Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities | Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; that is, an exit price. The exit price assumes the asset or liability is not exchanged subject to a forced liquidation or distressed sale. Valuation Hierarchy The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used by the Company’s valuation techniques. A level is assigned to each fair value measurement based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date. Level 2 Prices or valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 3 Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Assets Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities: Corporate debt securities $ — $ 13,139 $ 1,235 $ 14,374 Residential mortgage backed securities — 3,054 21 3,075 Commercial mortgage backed securities — 2,133 3 2,136 State and municipal obligations — 1,149 — 1,149 Asset backed securities — 643 133 776 Foreign government bonds and obligations — 223 — 223 U.S. government and agencies obligations 4 35 — 39 Total Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities 4 20,376 1,392 21,772 Common stocks 3 4 — 7 Cash equivalents 48 285 — 333 Other assets: Interest rate derivative contracts — 1,882 — 1,882 Equity derivative contracts 92 1,477 — 1,569 Credit derivative contracts — 2 — 2 Foreign exchange derivative contracts 1 54 — 55 Total other assets 93 3,415 — 3,508 Separate account assets — 76,004 — 76,004 Total assets at fair value $ 148 $ 100,084 $ 1,392 $ 101,624 Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: EIA embedded derivatives $ — $ 5 $ — $ 5 IUL embedded derivatives — — 364 364 GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives — — 851 851 (1) Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims — 5 1,215 1,220 (2) Other liabilities: Interest rate derivative contracts — 948 — 948 Equity derivative contracts 45 1,930 — 1,975 Foreign exchange derivative contracts 1 16 — 17 Total other liabilities 46 2,894 — 2,940 Total liabilities at fair value $ 46 $ 2,899 $ 1,215 $ 4,160 (1) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $994 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $143 million of individual contracts in an asset position. (2) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $398 million cumulative decrease to the embedded derivatives. December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Assets Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities: Corporate debt securities $ — $ 13,830 $ 1,353 $ 15,183 Residential mortgage backed securities — 3,483 9 3,492 Commercial mortgage backed securities — 2,138 90 2,228 State and municipal obligations — 1,113 — 1,113 Asset backed securities — 786 151 937 Foreign government bonds and obligations — 251 — 251 U.S. government and agencies obligations 4 35 — 39 Total Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities 4 21,636 1,603 23,243 Common stocks 3 3 1 7 Cash equivalents 1 235 — 236 Other assets: Interest rate derivative contracts — 1,955 — 1,955 Equity derivative contracts 282 1,711 — 1,993 Foreign exchange derivative contracts — 29 — 29 Total other assets 282 3,695 — 3,977 Separate account assets — 79,178 — 79,178 Total assets at fair value $ 290 $ 104,747 $ 1,604 $ 106,641 Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: EIA embedded derivatives $ — $ 6 $ — $ 6 IUL embedded derivatives — — 242 242 GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives — — 479 479 (1) Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims — 6 721 727 (2) Other liabilities: Interest rate derivative contracts — 1,136 — 1,136 Equity derivative contracts 376 2,286 — 2,662 Foreign exchange derivative contracts — 2 — 2 Other derivative contracts — 11 — 11 Total other liabilities 376 3,435 — 3,811 Total liabilities at fair value $ 376 $ 3,441 $ 721 $ 4,538 (1) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $700 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $221 million of individual contracts in an asset position. (2) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $311 million cumulative decrease to the embedded derivatives. The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total Common Stocks (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2015 $ 1,353 $ 9 $ 90 $ 151 $ 1,603 $ 1 Total gains (losses) included in: Net income (1 ) — — 1 — (1) — Other comprehensive loss (21 ) — — (2 ) (23 ) (1 ) Purchases 153 67 32 16 268 — Settlements (238 ) (4 ) (7 ) (2 ) (251 ) — Transfers into Level 3 — — 6 14 20 — Transfers out of Level 3 (11 ) (51 ) (118 ) (45 ) (225 ) — Balance, December 31, 2015 $ 1,235 $ 21 $ 3 $ 133 $ 1,392 $ — Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2015 included in: Net investment income $ (1 ) $ — $ — $ 1 $ — $ — (1) Included in net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Policyholder Account Balances, IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2015 $ 242 $ 479 $ 721 Total losses included in: Net income 27 (1) 105 (2) 132 Issues 114 271 385 Settlements (19 ) (4 ) (23 ) Balance, December 31, 2015 $ 364 $ 851 $ 1,215 Changes in unrealized losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2015 included in: Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses $ — $ 127 $ 127 Interest credited to fixed accounts 27 — 27 (1) Included in interest credited to fixed accounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income. (2) Included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total Common Stocks (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2014 $ 1,516 $ 58 $ 30 $ 218 $ 1,822 $ — Total gains (losses) included in: Net income — — 1 1 2 (1) — Other comprehensive income (1 ) — (3 ) 3 (1 ) — Purchases 139 11 39 — 189 1 Sales (17 ) — — — (17 ) — Settlements (276 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ) (282 ) — Transfers into Level 3 — — 78 — 78 1 Transfers out of Level 3 (8 ) (57 ) (54 ) (69 ) (188 ) (1 ) Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 1,353 $ 9 $ 90 $ 151 $ 1,603 $ 1 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2014 included in: Net investment income $ (1 ) $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ — (1) Represents a $1 million gain included in net investment income and a $1 million gain in net realized investment gains in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2014 $ 125 $ (575 ) $ (450 ) Total losses included in: Net income 40 (1) 811 (2) 851 Issues 90 254 344 Settlements (13 ) (11 ) (24 ) Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 242 $ 479 $ 721 Changes in unrealized losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2014 included in: Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses $ — $ 811 $ 811 Interest credited to fixed accounts 40 — 40 (1) Included in interest credited to fixed accounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income. (2) Included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2013 $ 1,654 $ 23 $ 170 $ 156 $ 2,003 Total gains (losses) included in: Net income (1 ) — — 2 1 (1) Other comprehensive loss (41 ) — (6 ) 10 (37 ) Purchases 120 87 15 68 290 Settlements (216 ) (9 ) — (2 ) (227 ) Transfers out of Level 3 — (43 ) (149 ) (16 ) (208 ) Balance, December 31, 2013 $ 1,516 $ 58 $ 30 $ 218 $ 1,822 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2013 included in: Net investment income $ (1 ) $ — $ — $ 2 $ 1 (1) Included in net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Policyholder Account Balances, IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2013 $ 45 $ 833 $ 878 Total (gains) losses included in: Net income 19 (1) (1,617 ) (2) (1,598 ) Issues 62 228 290 Settlements (1 ) (19 ) (20 ) Balance, December 31, 2013 $ 125 $ (575 ) $ (450 ) Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2013 included in: Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses $ — $ (1,598 ) $ (1,598 ) Interest credited to fixed accounts 19 — 19 (1) Included in interest credited to fixed accounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income. (2) Included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The increase (decrease) to pretax income of the Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk on the fair value of its embedded derivatives was $74 million , $124 million and $(168) million , net of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual, for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Securities transferred from Level 3 primarily represent securities with fair values that are now obtained from a third party pricing service with observable inputs. Securities transferred to Level 3 represent securities with fair values that are now based on a single non-binding broker quote. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the beginning of the quarter in which each transfer occurred. For assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting periods that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. The following tables provide a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of Level 3 assets and liabilities: December 31, 2015 Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average (in millions) Corporate debt securities $ 1,221 Discounted cash flow Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries 1.1 % - 3.8% 1.6% IUL embedded derivatives $ 364 Discounted cash flow Nonperformance risk (1) 68 bps GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives $ 851 Discounted cash flow Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (2) 0.0 % - 75.6% Surrender rate 0.0 % - 59.1% Market volatility (3) 5.4 % - 21.5% Nonperformance risk (1) 68 bps December 31, 2014 Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average (in millions) Corporate debt securities $ 1,311 Discounted cash flow Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries 1.0 % - 3.9% 1.5% IUL embedded derivatives $ 242 Discounted cash flow Nonperformance risk (1) 65 bps GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives $ 479 Discounted cash flow Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (2) 0.0 % - 51.1% Surrender rate 0.0 % - 59.1% Market volatility (3) 5.2 % - 20.9% Nonperformance risk (1) 65 bps Elective contractholder strategy allocations (4) 0.0 % - 3.0% (1) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the observable interest rates used in the valuation of the embedded derivatives. (2) The utilization of guaranteed withdrawals represents the percentage of contractholders that will begin withdrawing in any given year. (3) Market volatility is implied volatility of fund of funds and managed volatility funds. (4) The elective allocation represents the percentage of contractholders that are assumed to electively switch their investment allocation to a different allocation model. As the contractholder experience of related elective strategy allocations reached the ultimate expected levels in 2015, the Company is no longer including this input in the fair value measurement effective September 30, 2015. Level 3 measurements not included in the table above are obtained from non-binding broker quotes where unobservable inputs are not reasonably available to the Company. Sensitivity of Fair Value Measurements to Changes in Unobservable Inputs Significant increases (decreases) in the yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 corporate debt securities in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk used in the fair value measurement of the IUL embedded derivatives in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in utilization and volatility used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) liability value. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender rate used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals and surrender rates vary with the type of rider, the duration of the policy, the age of the contractholder, the distribution system and whether the value of the guaranteed benefit exceeds the contract accumulation value. Determination of Fair Value The Company uses valuation techniques consistent with the market and income approaches to measure the fair value of its assets and liabilities. The Company’s market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The Company’s income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future projected cash flows to a single discounted present value amount. When applying either approach, the Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value and the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy. Assets Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. Actively traded money market funds are measured at their NAV and classified as Level 1. The Company’s remaining cash equivalents are classified as Level 2 and measured at amortized cost, which is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the short time between the purchase of the instrument and its expected realization. Available-for-Sale Securities When available, the fair value of securities is based on quoted prices in active markets. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are obtained from third party pricing services, non-binding broker quotes, or other model-based valuation techniques. Level 1 securities primarily include U.S. Treasuries. Level 2 securities primarily include corporate bonds, residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities, state and municipal obligations, asset backed securities and U.S. agency and foreign government securities. The fair value of these Level 2 securities is based on a market approach with prices obtained from third party pricing services. Observable inputs used to value these securities can include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads and non-binding broker quotes. Level 3 securities primarily include certain corporate bonds, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities and asset backed securities. The fair value of corporate bonds, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities and certain asset backed securities classified as Level 3 is typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. The underlying inputs used for some of the non-binding broker quotes are not readily available to the Company. The Company’s privately placed corporate bonds are typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. In addition to the general pricing controls, the Company reviews the broker prices to ensure that the broker quotes are reasonable and, when available, compares prices of privately issued securities to public issues from the same issuer to ensure that the implicit illiquidity premium applied to the privately placed investment is reasonable considering investment characteristics, maturity, and average life of the investment. In consideration of the above, management is responsible for the fair values recorded on the financial statements. Prices received from third party pricing services are subjected to exception reporting that identifies investments with significant daily price movements as well as no movements. The Company reviews the exception reporting and resolves the exceptions through reaffirmation of the price or recording an appropriate fair value estimate. The Company also performs subsequent transaction testing. The Company performs annual due diligence of third party pricing services. The Company’s due diligence procedures include assessing the vendor’s valuation qualifications, control environment, analysis of asset-class specific valuation methodologies, and understanding of sources of market observable assumptions and unobservable assumptions, if any, employed in the valuation methodology. The Company also considers the results of its exception reporting controls and any resulting price challenges that arise. Separate Account Assets The fair value of assets held by separate accounts is determined by the NAV of the funds in which those separate accounts are invested. The NAV represents the exit price for the separate account. Separate account assets are classified as Level 2 as they are traded in principal-to-principal markets with little publicly released pricing information. Other Assets Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded, are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active over-the-counter (“OTC”) markets is generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps and the majority of options. Other derivative contracts consist of the Company's macro hedge program. See Note 17 for further information on the macro hedge program. The counterparties’ nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative assets was immaterial at December 31, 2015 and 2014 . See Note 16 and Note 17 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral. Liabilities Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims The Company values the embedded derivatives attributable to the provisions of certain variable annuity riders using internal valuation models. These models calculate fair value by discounting expected cash flows from benefits plus margins for profit, risk and expenses less embedded derivative fees. The projected cash flows used by these models include observable capital market assumptions and incorporate significant unobservable inputs related to contractholder behavior assumptions, implied volatility, and margins for risk, profit and expenses that the Company believes an exit market participant would expect. The fair value also reflects a current estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk specific to these embedded derivatives. Given the significant unobservable inputs to this valuation, these measurements are classified as Level 3. The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims. The Company uses various Black-Scholes calculations to determine the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with the provisions of its EIA and IUL products. Significant inputs to the EIA calculation include observable interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and, therefore, are classified as Level 2. The fair value of the IUL embedded derivatives includes significant observable interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and the significant unobservable estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk. Given the significance of the nonperformance risk assumption to the fair value, the IUL embedded derivatives are classified as Level 3. The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims. The Company’s Corporate Actuarial Department calculates the fair value of the embedded derivatives on a monthly basis. During this process, control checks are performed to validate the completeness of the data. Actuarial management approves various components of the valuation along with the final results. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is reviewed monthly with senior management. The Level 3 inputs into the valuation are consistent with the pricing assumptions and updated as experience develops. Significant unobservable inputs that reflect policyholder behavior are reviewed quarterly along with other valuation assumptions. Other Liabilities Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded, are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active OTC markets are generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps and the majority of options. Other derivative contracts consist of the Company's macro hedge program. See Note 17 for further information on the macro hedge program. The Company’s nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative liabilities was immaterial at December 31, 2015 and 2014 . See Note 16 and Note 17 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral. During the reporting periods, there were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The following tables provide the carrying value and the estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not reported at fair value. All other financial instruments that are reported at fair value have been included above in the table with balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. December 31, 2015 Carrying Fair Value Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Financial Assets Mortgage loans, net $ 3,211 $ — $ — $ 3,254 $ 3,254 Policy loans 823 — — 803 803 Other investments 463 — 416 33 449 Financial Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims $ 11,523 $ — $ — $ 12,424 $ 12,424 Short-term borrowings 200 — 200 — 200 Other liabilities 117 — — 113 113 Separate account liabilities 360 — 360 — 360 December 31, 2014 Carrying Fair Value Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Financial Assets Mortgage loans, net $ 3,298 $ — $ — $ 3,413 $ 3,413 Policy loans 805 — — 793 793 Other investments 463 — 403 55 458 Financial Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims $ 12,979 $ — $ — $ 13,996 $ 13,996 Short-term borrowings 200 — 200 — 200 Other liabilities 124 — — 121 121 Separate account liabilities 400 — 400 — 400 Mortgage Loans, Net The fair value of commercial mortgage loans, except those with significant credit deterioration, is determined by discounting contractual cash flows using discount rates that reflect current pricing for loans with similar remaining maturities, liquidity and characteristics including LTV ratio, occupancy rate, refinance risk, debt service coverage, location, and property condition. For commercial mortgage loans with significant credit deterioration, fair value is determined using the same adjustments as above with an additional adjustment for the Company’s estimate of the amount recoverable on the loan. The fair value of residential mortgage loans is determined by discounting estimated cash flows and incorporating adjustments for prepayment, administration expenses, loss severity and credit loss estimates, with discount rates based on the Company’s estimate of current market conditions. Given the significant unobservable inputs to the valuation of mortgage loans, these measurements are classified as Level 3. Policy Loans Policy loans represent loans made against the cash surrender value of the underlying life insurance or annuity product. These loans and the related interest are usually realized at death of the policyholder or contractholder or at surrender of the contract and are not transferable without the underlying insurance or annuity contract. The fair value of policy loans is determined by estimating expected cash flows discounted at rates based on the U.S. Treasury curve. Policy loans are classified as Level 3 as the discount rate used may be adjusted for the underlying performance of individual policies. Other Investments Other investments primarily consist of syndicated loans and an investment in FHLB. The fair value of syndicated loans is obtained from a third party pricing service or non-binding broker quotes. Syndicated loans that are priced using a market approach with observable inputs are classified as Level 2 and syndicated loans priced using a single non-binding broker quote are classified as Level 3. The fair value of the investment in FHLB is approximated by the carrying value and classified as Level 3 due to restrictions on transfer and lack of liquidity in the primary market for this asset. Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims The fair value of fixed annuities in deferral status is determined by discounting cash flows using a risk neutral discount rate with adjustments for profit margin, expense margin, early policy surrender behavior, a margin for adverse deviation from estimated early policy surrender behavior and the Company’s nonperformance risk specific to these liabilities. The fair value of non-life contingent fixed annuities in payout status, EIA host contracts and the fixed portion of a small number of variable annuity contracts classified as investment contracts is determined in a similar manner. Given the use of significant unobservable inputs to these valuations, the measurements are classified as Level 3. Short-term Borrowings The fair value of short-term borrowings is obtained from a third party pricing service. A nonperformance adjustment is not included as collateral requirements for these borrowings minimize the nonperformance risk. The fair value of short-term borrowings is classified as Level 2. Other Liabilities Other liabilities consist of future funding commitments to affordable housing partnerships. The fair value of these future funding commitments is determined by discounting cash flows. The fair value of these commitments includes an adjustment for the Company’s nonperformance risk and is classified as Level 3 due to the use of the significant unobservable input. Separate Account Liabilities Certain separate account liabilities are classified as investment contracts and are carried at an amount equal to the related separate account assets. The NAV of the related separate account assets represents the exit price for the separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are classified as Level 2 as they are traded in principal-to-principal markets with little publicly released pricing information. A nonperformance adjustment is not included as the related separate account assets act as collateral for these liabilities and minimize nonperformance risk. |