| Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Loans Old National’s loans consist primarily of loans made to consumers and commercial clients in various industries including manufacturing, agribusiness, transportation, mining, wholesaling, and retailing. Most of Old National’s lending activity occurs within our principal geographic markets of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Old National manages concentrations of credit exposure by industry, product, geography, customer relationship, and loan size. While loans to lessors of both residential and non-residential real estate exceed 10% of total loans, no individual sub-segment category within those broader categories reaches the 10% threshold. The loan categories used to monitor and analyze interest income and yields are different than the portfolio segments used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans. The allowance for credit losses was calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and credit monitoring procedures. The four loan portfolios are classified into seven segments of loans - commercial, commercial real estate, BBCC, residential real estate, indirect, direct, and home equity. The commercial and commercial real estate loan categories shown on the balance sheet include the same pool of loans as the commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC portfolio segments. The consumer loan category shown on the balance sheet is comprised of the same loans in the indirect, direct, and home equity portfolio segments. The composition of loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2020 follows: December 31, 2020 Segment December 31, 2020 Statement Portfolio After (dollars in thousands) Balance Reclassifications Reclassifications Loans: Commercial $ 3,956,422 $ (198,722) $ 3,757,700 Commercial real estate 5,946,512 (171,701) 5,774,811 BBCC N/A 370,423 370,423 Residential real estate 2,248,422 — 2,248,422 Consumer 1,635,123 (1,635,123) N/A Indirect N/A 913,902 913,902 Direct N/A 164,807 164,807 Home equity N/A 556,414 556,414 Total $ 13,786,479 $ — $ 13,786,479 The composition of loans by portfolio segment follows: (dollars in thousands) December 31, January 1, Commercial (1) (2) $ 3,757,700 $ 2,817,833 Commercial real estate 5,774,811 4,890,890 BBCC 370,423 352,714 Residential real estate 2,248,422 2,334,394 Indirect 913,902 935,594 Direct 164,807 228,526 Home equity 556,414 562,051 Total loans 13,786,479 12,122,002 Allowance for credit losses (131,388) (95,966) Net loans $ 13,655,091 $ 12,026,036 (1) Includes direct finance leases of $32.3 million at December 31, 2020 and $47.2 million at January 1, 2020. (2) Includes remaining PPP loans of $943.0 million at December 31, 2020. The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial Commercial loans are classified primarily on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Section 1102 of the CARES Act created the PPP, a program administered by the SBA to provide loans to small businesses for payroll and other basic expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Old National has participated in the PPP as a lender. These loans are eligible to be forgiven if certain conditions are satisfied and are fully guaranteed by the SBA. Additionally, loan payments will also be deferred for the first six months of the loan term. The PPP commenced on April 3, 2020 and was available to qualified borrowers through August 8, 2020. No collateral or personal guarantees were required. Neither the government nor lenders are permitted to charge the recipients any fees. During 2020, Old National originated over 9,700 loans with balances in excess of $1.5 billion to new and existing customers through the PPP. At December 31, 2020, remaining PPP loans totaled $943.0 million. On December 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the CAA. The CAA, among other things, extends the life of the PPP, effectively creating a second round of PPP loans for eligible businesses. Old National is participating in the CAA’s second round of PPP lending. In mid-January Old National opened its lending portal and began processing PPP loan applications. Currently, Old National is focused on helping minority-owned business, women-owned business, not-for-profit entities, and existing first round PPP customers with the lending process. Additionally, section 541 of the CAA extends the relief provided by the CARES Act for financial institutions to suspend the GAAP accounting treatment for troubled debt restructuring to January 1, 2022. Commercial Real Estate Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing Old National’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans versus non-owner occupied loans. Included with commercial real estate are construction loans, which are underwritten utilizing independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates, financial analysis of the developers and property owners, and feasibility studies, if available. Construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders (including Old National), sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from Old National until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, general economic conditions, and the availability of long-term financing. At 222%, Old National Bank’s commercial real estate loans as a percentage of its risk-based capital remained well below the regulatory guideline limit of 300% at December 31, 2020. BBCC BBCC loans are typically granted to small businesses with gross revenues of less than $5 million and aggregate debt of less than $1 million. Old National has established minimum debt service coverage ratios, minimum FICO scores for owners and guarantors, and the ability to show relatively stable earnings as criteria to help mitigate risk. Repayment of these loans depends on the personal income of the borrowers and the cash flows of the business. These factors can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Residential With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, Old National typically establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and generally requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in residential property values. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers. Indirect Indirect loans are secured by automobile collateral, generally new and used cars and trucks from auto dealers that operate within our footprint. Old National typically mitigates the risk of indirect loans by establishing minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers, conservative credit policies, and ongoing reviews of dealer relationships. Direct Direct loans are typically secured by collateral such as auto or real estate or are unsecured. Old National has established conservative underwriting standards such as minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers along with conservative credit policies. Home Equity Home equity loans are generally secured by 1-4 family residences that are owner occupied. Old National has established conservative underwriting standards such as minimum FICO scores, maximum loan-to-value ratios, and maximum debt-to-income ratios. Repayment of these loans depends largely on the personal income of the borrowers which can be affected by changes in economic conditions such as unemployment levels. Portfolio risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller amounts spread over many borrowers, along with conservative credit policies as well as monitoring of updated borrower credit scores. Related Party Loans In the ordinary course of business, Old National grants loans to certain executive officers, directors, and significant subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “related parties”). Activity in related party loans is presented in the following table: Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of period $ 2,345 $ 9,310 $ 9,481 New loans 1,848 1,218 9,152 Repayments (1,715) (2,063) (8,721) Officer and director changes (34) (6,120) (602) Balance at end of period $ 2,444 $ 2,345 $ 9,310 Allowance for Credit Losses Loans Credit quality within the loans held for investment portfolio is continuously monitored by management and is reflected within the allowance for credit losses for loans. The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of expected losses inherent within the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio. Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and in our process for estimating expected credit losses. Expected credit loss inherent in non-cancelable off-balance-sheet credit exposures is accounted for as a separate liability included in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment is adjusted by a credit loss expense, which is reported in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. Old National has made a policy election to report accrued interest receivable as a separate line item on the balance sheet. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $57.3 million at December 31, 2020 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The allowance for credit loss estimation process involves procedures to appropriately consider the unique characteristics of its loan portfolio segments. These segments are further disaggregated into loan classes based on the level at which credit risk is monitored. When computing the level of expected credit losses, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loss history, delinquency status, and other credit trends and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. In future periods evaluations of the overall loan portfolio, in light of the factors and forecasts then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance and credit loss expense in those future periods. The allowance level is influenced by loan volumes, loan AQR migration or delinquency status, changes in historical loss experience, and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance for credit losses has two basic components: first, an asset-specific component involving individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and second, a pooled component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics. See Note 1 for more information about CECL for loans and unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses increased for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to the implementation of ASC 326 and the macroeconomic factors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. The forecast scenario includes elevated unemployment, which is forecasted to increase slightly through the second quarter of 2021. The scenario also shows a slight decrease in nominal gross domestic product with a return to growth by the third quarter of 2021. In addition to these quantitative inputs, several qualitative factors were considered, including the risk that the economic decline, specifically unemployment and gross domestic product, prove to be more severe and/or prolonged than our baseline forecast. Also, the efficacy, distribution, and consumption of the vaccine along with new variants of the virus pose additional risk. The mitigating impact of any additional fiscal stimulus, including direct payments to individuals, increased unemployment benefits, as well as the various government sponsored loan programs, was also considered. Old National’s activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans by portfolio segment was as follows: (dollars in thousands) Balance at Impact of Sub-Total Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Balance at Year Ended December 31, 2020 Allowance for credit losses: Commercial $ 21,359 $ 7,150 $ 28,509 $ (5,593) $ 3,629 $ 4,022 $ 30,567 Commercial real estate 20,535 25,548 46,083 (4,323) 4,515 29,535 75,810 BBCC 2,279 3,702 5,981 (95) 140 94 6,120 Residential real estate 2,299 6,986 9,285 (824) 633 3,514 12,608 Indirect 5,319 (1,669) 3,650 (2,754) 1,922 762 3,580 Direct 1,863 (1,059) 804 (1,763) 819 995 855 Home equity 965 689 1,654 (201) 922 (527) 1,848 Total allowance for credit losses $ 54,619 $ 41,347 $ 95,966 $ (15,553) $ 12,580 $ 38,395 $ 131,388 PPP loans were factored in the provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020; however, due to the SBA guaranty and our borrowers’ adherence to the PPP terms, the provision impact was insignificant. Unfunded Loan Commitments Old National maintains an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commercial lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The allowance is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans, modified to take into account the probability of a drawdown on the commitment. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is classified as a liability account on the balance sheet. Old National’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments was as follows: (dollars in thousands) Year Ended Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments: Balance at beginning of period $ 2,656 Impact of adopting ASC 326 4,549 Sub-Total 7,205 Expense (reversal of expense) for credit losses 4,484 Balance at end of period $ 11,689 Credit Quality Old National’s management monitors the credit quality of its loans on an ongoing basis with the AQR for commercial loans reviewed annually or at renewal and the performance of its residential and consumer loans based upon the accrual status refreshed at least quarterly. Internally, management assigns an AQR to each non-homogeneous commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC loan in the portfolio. The primary determinants of the AQR are the reliability of the primary source of repayment and the past, present, and projected financial condition of the borrower. The AQR will also consider current industry conditions. Major factors used in determining the AQR can vary based on the nature of the loan, but commonly include factors such as debt service coverage, internal cash flow, liquidity, leverage, operating performance, debt burden, FICO scores, occupancy, interest rate sensitivity, and expense burden. Old National uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Criticized . Special mention loans that have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date. Classified – Substandard . Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Classified – Nonaccrual . Loans classified as nonaccrual have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, in doubt. Classified – Doubtful . Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as nonaccrual, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Pass rated loans are those loans that are other than criticized, classified – substandard, classified – nonaccrual, or classified – doubtful. The following table summarizes the risk category of commercial, commercial real estate, and BBCC loans by loan portfolio segment and class of loan: Risk Rating (dollars in thousands) Pass Criticized Classified - Classified - Classified - Total December 31, 2020 Commercial: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 262,538 $ 5,369 $ 8,441 $ 4,379 $ 610 $ 281,337 2016 124,041 3,383 2,774 49 296 130,543 2017 227,710 9,508 9,836 6,951 2,748 256,753 2018 171,228 15,003 10,077 4,701 1,016 202,025 2019 420,736 9,603 6,369 3,754 — 440,462 2020 1,675,964 23,982 6,501 2,600 — 1,709,047 Revolving Loans 549,849 10,307 15,344 778 — 576,278 Revolving to Term Loans 148,508 2,685 3,049 7,013 — 161,255 Total $ 3,580,574 $ 79,840 $ 62,391 $ 30,225 $ 4,670 $ 3,757,700 Commercial real estate: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 513,658 $ 33,490 $ 8,665 $ 12,564 $ 3,274 $ 571,651 2016 496,086 17,648 5,308 1,635 19,283 539,960 2017 677,119 46,994 26,691 9,456 18,926 779,186 2018 749,102 26,464 13,565 5,393 — 794,524 2019 1,041,305 49,271 4,700 2,054 1,832 1,099,162 2020 1,537,226 6,874 11,451 1,408 — 1,556,959 Revolving Loans 28,122 — — — — 28,122 Revolving to Term Loans 382,219 19,804 2,911 313 — 405,247 Total $ 5,424,837 $ 200,545 $ 73,291 $ 32,823 $ 43,315 $ 5,774,811 BBCC: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 5,327 $ — $ — $ — $ 30 $ 5,357 2016 24,946 643 33 — — 25,622 2017 36,288 414 246 200 70 37,218 2018 49,875 621 195 134 847 51,672 2019 73,913 1,403 1,417 551 3 77,287 2020 94,828 1,599 233 161 — 96,821 Revolving Loans 52,393 868 317 89 — 53,667 Revolving to Term Loans 19,353 1,259 701 1,466 — 22,779 Total $ 356,923 $ 6,807 $ 3,142 $ 2,601 $ 950 $ 370,423 For residential real estate and consumer loan classes, Old National evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an on-going basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. The following table presents the amortized cost in residential real estate and consumer loans based on payment activity: Payment Performance (dollars in thousands) Performing Nonperforming Total December 31, 2020 Residential real estate: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 620,999 $ 20,775 $ 641,774 2016 202,457 2,131 204,588 2017 190,376 892 191,268 2018 132,107 680 132,787 2019 453,132 251 453,383 2020 624,435 65 624,500 Revolving Loans — — — Revolving to Term Loans 122 — 122 Total $ 2,223,628 $ 24,794 $ 2,248,422 Indirect: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 21,088 $ 192 $ 21,280 2016 52,225 429 52,654 2017 96,587 666 97,253 2018 134,893 777 135,670 2019 253,514 443 253,957 2020 352,989 22 353,011 Revolving Loans — — — Revolving to Term Loans 77 — 77 Total $ 911,373 $ 2,529 $ 913,902 Direct: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ 19,465 $ 526 $ 19,991 2016 8,527 247 8,774 2017 16,182 64 16,246 2018 30,510 171 30,681 2019 29,189 141 29,330 2020 32,499 22 32,521 Revolving Loans 26,028 4 26,032 Revolving to Term Loans 1,229 3 1,232 Total $ 163,629 $ 1,178 $ 164,807 Home equity: Term Loans at Amortized Cost by Origination Year: Prior to 2016 $ — $ 116 $ 116 2016 238 11 249 2017 891 — 891 2018 444 — 444 2019 997 37 1,034 2020 1 — 1 Revolving Loans 529,275 94 529,369 Revolving to Term Loans 20,314 3,996 24,310 Total $ 552,160 $ 4,254 $ 556,414 Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Old National does not record interest on nonaccrual loans until principal is recovered. For all loan classes, a loan is generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due unless it is well secured and in the process of collection, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collectability of principal or interest. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against earnings. Cash interest received on these loans is applied to the principal balance until the principal is recovered or until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, remain current for a prescribed period, and future payments are reasonably assured. The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past due loans by class of loans: (dollars in thousands) 30-59 Days 60-89 Days Past Due Total Current Total December 31, 2020 Commercial $ 2,977 $ 664 $ 2,100 $ 5,741 $ 3,751,959 $ 3,757,700 Commercial real estate 887 128 27,272 28,287 5,746,524 5,774,811 BBCC 894 882 61 1,837 368,586 370,423 Residential 11,639 3,296 7,666 22,601 2,225,821 2,248,422 Indirect 5,222 960 492 6,674 907,228 913,902 Direct 753 533 426 1,712 163,095 164,807 Home equity 1,075 377 1,663 3,115 553,299 556,414 Total $ 23,447 $ 6,840 $ 39,680 $ 69,967 $ 13,716,512 $ 13,786,479 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loan: January 1, 2020 September 30, 2020 December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands) Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Past Due Commercial $ 40,103 $ 34,188 $ 34,895 $ 3,394 $ 122 Commercial real estate 58,350 67,859 76,138 22,152 20 BBCC 4,530 3,601 3,551 — — Residential 20,970 23,914 24,794 — — Indirect 3,318 2,619 2,529 — 12 Direct 1,303 1,264 1,178 27 13 Home equity 3,857 4,166 4,254 45 — Total $ 132,431 $ 137,611 $ 147,339 $ 25,618 $ 167 Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was insignificant during the year ended December 31, 2020. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses for collateral dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. A loan is considered collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the loan is expected to be repaid substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The class of loan represents the primary collateral type associated with the loan. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loan: Type of Collateral (dollars in thousands) Real Blanket Investment Auto Other December 31, 2020 Commercial $ 8,976 $ 19,253 $ 5,379 $ 394 $ 893 Commercial Real Estate 60,844 472 1,137 — 13,685 BBCC 1,425 1,929 63 134 — Residential 24,794 — — — — Indirect — — — 2,529 — Direct 901 — 2 235 29 Home equity 4,254 — — — — Total loans $ 101,194 $ 21,654 $ 6,581 $ 3,292 $ 14,607 Loan Participations Old National has loan participations, which qualify as participating interests, with other financial institutions. At December 31, 2020, these loans totaled $1.043 billion, of which $478.9 million had been sold to other financial institutions and $563.6 million was retained by Old National. The loan participations convey proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder; involve no recourse (other than ordinary representations and warranties) to, or subordination by, any participating interest holder; all cash flows are divided among the participating interest holders in proportion to each holder’s share of ownership; and no holder has the right to pledge the entire financial asset unless all participating interest holders agree. Troubled Debt Restructurings Old National may choose to restructure the contractual terms of certain loans. The decision to restructure a loan, versus aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit Old National by increasing the ultimate probability of collection. Any loans that are modified are reviewed by Old National to identify if a TDR has occurred, which is when for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, Old National Bank grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Terms may be modified to fit the ability of the borrower to repay in line with its current financial status. The modification of the terms of such loans include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate of new debt with similar risk, or a permanent reduction of the recorded investment of the loan. Loans modified in a TDR are typically placed on nonaccrual status until we determine the future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate a period of performance according to the restructured terms for six months. If we are unable to resolve a nonperforming loan issue, the credit will be charged off when it is apparent there will be a loss. For large commercial type loans, each relationship is individually analyzed for evidence of apparent loss based on quantitative benchmarks or subjectively based upon certain events or particular circumstances. Generally, Old National charges off small commercial loans scored through our small business credit center with contractual balances under $250,000 that are 90 days or more delinquent and do not have adequate collateral support. For residential and consumer loans, a charge off is recorded at the time foreclosure is initiated or when the loan becomes 120 to 180 days past due, whichever is earlier. For commercial TDRs, an allocated reserve is established within the allowance for credit losses for the difference between the carrying value of the loan and its computed value. To determine the computed value of the loan, one of the following methods is selected: (1) the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (2) the loan’s observable market price, or (3) the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. The allocated reserve is established as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and the collectable value. If there are significant changes in the amount or timing of the loan’s expected future cash flows, impairment is recalculated and the valuation allowance is adjusted accordingly. When a residential or consumer loan is identified as a TDR, the loan is typically written down to its collateral value less selling costs. The following table presents activity in TDRs: (dollars in thousands) Beginning Balance (Charge-offs)/ Recoveries (Payments)/ Disbursements Additions Ending Balance Year Ended December 31, 2020 Commercial $ 12,412 $ 633 $ (4,557) $ 2,602 $ 11,090 Commercial real estate 14,277 4,801 (8,502) 7,030 17,606 BBCC 578 (19) (447) — 112 Residential 3,107 — (283) — 2,824 Indirect — 9 (9) — — Direct 983 23 (267) — 739 Home equity 381 3 (102) — 282 Total $ 31,738 $ 5,450 $ (14,167) $ 9,632 $ 32,653 TDRs included within nonaccrual loans totaled $14.9 million at December 31, 2020 and $13.8 million at December 31, 2019. Old National has allocated specific reserves to customers whose loan terms have been modified as TDRs totaling $1.6 million at December 31, 2020 and $0.9 million at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2020, Old National had not committed to lend any additional funds to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs, compared to $2.3 million at December 31, 2019. The pre-modification and post-modification outstanding recorded investments of loans modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 are the same except for when the loan modifications involve the forgiveness of principal. The following table presents loans modified as TDRs that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018: (dollars in thousands) Total Year Ended December 31, 2020 TDR: Number of loans 4 Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment $ 9,632 Post-modification outstanding recorded investment 9,632 Year Ended December 31, 2019 TDR: Number of loans 14 Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment $ 21,131 Post-modification outstanding recorded investment 21,131 Year Ended December 31, 2018 TDR: Number of loans 10 Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment $ 5,691 Post-modification outstanding recorded investment 5,691 The TDRs that occurred during 2020 increased the allowance for credit losses by $0.3 million and resulted in no charge-offs during 2020. The TDRs that occurred during 2019 increased the allowance for loan losses by $2.0 million and resulted in $3.9 million in charge-offs during 2019. The TDRs that occurred during 2018 did not have a material impact on the allowance for loan losses and resulted in no charge-offs during 2018. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the year were insignificant in 2020, 2019, and 2018. The terms of certain other loans were modified during 2020 and 2019 that did not meet the definition of a TDR. It is our process to review all classified and criticized loans that, during the period, have been renewed, have entered into a forbearance agreement, have gone from principal and interest to interest only, or have extended the maturity date. In orde |
