Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Loans Old National’s loans consist primarily of loans made to consumers and commercial clients in various industries, including manufacturing, agribusiness, transportation, mining, wholesaling, and retailing. Most of Old National’s lending activity occurs within our principal geographic markets of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Old National manages concentrations of credit exposure by industry, product, geography, customer relationship, and loan size. While loans to lessors of both residential and non-residential real estate exceed 10% of total loans, no individual sub-segment category within those broader categories reaches the 10% threshold. The loan categories used to monitor and analyze interest income and yields are different than the portfolio segments used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans. The allowance for credit losses was calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and credit monitoring procedures. The four loan portfolios are classified into seven segments of loans - commercial, commercial real estate, BBCC, residential real estate, indirect, direct, and home equity. The commercial and commercial real estate loan categories shown on the balance sheet include the same pool of loans as the commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC portfolio segments. The consumer loan category shown on the balance sheet is comprised of the same loans in the indirect, direct, and home equity portfolio segments. The composition of loans by portfolio segment as of September 30, 2020 follows: September 30, 2020 Segment September 30, 2020 Statement Portfolio After (dollars in thousands) Balance Reclassifications Reclassifications Loans: Commercial $ 4,264,568 $ (196,226) $ 4,068,342 Commercial real estate 5,701,493 (170,581) 5,530,912 BBCC N/A 366,807 366,807 Residential real estate 2,265,299 — 2,265,299 Consumer 1,661,149 (1,661,149) N/A Indirect N/A 932,759 932,759 Direct N/A 179,275 179,275 Home equity N/A 549,115 549,115 Total $ 13,892,509 $ — $ 13,892,509 The composition of loans by portfolio segment follows: (dollars in thousands) September 30, January 1, Commercial (1) (2) $ 4,068,342 $ 2,817,833 Commercial real estate 5,530,912 4,890,890 BBCC 366,807 352,714 Residential real estate 2,265,299 2,334,394 Indirect 932,759 935,594 Direct 179,275 228,526 Home equity 549,115 562,051 Total loans 13,892,509 12,122,002 Allowance for credit losses (131,388) (95,966) Net loans $ 13,761,121 $ 12,026,036 (1) Includes direct finance leases of $34.4 million at September 30, 2020 and $47.2 million at January 1, 2020. (2) Includes PPP loans of $1.479 billion at September 30, 2020. The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial Commercial loans are classified primarily on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Section 1102 of the CARES Act created the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), a program administered by the Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) to provide loans to small businesses for payroll and other basic expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Old National has participated in the PPP as a lender. These loans are eligible to be forgiven if certain conditions are satisfied and are fully guaranteed by the SBA. Additionally, loan payments will also be deferred for the first six months of the loan term. The PPP commenced on April 3, 2020 and was available to qualified borrowers through August 8, 2020. No collateral or personal guarantees are required. Neither the government nor lenders are permitted to charge the recipients any fees. Old National began accepting applications from qualified borrowers on April 3, 2020 and as of September 30, 2020 has originated over 9,700 loans with balances in excess of $1.5 billion to new and existing clients through the PPP. Commercial Real Estate Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing Old National’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans versus non-owner occupied loans. Included with commercial real estate are construction loans, which are underwritten utilizing independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates, financial analysis of the developers and property owners, and feasibility studies, if available. Construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders (including Old National), sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from Old National until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, general economic conditions, and the availability of long-term financing. At 220%, Old National Bank’s commercial real estate loans as a percentage of its risk-based capital remained well below the regulatory guideline limit of 300% at September 30, 2020. BBCC BBCC loans are typically granted to small businesses with gross revenues of less than $5 million and aggregate debt of less than $1 million. Old National has established minimum debt service coverage ratios, minimum FICO scores for owners and guarantors, and the ability to show relatively stable earnings as criteria to help mitigate risk. Repayment of these loans depends on the personal income of the borrowers and the cash flows of the business. These factors can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Residential With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, Old National typically establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and generally requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in residential property values. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers. Indirect Indirect loans are secured by automobile collateral, generally new and used cars and trucks from auto dealers that operate within our footprint. Old National typically mitigates the risk of indirect loans by establishing minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers, conservative credit policies, and ongoing reviews of dealer relationships. Direct Direct loans are typically secured by collateral such as auto or real estate or are unsecured. Old National has established conservative underwriting standards such as minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers along with conservative credit policies. Home Equity Home Equity loans are generally secured by 1-4 family residences that are owner occupied. Old National has established conservative underwriting standards such as minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers, along with conservative credit policies as well as monitoring of updated borrower credit scores. Allowance for Credit Losses Loans Credit quality within the loans held for investment portfolio is continuously monitored by management and is reflected within the allowance for credit losses for loans. The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of expected losses inherent within the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio. Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and in our process for estimating expected credit losses. Expected credit loss inherent in non-cancelable off-balance-sheet credit exposures is accounted for as a separate liability included in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment is adjusted by a credit loss expense, which is reported in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. We have made a policy election to report accrued interest receivable as a separate line item on the balance sheet. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $59.5 million at September 30, 2020 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The allowance for credit loss estimation process involves procedures to appropriately consider the unique characteristics of its loan portfolio segments. These segments are further disaggregated into loan classes, the level at which credit risk is monitored. When computing the level of expected credit losses, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loss history, delinquency status, and other credit trends and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. In future periods evaluations of the overall loan portfolio, in light of the factors and forecasts then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance and credit loss expense in those future periods. The allowance level is influenced by loan volumes, loan AQR migration or delinquency status, changes in historical loss experience, and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance for credit losses has two basic components: first, an asset-specific component involving individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and second, a pooled component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics. See Note 2 for more information about CECL for loans and unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses increased for the three months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to net recoveries of $3.0 million for the quarter. The allowance for credit losses increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to macroeconomic factors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. The forecast scenario includes slightly elevated unemployment, which is forecasted to increase through the fourth quarter of 2020. In addition to the quantitative inputs, several qualitative factors were considered, including the risk that unemployment and gross domestic product, prove to be more severe and/or prolonged than our baseline forecast. The mitigating impact of potential future rounds of fiscal stimulus, including direct payments to individuals, increased unemployment benefits, as well as the various government sponsored loan programs, was also considered. Old National’s activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows: (dollars in thousands) Balance at Impact of Sub-Total Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Balance at Three Months Ended Commercial $ 29,618 $ — $ 29,618 $ (128) $ 2,192 $ (3,289) $ 28,393 Commercial real estate 71,069 — 71,069 (2,709) 3,379 4,173 75,912 BBCC 6,332 — 6,332 (10) — 15 6,337 Residential real estate 14,244 — 14,244 (321) 220 (219) 13,924 Indirect 4,453 — 4,453 (556) 587 (394) 4,090 Direct 835 — 835 (445) 187 248 825 Home equity 1,843 — 1,843 — 598 (534) 1,907 Total allowance for credit losses $ 128,394 $ — $ 128,394 $ (4,169) $ 7,163 $ — $ 131,388 Nine Months Ended Commercial $ 21,359 $ 7,150 $ 28,509 $ (5,303) $ 3,100 $ 2,087 $ 28,393 Commercial real estate 20,535 25,548 46,083 (5,164) 4,297 30,696 75,912 BBCC 2,279 3,702 5,981 (92) 122 326 6,337 Residential real estate 2,299 6,986 9,285 (637) 431 4,845 13,924 Indirect 5,319 (1,669) 3,650 (2,125) 1,494 1,071 4,090 Direct 1,863 (1,059) 804 (1,326) 571 776 825 Home equity 965 689 1,654 (199) 758 (306) 1,907 Total allowance for credit losses $ 54,619 $ 41,347 $ 95,966 $ (14,846) $ 10,773 $ 39,495 $ 131,388 The reduction in provision for the three months ended September 30, 2020 for the commercial portfolio was primarily due to net recoveries in the portfolio. The reduction in the provision for the commercial portfolio was offset by an increase in provision in the commercial real estate portfolio reflecting an increase in balances in the commercial real estate portfolio. PPP loans were factored in the provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020; however, due to the SBA guaranty and our borrowers’ adherence to the PPP terms, the provision impact was insignificant. Unfunded Loan Commitments Old National maintains an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commercial lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The allowance is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans, modified to take into account the probability of a drawdown on the commitment. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is classified as a liability account on the balance sheet. Old National’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows: (dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 11,026 $ 2,656 Impact of adopting ASC 326 — 4,549 Sub-Total 11,026 7,205 Expense (reversal of expense) for credit losses — 3,821 Balance at end of period $ 11,026 $ 11,026 Credit Quality Old National’s management monitors the credit quality of its loans on an ongoing basis with the AQR for commercial loans reviewed annually or at renewal and the performance of its residential and consumer loans based upon the accrual status refreshed at least quarterly. Internally, management assigns an AQR to each non-homogeneous commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC loan in the portfolio. The primary determinants of the AQR are the reliability of the primary source of repayment and the past, present, and projected financial condition of the borrower. The AQR will also consider current industry conditions. Major factors used in determining the AQR can vary based on the nature of the loan, but commonly include factors such as debt service coverage, internal cash flow, liquidity, leverage, operating performance, debt burden, FICO scores, occupancy, interest rate sensitivity, and expense burden. Old National uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Criticized . Special mention loans that have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date. Classified – Substandard . Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Classified – Nonaccrual . Loans classified as nonaccrual have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, in doubt. Classified – Doubtful . Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as nonaccrual, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Pass rated loans are those loans that are other than criticized, classified – substandard, classified – nonaccrual, or classified – doubtful. The following table summarizes the risk category of commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC loans by loan portfolio segment and class of loan: Risk Rating (dollars in thousands) Pass Criticized Classified - Classified - Classified - Total September 30, 2020 Commercial: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 272,695 $ 6,083 $ 8,391 $ 3,010 $ 1,200 $ 291,379 2016 124,413 3,633 2,814 492 — 131,352 2017 250,815 8,739 12,156 9,984 183 281,877 2018 199,031 12,840 8,659 5,207 684 226,421 2019 480,653 9,420 6,145 4,094 — 500,312 2020 1,932,380 15,371 6,455 829 — 1,955,035 Revolving Loans 477,815 12,160 18,231 2,433 — 510,639 Revolving to Term Loans 155,265 3,226 6,765 6,071 — 171,327 Total $ 3,893,067 $ 71,472 $ 69,616 $ 32,120 $ 2,067 $ 4,068,342 Commercial real estate: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 615,539 $ 22,234 $ 18,466 $ 12,753 $ 3,672 $ 672,664 2016 533,045 17,147 7,012 2,308 19,637 579,149 2017 717,345 72,598 31,695 12,282 8,674 842,594 2018 829,583 20,181 16,511 4,206 — 870,481 2019 1,073,991 39,005 4,246 2,108 1,876 1,121,226 2020 1,042,060 2,361 12,538 — — 1,056,959 Revolving Loans 29,581 — — — — 29,581 Revolving to Term Loans 334,075 19,767 4,075 341 — 358,258 Total $ 5,175,219 $ 193,293 $ 94,543 $ 33,998 $ 33,859 $ 5,530,912 BBCC: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 8,607 $ — $ — $ — $ 89 $ 8,696 2016 27,306 716 45 106 — 28,173 2017 39,173 479 266 520 — 40,438 2018 54,175 821 40 230 392 55,658 2019 79,760 1,638 622 357 77 82,454 2020 70,997 1,519 386 111 — 73,013 Revolving Loans 51,601 1,891 341 139 — 53,972 Revolving to Term Loans 20,864 1,030 929 1,580 — 24,403 Total $ 352,483 $ 8,094 $ 2,629 $ 3,043 $ 558 $ 366,807 For residential real estate and consumer loan classes, Old National evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an on-going basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. The following table presents the amortized cost in residential real estate and consumer loans based on payment activity: Payment Performance (dollars in thousands) Performing Nonperforming Total September 30, 2020 Residential real estate: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 698,318 $ 19,336 $ 717,654 2016 228,088 2,807 230,895 2017 226,483 696 227,179 2018 153,172 836 154,008 2019 498,685 175 498,860 2020 436,512 65 436,577 Revolving Loans — — — Revolving to Term Loans 126 — 126 Total $ 2,241,384 $ 23,915 $ 2,265,299 Indirect: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 28,932 $ 198 $ 29,130 2016 66,145 572 66,717 2017 114,557 828 115,385 2018 155,493 628 156,121 2019 282,501 336 282,837 2020 282,427 57 282,484 Revolving Loans — — — Revolving to Term Loans 85 — 85 Total $ 930,140 $ 2,619 $ 932,759 Direct: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 22,077 $ 571 $ 22,648 2016 10,770 247 11,017 2017 19,894 113 20,007 2018 35,257 183 35,440 2019 34,149 79 34,228 2020 30,053 71 30,124 Revolving Loans 24,110 — 24,110 Revolving to Term Loans 1,700 1 1,701 Total $ 178,010 $ 1,265 $ 179,275 Home equity: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 61 $ 171 $ 232 2016 244 11 255 2017 936 43 979 2018 662 — 662 2019 1,091 29 1,120 2020 — 20 20 Revolving Loans 521,932 — 521,932 Revolving to Term Loans 20,022 3,893 23,915 Total $ 544,948 $ 4,167 $ 549,115 Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Old National does not record interest on nonaccrual loans until principal is recovered. For all loan classes, a loan is generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due unless it is well secured and in the process of collection, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collectability of principal or interest. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against earnings. Cash interest received on these loans is applied to the principal balance until the principal is recovered or until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, remain current for a prescribed period, and future payments are reasonably assured. The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past due loans as of September 30, 2020 by class of loans: (dollars in thousands) 30-59 Days 60-89 Days Past Due Total Current Total September 30, 2020 Commercial $ 622 $ 2,594 $ 2,233 $ 5,449 $ 4,062,893 $ 4,068,342 Commercial Real Estate 310 21,118 23,572 45,000 5,485,912 5,530,912 BBCC 31 77 494 602 366,205 366,807 Residential 14,508 3,950 7,833 26,291 2,239,008 2,265,299 Indirect 3,729 732 449 4,910 927,849 932,759 Direct 1,698 203 306 2,207 177,068 179,275 Home equity 861 137 1,258 2,256 546,859 549,115 Total $ 21,759 $ 28,811 $ 36,145 $ 86,715 $ 13,805,794 $ 13,892,509 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loan: January 1, 2020 June 30, 2020 September 30, 2020 (dollars in thousands) Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Past Due Commercial $ 40,103 $ 37,785 $ 34,188 $ 3,543 $ 38 Commercial Real Estate 58,350 51,100 67,859 31,606 20 BBCC 4,530 4,048 3,601 — — Residential 20,970 24,315 23,914 — — Indirect 3,318 2,835 2,619 — 30 Direct 1,303 1,137 1,264 54 2 Home equity 3,857 4,326 4,166 — — Total $ 132,431 $ 125,546 $ 137,611 $ 35,203 $ 90 Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was insignificant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses for collateral dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. A loan is considered collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the loan is expected to be repaid substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The class of loan represents the primary collateral type associated with the loan. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loan: Type of Collateral (dollars in thousands) Real Blanket Investment Auto Other September 30, 2020 Commercial $ 8,425 $ 18,624 $ 5,560 $ 530 $ 1,048 Commercial Real Estate 52,911 85 1,165 — 13,698 BBCC 1,716 1,665 70 146 5 Residential 23,914 — — — — Indirect — — — 2,619 — Direct 1,005 — 2 247 5 Home equity 4,166 — — — — Total loans $ 92,137 $ 20,374 $ 6,797 $ 3,542 $ 14,756 Loan Participations Old National has loan participations, which qualify as participating interests, with other financial institutions. At September 30, 2020, these loans totaled $874.0 million, of which $392.9 million had been sold to other financial institutions and $481.1 million was retained by Old National. The loan participations convey proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder; involve no recourse (other than ordinary representations and warranties) to, or subordination by, any participating interest holder; all cash flows are divided among the participating interest holders in proportion to each holder’s share of ownership; and no holder has the right to pledge the entire financial asset unless all participating interest holders agree. Troubled Debt Restructurings Old National may choose to restructure the contractual terms of certain loans. The decision to restructure a loan, versus aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit Old National by increasing the ultimate probability of collection. Any loans that are modified are reviewed by Old National to identify if a TDR has occurred, which is when for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, Old National Bank grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Terms may be modified to fit the ability of the borrower to repay in line with its current financial status. The modification of the terms of such loans include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate of new debt with similar risk, or a permanent reduction of the recorded investment of the loan. Loans modified in a TDR are typically placed on nonaccrual status until we determine the future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate a period of performance according to the restructured terms for 6 months. If we are unable to resolve a nonperforming loan issue, the credit will be charged off when it is apparent there will be a loss. For large commercial type loans, each relationship is individually analyzed for evidence of apparent loss based on quantitative benchmarks or subjectively based upon certain events or particular circumstances. Generally, Old National charges off small commercial loans scored through our small business credit center with contractual balances under $250,000 that are 90 days or more delinquent and do not have adequate collateral support. For residential and consumer loans, a charge off is recorded at the time foreclosure is initiated or when the loan becomes 120 to 180 days past due, whichever is earlier. For commercial TDRs, an allocated reserve is established within the allowance for credit losses for the difference between the carrying value of the loan and its computed value. To determine the computed value of the loan, one of the following methods is selected: (1) the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (2) the loan’s observable market price, or (3) the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. The allocated reserve is established as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and the collectable value. If there are significant changes in the amount or timing of the loan’s expected future cash flows, impairment is recalculated and the valuation allowance is adjusted accordingly. When a residential or consumer loan is identified as a TDR, the loan is typically written down to its collateral value less selling costs. The following table presents activity in TDRs: (dollars in thousands) Beginning (Charge-offs)/ (Payments)/ Additions Ending Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Commercial $ 10,598 $ 1,326 $ (3,168) $ — $ 8,756 Commercial Real Estate 12,706 1,993 (3,950) 5,907 16,656 BBCC 147 (52) 43 — 138 Residential 3,012 — (171) — 2,841 Indirect — 2 (2) — — Direct 779 (11) (18) — 750 Home equity 367 1 (77) — 291 Total $ 27,609 $ 3,259 $ (7,343) $ 5,907 $ 29,432 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Commercial $ 12,412 $ 632 $ (4,288) $ — $ 8,756 Commercial Real Estate 14,277 741 (4,269) 5,907 16,656 BBCC 578 (22) (418) — 138 Residential 3,107 — (266) — 2,841 Indirect — 7 (7) — — Direct 983 (9) (224) — 750 Home equity 381 2 (92) — 291 Total $ 31,738 $ 1,351 $ (9,564) $ 5,907 $ 29,432 TDRs included within nonaccrual loans totaled $7.7 million at September 30, 2020 and $13.8 million at December 31, 2019. Old National has allocated specific reserves to customers whose loan terms have been modified as TDRs totaling $0.3 million at September 30, 2020 and $0.9 million at December 31, 2019. At September 30, 2020, Old National had committed to lend an additional $0.8 million to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs, compared to $2.3 million at December 31, 2019. The pre-modification and post-modification outstanding recorded investments of loans modified as TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are the same except for when the loan modifications involve the forgiveness of principal. The following table presents loans modified as TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: (dollars in thousands) Total Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 TDR: Number of loans 1 Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment $ 5,907 Post-modification outstanding recorded investment 5,907 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 TDR: Number of loans 14 Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment $ 21,132 Post-modification outstanding recorded investment 21,132 The TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased the allowance for credit losses by $0.3 million and resulted in no charge-offs. The TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased the allowance for loan losses by $0.7 million and resulted in no charge-offs. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification were insignificant during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The terms of certain other loans were modified during 2020 and 2019 that did not meet the definition of a TDR. It is our process to review all classified and criticized loans that, during the period, have been renewed, have entered into a forbearance agreement, have gone from principal and interest to interest only, or have extended the maturity date. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. The evaluation is performed under our internal underwriting policy. We also |