February 12, 2024 3 April 12, 2024 1.0 0.2 1.2 $ 421.05 $ 500 November 13, 2023 4 February 7, 2024 2.8 0.2 3.0 $ 428.45 $ 1,300 August 7, 2023 5 September 8, 2023 1.1 0.2 1.3 $ 387.36 $ 500 May 8, 2023 6 August 4, 2023 2.5 0.1 2.6 $ 384.75 $ 1,000 February 13, 2023 7 May 5, 2023 1.1 0.3 1.4 $ 341.95 $ 500 December 2, 2022 8 February 3, 2023 2.4 0.4 2.8 $ 350.74 $ 1,000 August 9, 2022 9 October 25, 2022 5.8 1.6 7.4 $ 337.94 $ 2,500 May 13, 2022 10 August 2, 2022 3.8 0.6 4.4 $ 343.85 $ 1,500 March 1, 2022 11 August 9, 2022 15.2 4.1 19.3 $ 362.03 $ 7,000 1 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.3 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.3 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on October 28, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.3 million shares from the ASR program. The final settlement of the transaction under the ASR is expected to be completed no later than the first quarter of 2025. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 2 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.5 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on July 31, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.6 million shares from the ASR program on August 1, 2024. We completed the ASR agreement on October 22, 2024 and received an additional 0.3 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 3 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on February 12, 2024 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.0 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on April 12, 2024 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 4 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.3 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.3 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on November 13, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on February 7, 2024 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 5 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on August 7, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.1 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on September 8, 2023 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 6 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $1 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on May 8, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.5 million shares from the ASR program.We completed the ASR agreement on August 4, 2023 and received an additional 0.1 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 7 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on February 13, 2023 when the Company received an initial delivery of 1.1 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on May 5, 2023 and received an additional 0.3 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 8 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $1 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on December 2, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 2.4 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on February 3, 2023 and received an additional 0.4 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 Repurchase Program. 9 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $2.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 87.5% of the $2.5 billion at a price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on August 9, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 5.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on October 25, 2022 and received an additional 1.6 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2022 and 2020 Repurchase Program. 10 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1.5 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $1.5 billion at a share price equal to the market price of the Company ’ s common stock on May 13, 2022 when the Company received an initial delivery of 3.8 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on August 2, 2022 and received an additional 0.6 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2020 Repurchase Program. 11 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $7 billion and initially received shares valued at 85% of the $7 billion at a share equal to the then market price of the Company ’ s common stock on March 1, 2022 when the company received an initial delivery of 15.2 million shares from the ASR program. We completed the ASR agreement on August 9, 2022 and received an additional 4.1 million shares. The ASR agreement was executed under our 2020 Repurchase Program.
Schedule of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests	Ch anges to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: (in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 3,800 Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests 285 Distributions to noncontrolling interests (289) Redemption value adjustment 470 Other 1 (14) Balance as of December 31, 2024 2 $ 4,252 1 Relates to foreign currency translation adjustments 2 As of December 31, 2024, $4,239 million relates to our redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Indices business
Schedule of Changes in the Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	The following table summarizes the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024: (in millions) Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges 3 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ (487) $ (362) $ 86 $ (763) Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (126) 1 (15) 20 (121) Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings 4 5 2 (8) 3 1 Net other comprehensive (loss) income (122) (10) 12 (120) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ (609) $ (372) $ 98 $ (883) 1 Includes an unrealized loss related to our cross currency swaps. See Note 6 – Derivative Instruments for additional detail of items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. 2 Reflects amortization of net actuarial losses and is net of a tax benefit of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 7 — Employee Benefits for additional details of items reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings. 3 See Note 6 – Derivative Instruments for additional details of items reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings.

Earnings per Share (Tables)

Earnings per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Schedule of Calculation for Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share	The calculation for basic and diluted EPS is as follows: (in millions, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Amount attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income $ 3,852 $ 2,626 $ 3,248 Basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 311.6 318.4 316.9 Effect of dilutive securities 0.3 0.5 1.6 Diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding 311.9 318.9 318.5 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic $ 12.36 $ 8.25 $ 10.25 Diluted $ 12.35 $ 8.23 $ 10.20

Restructuring (Tables)

Restructuring (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Schedule of Initial Restructuring Charge Recorded and the Ending Reserve Balance	The initial restructuring charge recorded and the ending reserve balance as of December 31, 2024 by segment is as follows: 2024 Restructuring Plan 2023 Restructuring Plan (in millions) Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance Market Intelligence $ 77 $ 48 $ 90 $ 13 Ratings 4 3 10 — Commodity Insights 13 11 26 2 Mobility 6 3 9 1 Indices 1 — 5 — Engineering Solutions — — — — Corporate 24 23 43 4 Total $ 125 $ 88 $ 183 $ 20

Segment and Geographic Inform_2

Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Segment Information	Operating results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2024 Revenue from external customers $ 4,633 $ 4,207 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,617 $ — $ 14,208 Intersegment revenue 1 12 163 — — 11 — 186 Revenue 4,645 4,370 2,142 1,609 1,628 — 14,394 Intersegment elimination (186) Total revenue 14,208 Less: segment expenses 2 3,133 1,617 1,139 982 483 — 7,354 Less: other segment items 3 637 46 158 315 42 — 1,198 Intersegment elimination (186) Segment operating profit $ 875 $ 2,707 $ 845 $ 312 $ 1,103 $ — $ 5,842 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 305 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (43) Operating profit 5,580 Other income, net (25) Interest expense, net 297 Income before taxes on income $ 5,308 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2023 Revenue from external customers $ 4,365 $ 3,177 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,392 $ 133 $ 12,497 Intersegment revenue 1 11 155 — — 11 — 177 Revenue 4,376 3,332 1,946 1,484 1,403 133 12,674 Intersegment elimination (177) Total revenue 12,497 Less: segment expenses 2 2,933 1,449 1,049 908 436 113 6,888 Less: other segment items 3 729 19 193 316 42 1 1,300 Intersegment elimination (177) Segment operating profit $ 714 $ 1,864 $ 704 $ 260 $ 925 $ 19 $ 4,486 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 502 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (36) Operating profit 4,020 Other expense, net 15 Interest expense, net 334 Income before taxes on income $ 3,671 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Total 2022 Revenue from external customers $ 3,797 $ 2,906 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,328 $ 323 $ 11,181 Intersegment revenue 1 14 144 — — 11 — 169 Revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ 11,350 Intersegment elimination (169) Total revenue 11,181 Less: segment expenses 2 2,568 1,340 912 694 418 268 6,200 Less: other segment items 3 (1,245) 38 182 235 (6) 40 (756) Intersegment elimination (169) Segment operating profit $ 2,488 $ 1,672 $ 591 $ 213 $ 927 $ 15 $ 5,906 Corporate Unallocated expense 4 989 Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries (27) Operating profit 4,944 Other income, net (70) Interest expense, net 304 Loss on extinguishment of debt 8 Income before taxes on income $ 4,702 1 Intersegment revenue primarily relates to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 2 The segment expense category for Market Intelligence, Ratings, Commodity Insights, Mobility and Indices for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 primarily include an aggregation of compensation costs, technology costs and strategic investments. The segment expense category for Engineering Solutions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily include an aggregation of technology costs and compensation costs. The CODM considers actual-to-actual and budget-to-actual variances when making decisions about allocating personnel and capital to the segments, however, the CODM does not receive the individual expense items underlying the overall segment expenses. Variance explanations include segment expenses including compensation costs, technology costs and strategic investments, but the CODM is otherwise not provided, and cannot easily calculate, lower-level expense information. 3 Other segment items for each reportable segment primarily include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions, (gain) loss on dispositions and certain items primarily including IHS Markit merger costs, employee severance charges and acquisition and disposition-related costs. 4 Corporate Unallocated expense includes costs for corporate functions, select initiatives, unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses. The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue type for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2024 Subscription $ 3,882 $ — $ 1,873 $ 1,299 $ 292 $ — $ — $ 7,346 Non-subscription / Transaction 184 2,326 166 310 — — — 2,986 Non-transaction — 2,044 — — — — (186) 1,858 Asset-linked fees — — — — 1,046 — — 1,046 Sales usage-based royalties — — 103 — 290 — — 393 Recurring variable 579 — — — — — — 579 Total revenue $ 4,645 $ 4,370 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,628 $ — $ (186) $ 14,208 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 184 $ 2,326 $ 166 $ 310 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,986 Services transferred over time 4,461 2,044 1,976 1,299 1,628 — (186) 11,222 Total revenue $ 4,645 $ 4,370 $ 2,142 $ 1,609 $ 1,628 $ — $ (186) $ 14,208 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2023 Subscription $ 3,685 $ — $ 1,707 $ 1,169 $ 277 $ 125 $ — $ 6,963 Non-subscription / Transaction 187 1,425 158 315 — 8 — 2,093 Non-transaction — 1,907 — — — — (177) 1,730 Asset-linked fees — — — — 859 — — 859 Sales usage-based royalties — — 81 — 267 — — 348 Recurring variable 504 — — — — — — 504 Total revenue $ 4,376 $ 3,332 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,403 $ 133 $ (177) $ 12,497 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 187 $ 1,425 $ 158 $ 315 $ — $ 8 $ — $ 2,093 Services transferred over time 4,189 1,907 1,788 1,169 1,403 125 (177) 10,404 Total revenue $ 4,376 $ 3,332 $ 1,946 $ 1,484 $ 1,403 $ 133 $ (177) $ 12,497 (in millions) Market Intelligence Ratings Commodity Insights Mobility Indices Engineering Solutions Intersegment Elimination 1 Total 2022 Subscription $ 3,263 $ — $ 1,492 $ 888 $ 258 $ 300 $ — $ 6,201 Non-subscription / Transaction 163 1,241 126 254 — 23 — 1,807 Non-transaction — 1,809 — — — — (169) 1,640 Asset-linked fees — — — — 862 — — 862 Sales usage-based royalties — — 67 — 219 — — 286 Recurring variable 385 — — — — — — 385 Total revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ (169) $ 11,181 Timing of revenue recognition Services transferred at a point in time $ 163 $ 1,241 $ 126 $ 254 $ — $ 23 $ — $ 1,807 Services transferred over time 3,648 1,809 1,559 888 1,339 300 (169) 9,374 Total revenue $ 3,811 $ 3,050 $ 1,685 $ 1,142 $ 1,339 $ 323 $ (169) $ 11,181 1 Intersegment eliminations mainly consists of a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Segment information for the years ended December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Depreciation & Amortization Capital Expenditures 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Market Intelligence $ 627 $ 597 $ 509 $ 61 $ 73 $ 43 Ratings 37 37 46 29 24 23 Commodity Insights 137 137 115 7 7 4 Mobility 317 314 248 18 22 6 Indices 42 42 39 3 13 2 Engineering Solutions — 2 35 — — 4 Total reportable segments 1,160 1,129 992 118 139 82 Corporate 13 14 21 6 4 7 Total $ 1,173 $ 1,143 $ 1,013 $ 124 $ 143 $ 89 Segment information as of December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Total Assets 2024 2023 Market Intelligence $ 29,478 $ 29,674 Ratings 1,056 1,041 Commodity Insights 8,636 8,746 Mobility 13,222 13,495 Indices 3,200 3,222 Total reportable segments 55,592 56,178 Corporate 1 4,629 4,411 Total $ 60,221 $ 60,589 1
Schedule of Revenue and Long-lived Assets by Geographic Region	The following provides revenue and long-lived assets by geographic region: (in millions) Revenue Long-lived Assets Year ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 U.S. $ 8,640 $ 7,542 $ 6,653 $ 4,786 $ 4,535 European region 3,256 2,822 2,597 46,947 47,960 Asia 1,491 1,375 1,246 92 73 Rest of the world 821 758 685 47 47 Total $ 14,208 $ 12,497 $ 11,181 $ 51,872 $ 52,615 Revenue Long-lived Assets Year ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 U.S. 61 % 60 % 60 % 9 % 9 % European region 23 23 23 91 91 Asia 10 11 11 — — Rest of the world 6 6 6 — — Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %

Commitments and Contingencies (

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Location and Amounts of Leases	The following table provides information on the location and amounts of our leases on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: (in millions) 2024 2023 Balance Sheet Location Assets Right of use assets Lease right-of-use assets $ 413 $ 379 Liabilities Other current liabilities Current lease liabilities 109 105 Lease liabilities — non-current Non-current lease liabilities 535 541
Schedule of Components of Lease Expense and Supplemental Cash Flow Information	The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Operating lease cost $ 129 $ 134 $ 147 Sublease income (13) (16) (5) Total lease cost $ 116 $ 118 $ 142 Supplemental information related to leases for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement for operating lease liabilities Operating cash flows for operating leases 140 149 159 Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations Operating leases 106 35 6
Schedule of Weighted-Average Lease Terms and Discount Rates	Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31 are as follows: 2024 2023 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 5.6 6.0 Weighted-average discount rate 4.02 % 3.46 %
Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities	Maturities of lease liabilities for our operating leases are as follows: (in millions) 2025 $ 134 2026 127 2027 120 2028 95 2029 77 2030 and beyond 182 Total undiscounted lease payments $ 735 Less: Imputed interest 91 Present value of lease liabilities $ 644

Accounting Policies - Narrative

Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) segment reporting_unit	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | segment	5
Non-transactions revenue, intersegment revenue elimination	$ (14,208,000,000)	$ (12,497,000,000)	$ (11,181,000,000)
Contract assets	69,000,000	75,000,000
Revenues recognized	3,200,000,000
Capitalized contract costs	$ 291,000,000	234,000,000
Capitalized contract cost amortization period (in years)	5 years
Market value of cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,666,000,000	1,290,000,000
Restricted cash	0	1,000,000
Gross deferred technology costs	338,000,000	303,000,000
Accumulated amortization of deferred technology costs	204,000,000	194,000,000
Fair value of our long-term debt borrowings	$ 10,000,000,000	10,300,000,000
Option to extend lease period (in years)	12 years
Number of reporting units | reporting_unit	5
Goodwill impairment loss	$ 0	0	0
Impairment of intangible assets	0	0	0
Cost of advertisement	229,000,000	209,000,000	177,000,000
Undistributed accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiary	8,500,000,000
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries reinvested indefinitely	$ 4,700,000,000
Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms (in years)	1 year
Minimum | Software and Software Development Costs
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	3 years
Minimum | Building and Improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	15 years
Minimum | Equipment and Furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	2 years
Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms (in years)	11 years
Maximum | Software and Software Development Costs
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	7 years
Maximum | Building and Improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	40 years
Maximum | Equipment and Furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment useful life	10 years
OSTTRA | Corporate Joint Venture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Ownership interest of subsidiary (as a percent)	50%
Noncontrolling interest ownership by noncontrolling owners (as a percent)	50%
Non-transaction
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Non-transactions revenue, intersegment revenue elimination	$ (1,858,000,000)	(1,730,000,000)	(1,640,000,000)
Elimination
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Non-transactions revenue, intersegment revenue elimination	186,000,000	177,000,000	169,000,000
Elimination | Non-transaction
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Non-transactions revenue, intersegment revenue elimination	$ 186,000,000	$ 177,000,000	$ 169,000,000

Accounting Policies - Remaining

Accounting Policies - Remaining Performance Obligations (Details) $ in Billions	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligations	$ 4.8
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01 | 12 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Expected period of satisfaction	12 months
Expected period of satisfaction, percentage	60%
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01 | 24 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Expected period of satisfaction	24 months
Expected period of satisfaction, percentage	85%
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01 | After 24 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Expected period of satisfaction, percentage

Accounting Policies - Schedule

Accounting Policies - Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Other components of net periodic benefit cost	$ (24)	$ 0	$ (11)
Net (gain) loss from investments	(1)	15	(59)
Other (income) expense, net	$ (25)	$ 15	$ (70)

Acquisitions and Divestitures -

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Acquisitions Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Minimum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization period of acquired intangible assets (in years)		5 years
Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization period of acquired intangible assets (in years)		7 years
IHS Markit Ltd
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Percentage of voting interests acquired (as a percent)	100%
Shares to be received (in shares)	113,800,453
Exchange ratio	28.38%
Goodwill expected to be deductible for tax purposes	$ 699
Acquisition-related costs		$ 133	$ 236	$ 619
Results of operations since acquisition date				3,799
Operating profit since acquisition date				$ 659
IHS Markit Ltd | Replacement Equity Awards
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Shares to be received (in shares)	900,000

Acquisitions and Divestitures_2

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Estimated Fair Value of the Consideration Transferred for IHS Markit (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Closing price per share of S&P Global common stock (in USD) | $ / shares	$ 380.89
IHS Markit Ltd
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of shares IHS Markit issued and outstanding (in shares)	400,988,207
Exchange ratio	28.38%
Number of S&P Global common stock transferred to IHS Markit stockholders (in shares)	113,800,453
Fair value of the consideration transferred for IHS Markit | $	$ 43,536
IHS Markit Ltd | Common Stock
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Fair value of the consideration transferred for IHS Markit | $	$ 43,345
IHS Markit Ltd | Replacement Equity Awards
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of S&P Global common stock transferred to IHS Markit stockholders (in shares)	900,000
Fair value of the consideration transferred for IHS Markit | $	$ 191
IHS Markit Ltd | IHS Markit Ltd | Trust for Benefit of Employees
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of shares IHS Markit issued and outstanding (in shares)	25,219,470

Acquisitions and Divestitures_3

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Allocation of Purchase Price (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Feb. 28, 2022
Assets acquired
Goodwill	$ 34,917	$ 34,850	$ 34,545
IHS Markit Ltd
Assets acquired
Cash and cash equivalents				$ 310
Accounts receivable, net				968
Prepaid and other current assets				224
Assets of businesses held for sale				1,519
Property and equipment				118
Right of use assets				240
Goodwill				31,456
Other intangible assets				18,620
Equity investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries				1,644
Other non-current assets				54
Total assets acquired				55,153
Liabilities assumed
Accounts payable				174
Accrued compensation				90
Short-term debt				968
Unearned revenue				1,053
Other current liabilities				581
Liabilities of businesses held for sale				72
Long-term debt				4,191
Lease liabilities - non-current				231
Deferred tax liability - non-current				4,200
Other non-current liabilities				57
Total liabilities assumed				11,617
Total consideration transferred				$ 43,536

Acquisitions and Divestitures_4

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Acquired Identifiable Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value		$ 268	$ 104
Weighted Average Useful Lives		22 years
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value		$ 0	$ 0
IHS Markit Ltd
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 18,620
Weighted Average Useful Lives	21 years
IHS Markit Ltd | Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 13,596
Weighted Average Useful Lives	25 years
IHS Markit Ltd | Trade names and trademarks
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 1,469
Weighted Average Useful Lives	14 years
IHS Markit Ltd | Developed technology
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 1,043
Weighted Average Useful Lives	10 years
IHS Markit Ltd | Databases
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 2,512
Weighted Average Useful Lives	12 years

Acquisitions and Divestitures_5

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Pro Forma Information (Details) - IHS Markit Ltd - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 11,842	$ 12,382
Net income	$ 3,533	$ 4,137

Acquisitions and Divestitures_6

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Liabilities Assumed In Conjunction With Acquisitions Businesses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]
Fair value of assets acquired	$ 549	$ 399	$ 54,944
Equity transferred	0	0	(43,536)
Cash (paid) acquired, net	(305)	(296)	210
Liabilities assumed	$ 244	$ 103	$ 11,618

Acquisitions and Divestitures_7

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Divestitures Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 02, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Feb. 28, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions					$ 59,000,000	$ (70,000,000)	$ 1,898,000,000
Sale
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions					59,000,000
Sale | Engineering Solutions Business
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions						(120,000,000)
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax						(182,000,000)
Divestiture consideration	$ 975,000,000
Proceeds from divestiture of business	$ 750,000,000
Disposition related costs						16,000,000
Release of deferred tax liabilities						157,000,000
Sale | Leveraged Commentary and Data
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions							505,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax							378,000,000
Sale | Leveraged Commentary and Data | Market Intelligence
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions						46,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax						34,000,000
Contingent payment due following closing, period				6 months
Sale | Leveraged Commentary and Data | Indices
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions						4,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax						3,000,000
Sale | Leveraged Commentary and Data And Leveraged Loan Indices
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions						$ (70,000,000)	1,900,000,000
Divestiture consideration		$ 600,000,000
Contingent payment		$ 50,000,000
Contingent consideration, maximum period until achieved consideration is payable		6 months
Sale | Leveraged Loan Indices
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions							52,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax							43,000,000
Sale | Base Chemicals
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions		$ 0
Divestiture consideration		$ 295,000,000
Sale | CUSIP Global Services
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions							1,342,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax							$ 1,005,000,000
Divestiture consideration								$ 1,925,000,000
Sale | OPIS
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions			$ 0
Divestiture consideration			$ 1,150,000,000
Sale | PrimeOne
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions					38,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax					27,000,000
Sale | Fincentric
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on dispositions					21,000,000
Gain (loss) on disposition after tax					$ 12,000,000

Acquisitions and Divestitures_8

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Schedule of Key Components of Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions	$ 59	$ (70)	$ 1,898
Held for sale or disposed
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Operating (loss) profit	(1)	22	82
Sale
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions	59
Sale | PrimeOne
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions	38
Sale | Fincentric
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions	$ 21
Sale | Engineering Solutions Business
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions		$ (120)
Sale | Leveraged Commentary and Data
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions			505
Sale | Leveraged Loan Indices
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions			52
Sale | CUSIP Global Services
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Pre-tax gain (loss) on dispositions			$ 1,342

Goodwill and Other Intangible_3

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Change in Carrying Amount of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 34,850	$ 34,545
Acquisitions	245	239
Dispositions	(80)
Other	(98)	66
Goodwill, ending balance	34,917	34,850
Operating Segments | Market Intelligence
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	18,183	18,110
Acquisitions	229	62
Dispositions	(80)
Other	(26)	11
Goodwill, ending balance	18,306	18,183
Operating Segments | Ratings
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	274	257
Acquisitions	0	3
Dispositions	0
Other	(15)	14
Goodwill, ending balance	259	274
Operating Segments | Commodity Insights
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	5,538	5,522
Acquisitions	16	6
Dispositions	0
Other	(4)	10
Goodwill, ending balance	5,550	5,538
Operating Segments | Mobility
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	8,863	8,695
Acquisitions	0	168
Dispositions	0
Other	(5)	0
Goodwill, ending balance	8,858	8,863
Operating Segments | Indices
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	1,417	1,399
Acquisitions	0	0
Dispositions	0
Other	(48)	18
Goodwill, ending balance	1,369	1,417
Corporate
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	575	562
Acquisitions	0	0
Dispositions	0
Other	0	13
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 575	$ 575

Goodwill and Other Intangible_4

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Other intangible assets	$ 846	$ 846
Amortization period	22 years
Amortization of intangibles	$ 1,077	1,042	$ 905
Maximum
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Amortization period	25 years
Intellectual Property
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Carrying value of trade name and licenses	$ 380	380
Intellectual Property | Indices
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Carrying value of trade name and licenses	132	132
Trade Names
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Carrying value of trade name and licenses	90	90
Trade Names | Market Intelligence
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Carrying value of trade name and licenses	185	185
Goldman Sachs Commodity and Broad Market Intellectual Property | Indices
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Line Items]
Carrying value of trade name and licenses	$ 59	$ 59

Goodwill and Other Intangible_5

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Other Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 19,424	$ 19,285
Acquisitions	268	104
Reclassifications	(15)
Other	(39)	35
Ending balance	19,638	19,424	$ 19,285
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	2,872	1,825
Current year amortization	1,077	1,042	905
Reclassifications	(13)	0
Other	(8)	5
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	3,928	2,872	1,825
Net definite-lived intangibles	15,710	16,552
Databases and software
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	3,942	3,941
Acquisitions	0	0
Reclassifications	(15)
Other	0	1
Ending balance	3,927	3,942	3,941
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	1,116	765
Current year amortization	350	351
Reclassifications	(13)	0
Other	0	0
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	1,453	1,116	765
Net definite-lived intangibles	2,474	2,826
Content
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	139	139
Acquisitions	0	0
Reclassifications	0
Other	0	0
Ending balance	139	139	139
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	139	139
Current year amortization	0	0
Reclassifications	0	0
Other	0	0
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	139	139	139
Net definite-lived intangibles	0	0
Customer relationships
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	13,490	13,467
Acquisitions	0	0
Reclassifications	0
Other	(25)	23
Ending balance	13,465	13,490	13,467
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	1,198	656
Current year amortization	542	545
Reclassifications	0	(2)
Other	(3)	(1)
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	1,737	1,198	656
Net definite-lived intangibles	11,728	12,292
Tradenames
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	1,528	1,524
Acquisitions	0	0
Reclassifications	0
Other	(7)	4
Ending balance	1,521	1,528	1,524
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	256	142
Current year amortization	111	111
Reclassifications	0	2
Other	(1)	1
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	366	256	142
Net definite-lived intangibles	1,155	1,272
Other intangibles
Finite-lived Intangible Assets [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	325	214
Acquisitions	268	104
Reclassifications	0
Other	(7)	7
Ending balance	586	325	214
Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization [Roll Forward]
Accumulated amortization, beginning balance	163	123
Current year amortization	74	35
Reclassifications	0	0
Other	(4)	5
Accumulated amortization, ending balance	233	163	$ 123
Net definite-lived intangibles	$ 353	$ 162

Goodwill and Other Intangible_6

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Amortization Expense for Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Projected amortization expense for intangible assets
2025	$ 1,076
2026	1,041
2027	1,027
2028	1,009
2029	$ 987

Taxes on Income - Schedule of I

Taxes on Income - Schedule of Income Before Taxes from Domestic and Foreign Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income before taxes domestic and foreign operations
Domestic operations	$ 3,436	$ 1,899	$ 3,426
Foreign operations	1,872	1,772	1,276
Income before taxes on income	$ 5,308	$ 3,671	$ 4,702

Taxes on Income - Schedule of P

Taxes on Income - Schedule of Provision for Taxes on Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Federal:
Current	$ 740	$ 559	$ 928
Deferred	(131)	(177)	(185)
Total federal	609	382	743
Foreign:
Current	472	370	322
Deferred	(161)	(150)	(98)
Total foreign	311	220	224
State and local:
Current	252	216	265
Deferred	(31)	(40)	(52)
Total state and local	221	176	213
Total provision for taxes	$ 1,141	$ 778	$ 1,180

Taxes on Income - Schedule of R

Taxes on Income - Schedule of Reconciliation of Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate to Effective Income Tax Rate (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of federal statutory income tax rate
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate	21%	21%	21%
State and local income taxes	3.50%	3.50%	3.90%
Foreign operations	(4.70%)	(5.10%)	(2.80%)
Stock-based compensation	(0.30%)	(0.40%)	0%
S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture	(1.10%)	(1.50%)	(1.10%)
Tax credits and incentives	(0.80%)	(2.50%)	(1.30%)
Divestitures	0.10%	1.80%	2.90%
Other, net	3.80%	4.40%	2.50%
Effective income tax rate	21.50%	21.20%	25.10%

Taxes on Income - Schedule of D

Taxes on Income - Schedule of Differences Between the Accounting for Income and Expenses for Financial Reporting and Income Tax (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued expenses	$ 114	$ 122
Losses and other carryforwards	695	622
Research & Development Expenditures	350	258
Other	423	473
Total deferred tax assets	1,582	1,475
Deferred tax liabilities:
Goodwill and intangible assets	(4,348)	(4,573)
Other	(245)	(212)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(4,593)	(4,785)
Net deferred income tax asset before valuation allowance	(3,011)	(3,310)
Valuation allowance	(313)	(316)
Net deferred income tax liability	(3,324)	(3,626)
Reported as:
Non-current deferred tax assets	73	64
Non-current deferred tax liabilities	(3,397)	(3,690)
Net deferred income tax liability	$ (3,324)	$ (3,626)

Taxes on Income - Narrative (De

Taxes on Income - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries for income tax purposes	$ 8,500
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries reinvested indefinitely	4,700
Net income tax payments	1,159	$ 1,279	$ 1,555
Operating loss carryforwards	1,228
Unrecognized tax benefits	325	230	$ 223	$ 147
Increase in tax expense from change in unrecognized tax benefits	95
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits reasonably possible	16
Accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions	$ 65	$ 50

Taxes on Income - Schedule of_2

Taxes on Income - Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits
Balance at beginning of year	$ 230	$ 223	$ 147
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	76	21	28
Additions for tax positions of prior years	48	10	62
Reduction for settlements	(11)	(11)	0
Expiration of applicable statutes of limitations	(18)	(13)	(14)
Balance at end of year	$ 325	$ 230	$ 223

Debt - Schedule of Short-term a

Debt - Schedule of Short-term and Long-term Debt Outstanding (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt		$ 11,398	$ 11,459
Less: short-term debt including current maturities		4	47
Long-term debt		$ 11,394	11,412
Senior Notes | 3.625% Senior Notes, due 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)	3.625%	3.625%
Total debt		$ 0	47
Repayments of long-term debt	$ 47
Senior Notes | 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2025
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		4.75%
Total debt		$ 4	4
Senior Notes | 4.0% Senior Notes, due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		4%
Total debt		$ 3	3
Senior Notes | 2.95% Senior Notes, due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.95%
Total debt		$ 498	497
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 2
Senior Notes | 2.45% Senior Notes, due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.45%
Total debt		$ 1,243	1,240
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 7
Senior Notes | 4.75% Senior Notes, due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		4.75%
Total debt		$ 797	810
Senior Notes | 4.25% Senior Notes, due 2029
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		4.25%
Total debt		$ 1,004	1,016
Senior Notes | 2.5% Senior Notes, due 2029
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.50%
Total debt		$ 497	497
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 3
Senior Notes | 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes, due 2029
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.70%
Total debt		$ 1,238	1,236
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 12
Senior Notes | 1.25% Senior Notes, due 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		1.25%
Total debt		$ 595	595
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 5
Senior Notes | 2.90% Senior Notes, due 2032
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.90%
Total debt		$ 1,477	1,474
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 23
Senior Notes | Senior Notes 5.25% due 2033
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		5.25%
Total debt		$ 744	743
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 6
Senior Notes | 6.55% Senior Notes, due 2037
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		6.55%
Total debt		$ 291	291
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 2
Senior Notes | 4.5% Senior Notes, due 2048
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		4.50%
Total debt		$ 273	272
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 10
Senior Notes | 3.25% Senior Notes, due 2049
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		3.25%
Total debt		$ 590	590
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 10
Senior Notes | 3.7% Senior Notes, due 2052
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		3.70%
Total debt		$ 975	975
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 25
Senior Notes | 2.3% Senior Notes, due 2060
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.30%
Total debt		$ 683	683
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		$ 17
Senior Notes | 3.9% Senior Notes, due 2062
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate (as a percent)		3.90%
Total debt		$ 486	486
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		14
Commercial paper
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt		$ 0	$ 0

Debt - Narrative (Details)

Debt - Narrative (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 17, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) performanceIndicator	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 12, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Annual long term debt maturity year 2024		$ 4,000,000
Annual long term debt maturity year 2025		3,000,000
Annual long term debt maturity year 2026		1,700,000,000
Annual long term debt maturity year 2027		797,000,000
Annual long term debt maturity year 2028		2,700,000,000
Annual long term debt maturity thereafter		6,100,000,000
Fair value of our long-term debt borrowings		10,000,000,000	$ 10,300,000,000
Debt face amount				$ 134,000,000
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0	8,000,000
Repayments of debt				$ 142,000,000
Commercial paper, at carrying value		$ 0	$ 0
Ratio of indebtedness to cash flow		4
5.250% Senior Notes Due 2033 | Senior Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount					$ 750,000,000
Interest rate (as a percent)					5.25%
Five-year Revolving Credit Facility | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Commitment fee ratio		0.07%
Five-year Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 2,000,000,000
Credit facility term	5 years
Number of performance indicators linked to the commitment fees | performanceIndicator		3
Five Year Facility, Previous Credit Facility | Line of Credit | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 2,000,000,000
Credit facility term	5 years
Outstanding borrowings under previous credit facility	$ 0

Derivative Instruments - Narrat

Derivative Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 12, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Debt face amount				$ 134
5.250% Senior Notes Due 2033 | Senior Notes
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Debt face amount					$ 750
Interest rate (as a percent)					5.25%
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Revenue, Selling and general expenses
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Gain on undesignated derivative instruments		$ 60	$ 81
Loss on undesignated derivative instruments				$ 45
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Fair Value Hedging
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative		2,300	2,600
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Fair Value Hedging | Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative			69
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Fair Value Hedging | Other Current Liabilities
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative		42	1
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Designated as Hedging Instrument | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative		$ 539	$ 529
Derivative maturity		24 months	24 months	24 months
Pre -tax gain expected to be reclassified within 12 months		$ 1
Cross currency swaps | Net Investment Hedges
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Interest income (expense), net		41	$ 25	$ (31)
Cross currency swaps | Designated as Hedging Instrument | Net Investment Hedges
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative		$ 3,500	$ 1,500
Interest rate swap contracts
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges	$ 155
Interest rate swap contracts | Designated as Hedging Instrument | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Terminated derivative, notional amount	813
Derivative, cash received on hedge	$ 155

Derivative Instruments - Schedu

Derivative Instruments - Schedule of Fair Value Amounts of Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - Designated as Hedging Instrument - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Cash Flow Hedges | Prepaid and other current assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivatives	$ 4	$ 9
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Cash Flow Hedges | Other current liabilities
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivatives	5	2
Interest rate swap contracts | Cash Flow Hedges | Other non-current assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivatives	0	134
Cross currency swaps | Net Investment Hedges | Other non-current assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivatives	58	0
Cross currency swaps | Net Investment Hedges | Other non-current liabilities
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivatives	$ 2	$ 14

Derivative Instruments - Sche_2

Derivative Instruments - Schedule of Pre-tax Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion)	$ 12	$ 41	$ 245
Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion)	3	13	80
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Foreign exchange forward contracts | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion)	(6)	6	(8)
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Foreign exchange forward contracts | Cash Flow Hedges | Revenue, Selling and general expenses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion)	8	7	(6)
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Interest rate swap contracts | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion)	21	48	333
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Interest rate swap contracts | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest expense, net
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion)	1	(3)	(4)
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Cross currency swaps | Net Investment Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion)	71	(102)	98
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Cross currency swaps | Net Investment Hedges | Interest expense, net
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion)	$ (4)	$ (4)	$ (4)

Derivative Instruments - Sche_3

Derivative Instruments - Schedule of Unrealized Gains (Losses) in AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 34,300	$ 36,477	$ 2,107
Ending Balance	33,256	34,300	36,477
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(763)	(886)	(841)
Change in fair value, net of tax	(121)
Reclassification into earnings, net of tax	1
Ending Balance	(883)	(763)	(886)
Cash Flow Hedges | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	5	0	6
Change in fair value, net of tax	4	12	(11)
Reclassification into earnings, net of tax	(8)	(7)	5
Ending Balance	1	5	0
Interest rate swap contracts | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	84	48	(203)
Change in fair value, net of tax	16	32	247
Reclassification into earnings, net of tax	(1)	4	4
Ending Balance	99	84	48
Net Investment Hedges | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(21)	56	(17)
Change in fair value, net of tax	50	(81)	69
Reclassification into earnings, net of tax	4	4	4
Ending Balance	$ 33	$ (21)	$ 56

Employee Benefits - Schedule of

Employee Benefits - Schedule of the Benefit Obligation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$ 1,473
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	1,395	$ 1,473
Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets:
Non-current assets	246	238
Non-current liabilities	(180)	(199)
Retirement Plans
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Net benefit obligation at beginning of year	1,425	1,407
Service cost	2	2	$ 3
Interest cost	69	74	48
Plan participants’ contributions	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	(89)	57
Gross benefits paid	(76)	(70)
Foreign currency effect	(8)	20
Other adjustments	0	(65)
Net benefit obligation at end of year	1,323	1,425	1,407
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	1,473	1,464
Actual return on plan assets	(9)	115
Employer contributions	11	10
Plan participants’ contributions	0	0
Gross benefits paid	(75)	(70)
Foreign currency effect	(5)	19
Other adjustments	0	(65)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	1,395	1,473	1,464
Funded status	72	48
Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets:
Non-current assets	246	238
Current liabilities	(10)	(10)
Non-current liabilities	(164)	(180)
Total amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets	72	48
Accumulated benefit obligation	1,317	1,418
Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of the fair value of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation	173	190
Accumulated benefit obligation	168	182
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Net actuarial loss (gain)	418	410
Prior service credit	0	0
Total recognized	418	410
Postretirement Plans
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Net benefit obligation at beginning of year	20	20
Service cost	0	0	0
Interest cost	1	1	1
Plan participants’ contributions	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	(1)	1
Gross benefits paid	(3)	(2)
Foreign currency effect	0	0
Other adjustments	0	0
Net benefit obligation at end of year	17	20	20
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	1	5
Actual return on plan assets	0	(1)
Employer contributions	2	0
Plan participants’ contributions	0	0
Gross benefits paid	(2)	(3)
Foreign currency effect	0	0
Other adjustments	0	0
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	1	1	$ 5
Funded status	(16)	(19)
Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets:
Non-current assets	0	0
Current liabilities	0	0
Non-current liabilities	(16)	(19)
Total amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets	(16)	(19)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Net actuarial loss (gain)	(36)	(37)
Prior service credit	(10)	(11)
Total recognized	$ (46)	$ (48)

Employee Benefits - Narrative (

Employee Benefits - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) trust shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Total cost for retirement plans	$ 159	$ 170	$ 124
Defined contribution plan cost	126	120	88
Pension trust assets	$ 1,395	1,473
U.S.
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of pension trust accounts | trust	1
Pension trust assets	$ 1,130	$ 1,176
Stock purchased by US plan under defined contribution plan (in shares) | shares	81,400	146,600
Stock sold by US plan under defined contribution plan (in shares) | shares	159,810	179,569
Stock held by the US plan under defined contribution plan (in shares) | shares	1,100,000	1,200,000
Market value of stock held by the US plan under defined contribution plan	$ 547	$ 518
S&P Global Inc. dividends received	$ 4.4	4.5
U.S. | Fixed Income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	90%
U.S. | Domestic Equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	5%
U.S. | International Equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	3%
U.S. | Cash and short-term investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	2%
U.K.
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of pension trust accounts | trust	1
Pension trust assets	$ 265	297
U.K. | Fixed Income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	95%
U.K. | Diversified Growth Funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target plan asset allocations (as a percent)	5%
Retirement Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$ (18)	4	(8)
Expected required employer contribution	$ 11
Number of pension trust accounts | trust	2
Pension trust assets	$ 1,395	1,473	1,464
Retirement Plans | U.K.
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	3	4	(6)
Postretirement Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	(3)	(3)	(3)
Expected required employer contribution	2
Pension trust assets	$ 1	$ 1	$ 5

Employee Benefits - Schedule _2

Employee Benefits - Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Cost / Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax
Total recognized	$ 10	$ 13	$ 44
Non-Cash settlement charge of unamortized actuarial loss, before tax		23	13
Retirement Plans
Components of net periodic cost for retirement plans and post-retirement plans
Service cost	2	2	3
Interest cost	69	74	48
Expected return on assets	(97)	(101)	(87)
Actuarial loss (gain)	8	6	15
Prior service credit	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost	(18)	(19)	(21)
Settlement charge	0	23	13
Total net periodic benefit cost	(18)	4	(8)
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax
Net actuarial loss (gain)	14	33	67
Recognized actuarial (gain) loss	(6)	(5)	(12)
Prior service cost	0	0	0
Settlement charge	0	(18)	(10)
Total recognized	8	10	45
Postretirement Plans
Components of net periodic cost for retirement plans and post-retirement plans
Service cost	0	0	0
Interest cost	1	1	1
Expected return on assets	0	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	(2)	(2)	(2)
Prior service credit	(2)	(2)	(2)
Net periodic benefit cost	(3)	(3)	(3)
Settlement charge	0	0	0
Total net periodic benefit cost	(3)	(3)	(3)
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax
Net actuarial loss (gain)	(1)	1	(3)
Recognized actuarial (gain) loss	2	1	1
Prior service cost	1	1	1
Settlement charge	0	0	0
Total recognized	$ 2	$ 3	$ (1)

Employee Benefits - Schedule _3

Employee Benefits - Schedule of Assumptions (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Plans
Benefit obligation:
Discount rate (as a percent)		5.74%	5.27%	5.63%
Net periodic cost:
Return on assets (as a percent)		6%	6%	4%
Retirement Plans | U.S.
Net periodic cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)		5.27%	5.63%	3.05%
Return on assets (as a percent)		6%
Retirement Plans | U.S. | Subsequent event
Net periodic cost:
Return on assets (as a percent)	6.25%
Retirement Plans | U.K.
Net periodic cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)		4.50%	4.76%	1.87%
Return on assets (as a percent)		5.50%
Retirement Plans | U.K. | Subsequent event
Net periodic cost:
Return on assets (as a percent)	5.40%
Postretirement Plans
Benefit obligation:
Discount rate (as a percent)		5.57%	5.18%	5.52%
Postretirement Plans | U.S.
Net periodic cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)		5.18%	5.52%	2.72%

Employee Benefits - Schedule _4

Employee Benefits - Schedule of Information about the Expected Cash Flows for Retirement and Post-Retirement Plans (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Retirement Plans
Information about the expected cash flows for retirement and post-retirement plans and impact of the Medicare subsidy
2025	$ 78
2026	80
2027	82
2028	84
2029	85
2030-2034	453
Postretirement Plans
Information about the expected cash flows for retirement and post-retirement plans and impact of the Medicare subsidy
2025	2
2026	2
2027	2
2028	2
2029	2
2030-2034	$ 6

Employee Benefits - Schedule _5

Employee Benefits - Schedule of Fair Value of Defined Benefit Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	$ 1,395	$ 1,473
Total
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	907	1,028
Level 1
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	2	3
Level 2
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	905	991
Level 3
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	0	34
Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	488	445
Cash and short-term investments | Total
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	2	3
Cash and short-term investments | Level 1
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	2	3
Cash and short-term investments | Level 2
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
Cash and short-term investments | Level 3
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
Long duration strategy | Total
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	905	991
Long duration strategy | Level 1
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
Long duration strategy | Level 2
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	905	991
Long duration strategy | Level 3
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets	$ 0	0
Real Estate: U.K. | Total
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets		34
Real Estate: U.K. | Level 1
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets		0
Real Estate: U.K. | Level 2
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets		0
Real Estate: U.K. | Level 3
Fair value of defined benefit plans assets by asset class
Fair value of plan assets		$ 34

Employee Benefits - Schedule _6

Employee Benefits - Schedule of Effect of Significant Unobservable Inputs, Changes in Plan Assets (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets, Level 3 Reconciliation [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$ 1,473
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	1,395
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets, Level 3 Reconciliation [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	34
Distributions	(34)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$ 0

Stock-Based Compensation - Narr

Stock-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2022 shares	Feb. 28, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Director deferred stock ownership plan amount to be credited to deferred stock accounts (as a percent)	50%
Share delivery term if elected (in years)	5 years
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, converted merger exchange ratio				0.2838
Stock options granted (in shares)	0	0	0
Restricted Stock and Unit Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period (in years)	3 years
Stock Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)	4 years
Award expiration period (in years)	10 years
Award vesting period (in years)	4 years
Stock Options | More than half
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award cost recognition period (in months)	12 months
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, award vesting rights (as a percent)	50%
Stock Options | Approximately one-quarter
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award cost recognition period (in months)	24 months
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, award vesting rights (as a percent)	25%
Stock Options | Approximately one-tenth
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award cost recognition period (in months)	36 months
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, award vesting rights (as a percent)	10%
Stock Options | Remaining
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award cost recognition period (in months)	48 months

Stock-Based Compensation - Sche

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Number of Common Shares Reserved for Issuance (Details) - shares shares in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares available for granting (in shares)	18	18.3
Options outstanding (in shares)	0	0.1
Total shares reserved for issuance (less than) (in shares)	18	18.4
Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total shares reserved for issuance (less than) (in shares)	1	1

Stock-Based Compensation - Sc_2

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stock-Based Compensation
Restricted stock and other stock-based awards expense	$ 247	$ 171	$ 214
Stock option expense	0	0	0
Total stock-based compensation expense	247	171	214
Tax benefit	$ 49	$ 32	$ 38

Stock-Based Compensation - Sc_3

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Restricted Stock and Unit Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Tax benefit relating to restricted award activity	$ 49	$ 32	$ 38
Restricted Stock and Unit Awards
Shares
Beginning Balance (in shares)	1.4
Granted (in shares)	0.4
Vested (in shares)	(0.5)
Forfeited (in shares)	(0.1)
Ending Balance (in shares)	1.2	1.4
Total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted awards	$ 216
Weighted-average years to be recognized over	1 year 1 month 6 days
Weighted-average grant-date fair value
Beginning balance (in USD)	$ 365.51
Granted (in USD)	427.84	$ 374	$ 384.65
Vested (in USD)	371.62
Forfeited (in USD)	366.39
Ending balance (in USD)	387.14	365.51
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per award (in USD)	$ 427.84	$ 374	$ 384.65
Total fair value of restricted stock and other stock-based awards vested	$ 230	$ 323	$ 146
Tax benefit relating to restricted award activity	$ 56	$ 71	$ 30

Stock-Based Compensation - Sc_4

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock Option Activity (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Shares
Beginning balance (in shares) | shares	0.1
Exercised (in shares) | shares	(0.1)
Ending balance (in shares) | shares	0
Options exercisable (in shares) | shares	0
Weighted average exercise price
Beginning balance (in USD) | $ / shares	$ 77.25
Exercised (in USD) | $ / shares	77.86
Ending balance (in USD) | $ / shares	74.46
Weighted-average exercise price, options exercisable (in USD) | $ / shares	$ 74.46
Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term, Options outstanding	2 years 2 months 19 days
Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term, Options exercisable	2 years 2 months 19 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, options outstanding | $	$ 5
Aggregate intrinsic value, options exercisable | $	$ 5

Stock-Based Compensation - Sc_5

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock Option Exercises (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options	$ 4	$ 13	$ 7
Total intrinsic value of stock option exercises	19	55	13
Income tax benefit realized from stock option exercises	$ 5	$ 12	$ 4

Equity - Capital Stock (Details

Equity - Capital Stock (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended												12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jan. 28, 2025
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	2,000,000												2,000,000
Par value of preferred stock (in USD)	$ 1												$ 1
Preferred stock issued (in shares)	0												0
Dividends declared per share (in USD)	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.77	$ 3.64	$ 3.60	$ 3.32
Subsequent event
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Dividends payable, amount per share (in USD)																$ 0.96

Equity - Schedule of Capital St

Equity - Schedule of Capital Stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended												12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Dividends declared per share (in USD)	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.91	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.90	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.85	$ 0.77	$ 3.64	$ 3.60	$ 3.32
Dividends paid													$ 1,134	$ 1,147	$ 1,024

Equity - Stock Repurchases (Det

Equity - Stock Repurchases (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2024 shares	Feb. 28, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) transaction shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) shares	Jun. 22, 2022 shares	Jan. 29, 2020 shares
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Remaining shares available under repurchase program (in shares)			12,000,000
ARS agreement transactions | transaction			2
Total cash utilized | $			$ 3,301	$ 3,301	$ 12,004
2022 Repurchase Program
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)						30,000,000
Shares authorized to be repurchased as percentage of outstanding common stock (as a percent)						9%
2020 Repurchase Program
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)							30,000,000
Shares authorized to be repurchased as percentage of outstanding common stock (as a percent)							12%
Stock Repurchases
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchased during period (in shares)	200,000	400,000	6,700,000	8,600,000	33,500,000
Total cash utilized | $			$ 3,300	$ 3,300	$ 12,000

Equity - Schedule of Accelerate

Equity - Schedule of Accelerated Share Repurchase Agreements (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions

2 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

24 Months Ended

Oct. 28, 2024

Oct. 22, 2024

Aug. 01, 2024

Jul. 31, 2024

Apr. 12, 2024

Feb. 12, 2024

Feb. 07, 2024

Nov. 13, 2023

Sep. 08, 2023

Aug. 07, 2023

Aug. 04, 2023

May 08, 2023

May 05, 2023

Feb. 13, 2023

Feb. 03, 2023

Dec. 02, 2022

Oct. 25, 2022

Aug. 09, 2022

Aug. 02, 2022

May 13, 2022

Mar. 01, 2022

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Total cash utilized

$ 3,301

$ 3,301

$ 12,004

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated October 28, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 0

Total cash utilized

$ 1,300

$ 1,300

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated July 31, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 505.19

Total cash utilized

$ 1,500

$ 1,500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 12, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 421.05

Total cash utilized

$ 500

$ 500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated November 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 428.45

Total cash utilized

$ 1,300

$ 1,300

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 7, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 387.36

Total cash utilized

$ 500

$ 500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 8, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 384.75

Total cash utilized

$ 1,000

$ 1,000

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

87.50%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 341.95

Total cash utilized

$ 500

$ 500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated December 2 ,2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 350.74

Total cash utilized

$ 1,000

$ 1,000

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

87.50%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 9, 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Total cash utilized

$ 2,500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

87.50%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 343.85

Total cash utilized

$ 1,500

$ 1,500

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated March 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 362.03

Total cash utilized

$ 7,000

$ 7,000

Accelerated share repurchases initial delivery percentage (as a percent)

85%

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated October 28, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.3

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated July 31, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.6

2.6

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 12, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated November 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.8

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 7, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.1

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 8, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.5

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.1

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated December 2 ,2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.4

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 9, 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

5.8

7.4

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

3.8

Initial Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated March 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

15.2

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated October 28, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated July 31, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.3

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 12, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.2

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated November 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.2

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 7, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.2

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 8, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.1

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.3

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated December 2 ,2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.4

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 9, 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.6

Average price paid per share (in USD)

$ 337.94

Total cash utilized

$ 2,500

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

0.6

Additional Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated March 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

4.1

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated October 28, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.3

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated July 31, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

3

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 12, 2024

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.2

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated November 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

3

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated August 7, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.3

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 8, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.6

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated February 13, 2023

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

1.4

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated December 2 ,2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

2.8

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated May 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

4.4

Completed Award | Uncapped Accelerated Share Repurchases Initiated March 2022

Accelerated Share Repurchases [Line Items]

Shares delivered and purchased (in shares)

19.3

Equity - Redeemable Noncontroll

Equity - Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Interest in joint venture minimum (as a percent)	20%
Change in control period	15 days
CME Group
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling interest ownership by noncontrolling owners (as a percent)	27%

Equity - Schedule of Redeemable

Equity - Schedule of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 3,800
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	285
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(289)
Redemption value adjustment	470
Other	(14)
Balance at end of period	4,252
Indices
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Balance at end of period	$ 4,239

Equity - Schedule of Changes in

Equity - Schedule of Changes in the Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 34,300	$ 36,477	$ 2,107
Ending Balance	33,256	34,300	36,477
Actual losses, tax benefit	2	5	16
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(763)	(886)	(841)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(121)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings	1
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	(120)
Ending Balance	(883)	(763)	$ (886)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(487)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(126)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings	4
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	(122)
Ending Balance	(609)	(487)
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(362)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(15)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings	5
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	(10)
Ending Balance	(372)	(362)
Actual losses, tax benefit	1
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	86
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	20
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings	(8)
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	12
Ending Balance	$ 98	$ 86

Earnings per Share - (Details)

Earnings per Share - (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amount attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders:
Net income	$ 3,852	$ 2,626	$ 3,248
Basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (in shares)	311,600,000	318,400,000	316,900,000
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	300,000	500,000	1,600,000
Diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (in shares)	311,900,000	318,900,000	318,500,000
Net income:
Basic (in USD)	$ 12.36	$ 8.25	$ 10.25
Diluted (in USD)	$ 12.35	$ 8.23	$ 10.20
Restricted Performance Shares
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of diluted EPS (in shares)	500,000	700,000	600,000
Stock Options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of diluted EPS (in shares)	0	0	0

Restructuring - Narrative (Deta

Restructuring - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) position	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring Charges, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, General and Administrative Expense	Selling, General and Administrative Expense
2024 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Workforce reduction, positions | position	1,230
Severance charges	$ 125
Reductions to restructuring reserve	$ 37
2024 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Workforce reduction, positions | position	1,050
Reductions to restructuring reserve	$ 132	$ 31

Restructuring - Schedule of Ini

Restructuring - Schedule of Initial Restructuring Charge Recorded and the Ending Reserve Balance (Details) - 2024 Restructuring Plan $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	$ 125
Ending Reserve Balance	88
Operating segments | Market Intelligence
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	77
Ending Reserve Balance	48
Operating segments | Ratings
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	4
Ending Reserve Balance	3
Operating segments | Commodity Insights
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	13
Ending Reserve Balance	11
Operating segments | Mobility
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	6
Ending Reserve Balance	3
Operating segments | Indices
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	1
Ending Reserve Balance	0
Operating segments | Engineering Solutions
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	0
Ending Reserve Balance	0
Corporate
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	24
Ending Reserve Balance	23
Initial Charge Recorded	183
Ending Reserve Balance	20
Operating segments | Market Intelligence
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	90
Ending Reserve Balance	13
Operating segments | Ratings
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	10
Ending Reserve Balance	0
Operating segments | Commodity Insights
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	26
Ending Reserve Balance	2
Operating segments | Mobility
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	9
Ending Reserve Balance	1
Operating segments | Indices
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	5
Ending Reserve Balance	0
Operating segments | Engineering Solutions
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	0
Ending Reserve Balance	0
Corporate
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Initial Charge Recorded	43
Ending Reserve Balance	$ 4

Segment and Geographic Inform_3

Segment and Geographic Information - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	5
Maximum percentage of consolidated revenue represented by foreign countries (more than) (as a percent)	7%
Maximum percentage of consolidated revenue represented by single customer (more than) (as a percent)	10%

Segment and Geographic Inform_4

Segment and Geographic Information - Schedule of Operating Results (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 14,208	$ 12,497	$ 11,181
Operating profit	5,580	4,020	4,944
Equity in income on unconsolidated subsidiaries	(43)	(36)	(27)
Other (income) expense, net	(25)	15	(70)
Interest expense, net	297	334	304
Loss on extinguishment of debt	0	0	8
Income before taxes on income	5,308	3,671	4,702
Reportable Legal Entities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	14,394	12,674	11,350
Significant expenses	7,354	6,888	6,200
Less: other segment items	1,198	1,300	(756)
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,645	4,376	3,811
Significant expenses	3,133	2,933	2,568
Less: other segment items	637	729	(1,245)
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,370	3,332	3,050
Significant expenses	1,617	1,449	1,340
Less: other segment items	46	19	38
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,142	1,946	1,685
Significant expenses	1,139	1,049	912
Less: other segment items	158	193	182
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,609	1,484	1,142
Significant expenses	982	908	694
Less: other segment items	315	316	235
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,628	1,403	1,339
Significant expenses	483	436	418
Less: other segment items	42	42	(6)
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	133	323
Significant expenses	0	113	268
Less: other segment items	0	1	40
Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	14,208	12,497	11,181
Operating profit	5,842	4,486	5,906
Operating Segments | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,633	4,365	3,797
Operating profit	875	714	2,488
Operating Segments | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,207	3,177	2,906
Operating profit	2,707	1,864	1,672
Operating Segments | Commodity Insights
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,142	1,946	1,685
Operating profit	845	704	591
Operating Segments | Mobility
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,609	1,484	1,142
Operating profit	312	260	213
Operating Segments | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,617	1,392	1,328
Operating profit	1,103	925	927
Operating Segments | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	133	323
Operating profit	0	19	15
Intersegment Elimination
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(186)	(177)	(169)
Less: other segment items	(186)	(177)	(169)
Intersegment Elimination | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(12)	(11)	(14)
Intersegment Elimination | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(163)	(155)	(144)
Intersegment Elimination | Commodity Insights
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Intersegment Elimination | Mobility
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Intersegment Elimination | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(11)	(11)	(11)
Intersegment Elimination | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Corporate Unallocated
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Operating profit	$ 305	$ 502	$ 989

Segment and Geographic Inform_5

Segment and Geographic Information - Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 14,208	$ 12,497	$ 11,181
Depreciation & Amortization	1,173	1,143	1,013
Capital Expenditures	124	143	89
Total Assets	60,221	60,589
Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,986	2,093	1,807
Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	11,222	10,404	9,374
Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	7,346	6,963	6,201
Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,986	2,093	1,807
Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,858	1,730	1,640
Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,046	859	862
Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	393	348	286
Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	579	504	385
Reportable Legal Entities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	14,394	12,674	11,350
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,645	4,376	3,811
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	184	187	163
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,461	4,189	3,648
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	3,882	3,685	3,263
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	184	187	163
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Market Intelligence | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	579	504	385
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,370	3,332	3,050
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,326	1,425	1,241
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,044	1,907	1,809
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,326	1,425	1,241
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,044	1,907	1,809
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Ratings | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,142	1,946	1,685
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	166	158	126
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,976	1,788	1,559
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,873	1,707	1,492
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	166	158	126
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	103	81	67
Reportable Legal Entities | Commodity Insights | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,609	1,484	1,142
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	310	315	254
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,299	1,169	888
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,299	1,169	888
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	310	315	254
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Mobility | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,628	1,403	1,339
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,628	1,403	1,339
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	292	277	258
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,046	859	862
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	290	267	219
Reportable Legal Entities | Indices | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	133	323
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	8	23
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	125	300
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	125	300
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	8	23
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Reportable Legal Entities | Engineering Solutions | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	14,208	12,497	11,181
Depreciation & Amortization	1,160	1,129	992
Capital Expenditures	118	139	82
Total Assets	55,592	56,178
Operating Segments | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,633	4,365	3,797
Depreciation & Amortization	627	597	509
Capital Expenditures	61	73	43
Total Assets	29,478	29,674
Operating Segments | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,207	3,177	2,906
Depreciation & Amortization	37	37	46
Capital Expenditures	29	24	23
Total Assets	1,056	1,041
Operating Segments | Commodity Insights
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Depreciation & Amortization	137	137	115
Capital Expenditures	7	7	4
Total Assets	8,636	8,746
Operating Segments | Mobility
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Depreciation & Amortization	317	314	248
Capital Expenditures	18	22	6
Total Assets	13,222	13,495
Operating Segments | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,617	1,392	1,328
Depreciation & Amortization	42	42	39
Capital Expenditures	3	13	2
Total Assets	3,200	3,222
Operating Segments | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	133	323
Depreciation & Amortization	0	2	35
Capital Expenditures	0	0	4
Elimination
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(186)	(177)	(169)
Elimination | Services transferred at a point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Services transferred over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(186)	(177)	(169)
Elimination | Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Non-subscription / Transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Non-transaction
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(186)	(177)	(169)
Elimination | Asset-linked fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Sales usage-based royalties
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Recurring variable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Elimination | Market Intelligence
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(12)	(11)	(14)
Elimination | Ratings
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(163)	(155)	(144)
Elimination | Indices
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	(11)	(11)	(11)
Elimination | Engineering Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	0	0	0
Corporate
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Depreciation & Amortization	13	14	21
Capital Expenditures	6	4	$ 7
Total Assets	$ 4,629	$ 4,411

Segment and Geographic Inform_6

Segment and Geographic Information - Schedule of Geographic Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 14,208	$ 12,497	$ 11,181
Long-lived Assets	51,872	52,615
U.S.
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	8,640	7,542	$ 6,653
Long-lived Assets	$ 4,786	$ 4,535
U.S. | Geographic concentration | Revenue
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	61%	60%	60%
U.S. | Geographic concentration | Long-lived Assets
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	9%	9%
European region
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 3,256	$ 2,822	$ 2,597
Long-lived Assets	$ 46,947	$ 47,960
European region | Geographic concentration | Revenue
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	23%	23%	23%
European region | Geographic concentration | Long-lived Assets
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	91%	91%
Asia
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 1,491	$ 1,375	$ 1,246
Long-lived Assets	$ 92	$ 73
Asia | Geographic concentration | Revenue
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	10%	11%	11%
Asia | Geographic concentration | Long-lived Assets
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	0%	0%
Rest of the world
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 821	$ 758	$ 685
Long-lived Assets	$ 47	$ 47
Rest of the world | Geographic concentration | Revenue
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	6%	6%	6%
Rest of the world | Geographic concentration | Long-lived Assets
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	0%	0%
Total | Geographic concentration | Revenue
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	100%	100%	100%
Total | Geographic concentration | Long-lived Assets
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Concentration risk (as a percent)	100%	100%

Commitments and Contingencies -

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions			3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 03, 2024 USD ($)	Feb. 02, 2021 entity	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Option to extend lease period (in years)				12 years
Lease impairment charges				$ 3	$ 26	$ 132
Revenue				$ 14,208	12,497	11,181
Loss contingency accrual, payments	$ 20
Amazon Web Services
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Collaborative arrangement, purchase obligation			$ 1,000
Collaborative arrangement, contractual period (in years)			5 years
Basis Capital Investment Group, Investment Losses on Collateralized Debt Obligations
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, number of plaintiffs | entity		2
CME Group
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Noncontrolling interest ownership by noncontrolling owners (as a percent)				27%
S&P/DJ Indices | CME Group
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Noncontrolling interest ownership by noncontrolling owners (as a percent)				27%
S&P/DJ Indices | Related Party
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Revenue				$ 192	$ 174	$ 170
Minimum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms (in years)				1 year
Maximum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms (in years)				11 years

Commitments and Contingencies_2

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Location and Amounts of Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Lease right-of-use assets	$ 413	$ 379
Liabilities
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Other Liabilities, Current	Other Liabilities, Current
Current lease liabilities	$ 109	$ 105
Non-current lease liabilities	$ 535	$ 541

Commitments and Contingencies_3

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 129	$ 134	$ 147
Sublease income	(13)	(16)	(5)
Total lease cost	$ 116	$ 118	$ 142

Commitments and Contingencies_4

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement for operating lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$ 140	$ 149	$ 159
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	$ 106	$ 35	$ 6

Commitments and Contingencies_5

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Weighted-Average Lease Terms and Discount Rates (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	5 years 7 months 6 days	6 years
Weighted-average discount rate	4.02%	3.46%

Commitments and Contingencies_6

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 134
2026	127
2027	120
2028	95
2029	77
2030 and beyond	182
Total undiscounted lease payments	735
Less: Imputed interest	91
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 644

Schedule II - Valuation and Q_2

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) - Allowance for doubtful accounts - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Valuation Allowances [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 54	$ 48	$ 26
Net charges to income	42	27	58
Deductions and other	(52)	(21)	(36)
Balance at end of year	$ 44	$ 54	$ 48