ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES | 7. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES The segments of the Company’s loan portfolio are disaggregated into classes that allows management to monitor risk and performance. The loan classes used are consistent with the internal reports evaluated by the Company’s management and Board of Directors to monitor risk and performance within various segments of its loan portfolio. The commercial loan segment includes both the commercial and industrial and the owner occupied commercial real estate loan classes while the remaining segments are not separated into classes as management monitors risk in these loans at the segment level. The residential mortgage loan segment is comprised of first lien amortizing residential mortgage loans and home equity loans secured by residential real estate. The consumer loan segment consists primarily of installment loans and overdraft lines of credit connected with customer deposit accounts. The following table summarizes the rollforward of the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment (in thousands). BALANCE AT CHARGE- PROVISION BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 OFFS RECOVERIES (CREDIT) DECEMBER 31, 2022 Commercial $ 3,071 $ (97) $ 4 $ (325) $ 2,653 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 6,392 (1,390) 54 916 5,972 Real estate − residential mortgage 1,590 (28) 19 (201) 1,380 Consumer 113 (334) 67 239 85 Allocation for general risk 1,232 — — (579) 653 Total $ 12,398 $ (1,849) $ 144 $ 50 $ 10,743 BALANCE AT CHARGE- PROVISION BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2020 OFFS RECOVERIES (CREDIT) DECEMBER 31, 2021 Commercial $ 3,472 $ (146) $ 89 $ (344) $ 3,071 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 5,373 — 51 968 6,392 Real estate − residential mortgage 1,292 (17) 49 266 1,590 Consumer 115 (131) 58 71 113 Allocation for general risk 1,093 — — 139 1,232 Total $ 11,345 $ (294) $ 247 $ 1,100 $ 12,398 BALANCE AT CHARGE- PROVISION BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2019 OFFS RECOVERIES (CREDIT) DECEMBER 31, 2020 Commercial $ 3,951 $ (111) $ 4 $ (372) $ 3,472 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 3,119 — 44 2,210 5,373 Real estate − residential mortgage 1,159 (233) 62 304 1,292 Consumer 126 (143) 68 64 115 Allocation for general risk 924 — — 169 1,093 Total $ 9,279 $ (487) $ 178 $ 2,375 $ 11,345 The $325,000 allowance for loan losses credit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 within the commercial portfolio was due to a lower level of criticized assets and, to a lesser extent, portfolio contraction. A $916,000 allowance for loan losses provision was recorded for the non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio as a result of the partial charge-down and transfer of one loan relationship into non-accrual status during the third quarter of the year while the borrower pursues the sale of the property. Additionally, the non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio was impacted by the risk rating downgrade of another loan relationship as well as portfolio growth. It is further noted that the allocation for general risk eased due to improvement in the qualitative adjustment as the economy demonstrated improvement coming out of the pandemic during 2022. The $344,000 allowance for loan losses credit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021 within the commercial portfolio was attributable to lower criticized commercial and industrial loans outstanding resulting from upgrades of certain credits originally impacted by the pandemic, as well as lower historical loss rates. While a $968,000 allowance for loan losses provision was recorded for the non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio which stemmed from overall portfolio growth as well as elevated classified commercial real estate balances. For the year ended December 31, 2020, a $372,000 allowance for loan losses credit was recognized for the commercial portfolio due to portfolio contraction, reduced classified asset levels, and lower historical loss factors. In addition, a $2.2 million allowance for loan losses provision was recorded for the non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio which resulted from overall portfolio growth coupled with escalated criticized asset levels driven primarily by pandemic related downgrades. The following tables summarize the loan portfolio and allowance for loan losses by the primary segments of the loan portfolio. AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 COMMERCIAL LOANS SECURED BY NON- REAL ESTATE − OWNER OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL Loans: COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE CONSUMER TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,989 $ 1,586 $ — $ — $ 3,575 Collectively evaluated for impairment 226,589 449,158 297,971 13,473 987,191 Total loans $ 228,578 $ 450,744 $ 297,971 $ 13,473 $ 990,766 AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 COMMERCIAL LOANS ALLOCATION SECURED BY NON- REAL ESTATE − FOR Allowance OWNER OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL GENERAL for loan losses: COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE CONSUMER RISK TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Specific reserve allocation $ 520 $ 3 $ — $ — $ — $ 523 General reserve allocation 2,133 5,969 1,380 85 653 10,220 Total allowance for loan losses $ 2,653 $ 5,972 $ 1,380 $ 85 $ 653 $ 10,743 AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 COMMERCIAL LOANS SECURED BY NON- REAL ESTATE − OWNER OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL Loans: COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE CONSUMER TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Individually evaluated for impairment $ 2,165 $ 5 $ — $ — $ 2,170 Collectively evaluated for impairment 248,972 430,820 287,996 15,096 982,884 Total loans $ 251,137 $ 430,825 $ 287,996 $ 15,096 $ 985,054 AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 COMMERCIAL LOANS ALLOCATION SECURED BY NON- REAL ESTATE − FOR Allowance OWNER OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL GENERAL for loan losses: COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE CONSUMER RISK TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Specific reserve allocation $ 628 $ 5 $ — $ — $ — $ 633 General reserve allocation 2,443 6,387 1,590 113 1,232 11,765 Total allowance for loan losses $ 3,071 $ 6,392 $ 1,590 $ 113 $ 1,232 $ 12,398 Management evaluates for possible impairment any individual loan in the commercial or commercial real estate segment that is in non-accrual status or classified as a Troubled Debt Restructure (TDR). In addition, consumer and residential mortgage loans with a balance of Once the determination has been made that a loan is impaired, the determination of whether a specific allocation of the allowance is necessary is measured by comparing the recorded investment in the loan to the fair value of the loan using one of three methods: (a) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (b) the loan’s observable market price; or (c) the fair value of the collateral less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. The method is selected on a loan-by-loan basis, with management primarily utilizing either the discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral method. The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allocation of the allowance and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made on a quarterly basis. The Company’s policy for recognizing interest income on impaired loans does not differ from its overall policy for interest recognition. The need for an updated appraisal on collateral dependent loans is determined on a case-by-case basis. The useful life of an appraisal or evaluation will vary depending upon the circumstances of the property and the economic conditions in the marketplace. A new appraisal is not required if there is an existing appraisal which, along with other information, is sufficient to determine a reasonable value for the property and to support an appropriate and adequate allowance for loan losses. At a minimum, annual documented reevaluation of the property is completed by the Bank’s internal Collections and Assigned Risk Department to support the value of the property. When reviewing an appraisal associated with an existing real estate collateral dependent transaction, the Bank’s internal Collections and Assigned Risk Department must determine if there have been material changes to the underlying assumptions in the appraisal which affect the original estimate of value. Some of the factors that could cause material changes to reported values include: ● the passage of time; ● the volatility of the local market; ● the availability of financing; ● natural disasters; ● the inventory of competing properties; ● new improvements to, or lack of maintenance of, the subject property or competing properties upon physical inspection by the Bank; ● changes in underlying economic and market assumptions, such as material changes in current and projected vacancy, absorption rates, capitalization rates, lease terms, rental rates, sales prices, concessions, construction overruns and delays, zoning changes, etc.; and/or ● environmental contamination. The value of the property is adjusted to appropriately reflect the above listed factors and the value is discounted to reflect the value impact of a forced or distressed sale, any outstanding senior liens, any outstanding unpaid real estate taxes, transfer taxes and closing costs that would occur with sale of the real estate. If the Collections and Assigned Risk Department personnel determine that a reasonable value cannot be derived based on available information, a new appraisal is ordered. The determination of the need for a new appraisal, versus completion of a property valuation by the Bank’s Collections and Assigned Risk Department personnel, rests with the Collections and Assigned Risk Department and not the originating account officer. The following tables present impaired loans by portfolio segment, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not necessary. AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 IMPAIRED LOANS WITH IMPAIRED LOANS WITH NO SPECIFIC SPECIFIC ALLOWANCE ALLOWANCE TOTAL IMPAIRED LOANS UNPAID RECORDED RELATED RECORDED RECORDED PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT ALLOWANCE INVESTMENT INVESTMENT BALANCE (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial $ 1,989 $ 520 $ — $ 1,989 $ 2,240 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 3 3 1,583 1,586 1,643 Total impaired loans $ 1,992 $ 523 $ 1,583 $ 3,575 $ 3,883 AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 IMPAIRED LOANS WITH IMPAIRED LOANS WITH NO SPECIFIC SPECIFIC ALLOWANCE ALLOWANCE TOTAL IMPAIRED LOANS UNPAID RECORDED RELATED RECORDED RECORDED PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT ALLOWANCE INVESTMENT INVESTMENT BALANCE (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial $ 2,165 $ 628 $ — $ 2,165 $ 2,260 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 5 5 — 5 27 Total impaired loans $ 2,170 $ 633 $ — $ 2,170 $ 2,287 The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans and related interest income recognized for the periods indicated. YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 2021 2020 (IN THOUSANDS) Average impaired balance: Commercial $ 2,062 $ 2,301 $ 839 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 805 7 8 Average investment in impaired loans $ 2,867 $ 2,308 $ 847 Interest income recognized: Commercial $ — $ 15 $ 38 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate — — — Interest income recognized on a cash basis on impaired loans $ — $ 15 $ 38 Management uses a nine-point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first six categories are considered not criticized. The first five “Pass” categories are aggregated, while the Pass-6, Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful categories are disaggregated to separate pools. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The Special Mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are potentially weak, resulting in an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a Substandard classification. Loans in the Substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. All loans greater than 90 days past due, or for which any portion of the loan represents a specific allocation of the allowance for loan losses are placed in Substandard or Doubtful. To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Company has a structured loan rating process, which dictates that, at a minimum, credit reviews are mandatory for all commercial and commercial mortgage loan relationships with aggregate balances in excess of $1,000,000 within a 12-month period. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as bankruptcy, delinquency, or death occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Company’s commercial relationship managers are responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in their portfolios at origination and on an ongoing basis. Risk ratings are assigned by the account officer, but require independent review and rating concurrence from the Company’s internal Loan Review Department. The Loan Review Department is an experienced, independent function which reports directly to the Board’s Audit Committee. The scope of commercial portfolio coverage by the Loan Review Department is defined and presented to the Audit Committee for approval on an annual basis. The approved scope of coverage for 2022 required review of approximately 40% of the commercial loan portfolio. In addition to loan monitoring by the account officer and Loan Review Department, the Company also requires presentation of all credits rated Pass-6 with aggregate balances greater than $2,000,000, all credits rated Special Mention or Substandard The following table presents the classes of the commercial and commercial real estate loan portfolios summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful within the internal risk rating system. AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 SPECIAL PASS MENTION SUBSTANDARD DOUBTFUL TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial and industrial $ 148,361 $ — $ 5,037 $ — $ 153,398 Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) 22 — — — 22 Commercial loans secured by owner occupied real estate 74,187 — 971 — 75,158 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 423,486 11,015 16,240 3 450,744 Total $ 646,056 $ 11,015 $ 22,248 $ 3 $ 679,322 AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 SPECIAL PASS MENTION SUBSTANDARD DOUBTFUL TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial and industrial $ 125,079 $ 6,722 $ 738 $ 1,643 $ 134,182 Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) 17,311 — — — 17,311 Commercial loans secured by owner occupied real estate 98,271 297 1,076 — 99,644 Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 399,104 19,322 12,394 5 430,825 Total $ 639,765 $ 26,341 $ 14,208 $ 1,648 $ 681,962 It is generally the policy of the Bank that the outstanding balance of any residential mortgage loan that exceeds 90-days past due as to principal and/or interest is transferred to non-accrual status and an evaluation is completed to determine the fair value of the collateral less selling costs, unless the balance is minor. A charge-down is recorded for any deficiency balance determined from the collateral evaluation. The remaining non-accrual balance is reported as impaired with no specific allowance. It is generally the policy of the Bank that the outstanding balance of any consumer loan that exceeds 90-days past due as to principal and/or interest is charged-off. The following tables present the performing and non-performing outstanding balances of the residential and consumer portfolio classes. AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 NON- PERFORMING PERFORMING TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Real estate – residential mortgage $ 296,401 $ 1,570 $ 297,971 Consumer 13,457 16 13,473 Total $ 309,858 $ 1,586 $ 311,444 AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 NON- PERFORMING PERFORMING TOTAL (IN THOUSANDS) Real estate – residential mortgage $ 286,843 $ 1,153 $ 287,996 Consumer 15,096 — 15,096 Total $ 301,939 $ 1,153 $ 303,092 Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and non-accrual loans. AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 90 DAYS 30 – 59 60 – 89 PAST DUE DAYS DAYS 90 DAYS TOTAL TOTAL AND STILL CURRENT PAST DUE PAST DUE PAST DUE PAST DUE LOANS ACCRUING (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial and industrial $ 152,314 $ 797 $ 287 $ — $ 1,084 $ 153,398 $ — Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) 22 — — — — 22 — Commercial loans secured by owner occupied real estate 74,960 198 — — 198 75,158 — Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 446,809 3,935 — — 3,935 450,744 — Real estate – residential mortgage 295,790 489 422 1,270 2,181 297,971 — Consumer 13,290 60 114 9 183 13,473 — Total $ 983,185 $ 5,479 $ 823 $ 1,279 $ 7,581 $ 990,766 $ — AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 90 DAYS 30 – 59 60 – 89 PAST DUE DAYS DAYS 90 DAYS TOTAL TOTAL AND STILL CURRENT PAST DUE PAST DUE PAST DUE PAST DUE LOANS ACCRUING (IN THOUSANDS) Commercial and industrial $ 133,918 $ 14 $ 250 $ — $ 264 $ 134,182 $ — Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) 17,311 — — — — 17,311 — Commercial loans secured by owner occupied real estate 99,454 — 190 — 190 99,644 — Commercial loans secured by non-owner occupied real estate 428,790 2,035 — — 2,035 430,825 — Real estate – residential mortgage 283,178 2,449 1,240 1,129 4,818 287,996 — Consumer 14,938 151 7 — 158 15,096 — Total $ 977,589 $ 4,649 $ 1,687 $ 1,129 $ 7,465 $ 985,054 $ — An allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) is maintained to support loan growth and cover charge-offs from the loan portfolio. The ALL is based on management’s continuing evaluation of the risk characteristics and credit quality of the loan portfolio, assessment of current economic conditions, diversification and size of the portfolio, adequacy of collateral, past and anticipated loss experience, and the amount of non-performing loans. Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment are analyzed with general allowances being made as appropriate. For general allowances, historical loss trends are used in the estimation of losses in the current portfolio. These historical loss amounts are complemented by consideration of other qualitative factors. Management tracks the historical net charge-off activity at each risk rating grade level for the entire commercial portfolio and at the aggregate level for the consumer, residential mortgage and small business portfolios. A historical charge-off factor is calculated utilizing a rolling 12 consecutive historical quarters for the commercial portfolios. This historical charge-off factor for the consumer, residential mortgage and small business portfolios are based on a three-year historical average of actual loss experience. The Company uses a comprehensive methodology and procedural discipline to maintain an ALL to absorb inherent losses in the loan portfolio. The Company believes this is a critical accounting policy since it involves significant estimates and judgments. The allowance consists of three elements: (1) an allowance established on specifically identified problem loans, (2) formula driven general reserves established for loan categories based upon historical loss experience and other qualitative factors which include delinquency, non-performing and TDR loans, loan trends, economic trends, concentrations of credit, trends in loan volume, experience and depth of management, examination and audit results, effects of any changes in lending policies, and trends in policy, financial information, and documentation exceptions, and (3) a general risk reserve which provides support for variance from our assessment of the previously listed qualitative factors, provides protection against credit risks resulting from other inherent risk factors contained in the Company’s loan portfolio, and recognizes the model and estimation risk associated with the specific and formula driven allowances. The qualitative factors used in the formula driven general reserves are evaluated quarterly (and revised if necessary) by the Company’s management to establish allocations which accommodate each of the listed risk factors. “Pass” rated credits are segregated from “Criticized” and “Classified” credits for the application of qualitative factors. Management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ALL. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ALL. |