Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities | Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; that is, an exit price. The exit price assumes the asset or liability is not exchanged subject to a forced liquidation or distressed sale. Valuation Hierarchy The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used by the Company’s valuation techniques. A level is assigned to each fair value measurement based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date. Level 2 Prices or valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 3 Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Assets Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities: Corporate debt securities $ — $ 11,520 $ 871 $ 12,391 Residential mortgage backed securities — 2,807 64 2,871 Commercial mortgage backed securities — 3,652 — 3,652 State and municipal obligations — 1,283 — 1,283 Asset backed securities — 671 374 1,045 Foreign government bonds and obligations — 285 — 285 U.S. government and agency obligations 1 — — 1 Total Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities 1 20,218 1,309 21,528 Cash equivalents — 1,000 — 1,000 Other assets: Interest rate derivative contracts — 789 — 789 Equity derivative contracts 189 1,515 — 1,704 Foreign exchange derivative contracts — 54 — 54 Total other assets 189 2,358 — 2,547 Separate account assets at net asset value (“NAV”) 73,393 (1) Total assets at fair value $ 190 $ 23,576 $ 1,309 $ 98,468 Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: Indexed annuity embedded derivatives $ — $ 3 $ 14 $ 17 IUL embedded derivatives — — 628 628 GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives — — 328 328 (2) Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims — 3 970 973 (3) Other liabilities: Interest rate derivative contracts — 422 — 422 Equity derivative contracts 77 1,901 — 1,978 Foreign exchange derivative contracts 2 32 — 34 Credit derivative contracts — 18 — 18 Total other liabilities 79 2,373 — 2,452 Total liabilities at fair value $ 79 $ 2,376 $ 970 $ 3,425 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Assets Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities: Corporate debt securities $ — $ 12,161 $ 1,072 $ 13,233 Residential mortgage backed securities — 2,924 87 3,011 Commercial mortgage backed securities — 3,569 — 3,569 State and municipal obligations — 1,314 — 1,314 Asset backed securities — 728 — 728 Foreign government bonds and obligations — 299 — 299 U.S. government and agency obligations 1 — — 1 Total Available-for-Sale securities: Fixed maturities 1 20,995 1,159 22,155 Cash equivalents — 1,030 — 1,030 Other assets: Interest rate derivative contracts — 1,081 — 1,081 Equity derivative contracts 62 2,305 — 2,367 Foreign exchange derivative contracts 1 34 — 35 Total other assets 63 3,420 — 3,483 Separate account assets at NAV 82,560 (1) Total assets at fair value $ 64 $ 25,445 $ 1,159 $ 109,228 Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: Indexed annuity embedded derivatives $ — $ 5 $ — $ 5 IUL embedded derivatives — — 601 601 GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives — — (49 ) (49 ) (4) Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims — 5 552 557 (5) Other liabilities: Interest rate derivative contracts 1 414 — 415 Equity derivative contracts 5 2,666 — 2,671 Foreign exchange derivative contracts — 23 — 23 Credit derivative contracts — 2 — 2 Total other liabilities 6 3,105 — 3,111 Total liabilities at fair value $ 6 $ 3,110 $ 552 $ 3,668 (1) Amounts are comprised of certain financial instruments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. (2) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $646 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $318 million of individual contracts in an asset position as of December 31, 2018 . (3) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $(726) million cumulative increase (decrease) to the embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2018 . (4) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $443 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $492 million of individual contracts in an asset position as of December 31, 2017 . (5) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $(399) million cumulative increase (decrease) to the embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2017 . The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Other Derivative Contracts Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2018 $ 1,072 $ 87 $ — $ — $ 1,159 $ — Total gains (losses) included in: Net income (1 ) — — — (1 ) (1) (3 ) (2) Other comprehensive income (loss) (26 ) 1 — 3 (22 ) — Purchases 15 — 12 381 408 3 Settlements (189 ) (6 ) — — (195 ) — Transfers out of Level 3 — (18 ) (12 ) (10 ) (40 ) — Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 871 $ 64 $ — $ 374 $ 1,309 $ — Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2018 $ (1 ) $ — $ — $ — $ (1 ) (1) $ — Policyholder Account Balances, Indexed Annuity Embedded Derivatives IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2018 $ — $ 601 $ (49 ) $ 552 Total (gains) losses included in: Net income (3 ) (3) (9 ) (3) 49 (2) 37 Issues 17 90 350 457 Settlements — (54 ) (22 ) (76 ) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 14 $ 628 $ 328 $ 970 Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2018 $ — $ (9 ) (3) $ 47 (2) $ 38 Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Common Stocks Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2017 $ 1,157 $ 115 $ — $ 13 $ 1,285 $ — Total gains (losses) included in: Net income 1 — — — 1 (1) — Other comprehensive income (loss) (8 ) 1 — — (7 ) — Purchases 124 67 36 49 276 — Settlements (202 ) (7 ) — (13 ) (222 ) — Transfers into Level 3 — — — 11 11 4 Transfers out of Level 3 — (89 ) (36 ) (60 ) (185 ) (4 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 1,072 $ 87 $ — $ — $ 1,159 $ — Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2017 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 1 (1) $ — Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2017 $ 464 $ 614 $ 1,078 Total (gains) losses included in: Net income 87 (3) (977 ) (2) (890 ) Issues 92 326 418 Settlements (42 ) (12 ) (54 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 601 $ (49 ) $ 552 Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2017 $ 87 (3) $ (946 ) (2) $ (859 ) Available-for-Sale Securities: Fixed Maturities Other Derivative Contracts Corporate Residential Commercial Asset Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2016 $ 1,235 $ 21 $ 3 $ 133 $ 1,392 $ — Total gains (losses) included in: Net income 1 — — 1 2 (1) (2 ) (2) Other comprehensive income (loss) (1 ) (1 ) — — (2 ) — Purchases 47 134 42 — 223 2 Settlements (126 ) (9 ) (3 ) (1 ) (139 ) — Transfers into Level 3 1 — — 12 13 — Transfers out of Level 3 — (30 ) (42 ) (132 ) (204 ) — Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 1,157 $ 115 $ — $ 13 $ 1,285 $ — Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2016 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ 1 (1) $ (2 ) (2) Policyholder Account Balances, IUL GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives Total (in millions) Balance, January 1, 2016 $ 364 $ 851 $ 1,215 Total (gains) losses included in: Net income 13 (3) (511 ) (2) (498 ) Issues 115 295 410 Settlements (28 ) (21 ) (49 ) Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 464 $ 614 $ 1,078 Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2016 $ 13 (3) $ (448 ) (2) $ (435 ) (1) Included in net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. (2) Included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. (3) Included in interest credited to fixed accounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The increase (decrease) to pretax income of the Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk on the fair value of its embedded derivatives was $281 million , $(71) million and $98 million , net of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual, for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Securities transferred from Level 3 primarily represent securities with fair values that are now obtained from a third-party pricing service with observable inputs. Securities transferred to Level 3 represent securities with fair values that are now based on a single non-binding broker quote. The following tables provide a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of Level 3 assets and liabilities: December 31, 2018 Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average (in millions) Corporate debt securities $ 871 Discounted cash flow Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries 1.0% - 3.6% 1.5 % Asset backed securities $ 374 Discounted cash flow Annual default rate 2.5% Loss severity 25.0% Yield/spread to swap rates 85 bps - 115 bps 87 bps IUL embedded derivatives $ 628 Discounted cash flow Nonperformance risk (1) 119 bps Indexed annuity embedded derivatives $ 14 Discounted cash flow Surrender rate 0.0% - 50.0% Nonperformance risk (1) 119 bps GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives $ 328 Discounted cash flow Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (2) 0.0% - 36.0% Surrender rate 0.1% - 73.4% Market volatility (3) 4.0% - 16.1% Nonperformance risk (1) 119 bps December 31, 2017 Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average (in millions) Corporate debt securities (private placements) $ 1,070 Discounted cash flow Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries 0.7 % - 2.3% 1.1 % IUL embedded derivatives $ 601 Discounted cash flow Nonperformance risk (1) 71 bps GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives $ (49 ) Discounted cash flow Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (2) 0.0 % - 42.0% Surrender rate 0.1 % - 74.7% Market volatility (3) 3.7 % - 16.1% Nonperformance risk (1) 71 bps (1) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the observable interest rates used in the valuation of the embedded derivatives. (2) The utilization of guaranteed withdrawals represents the percentage of contractholders that will begin withdrawing in any given year. (3) Market volatility is implied volatility of fund of funds and managed volatility funds. Level 3 measurements not included in the table above are obtained from non-binding broker quotes where unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value calculation are not reasonably available to the Company. Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements Significant increases (decreases) in the yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 corporate debt securities in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the annual default rate used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 asset backed securities in isolation, generally, would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement and significant increases (decreases) in loss severity in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the yield/spread to swap rates in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk used in the fair value measurement of the IUL embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender rate used in the fair value measurement of the indexed annuity embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Significant increases (decreases) in utilization and volatility used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) liability value. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender rate used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals and surrender rates vary with the type of rider, the duration of the policy, the age of the contractholder, the distribution channel and whether the value of the guaranteed benefit exceeds the contract accumulation value. Determination of Fair Value The Company uses valuation techniques consistent with the market and income approaches to measure the fair value of its assets and liabilities. The Company’s market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The Company’s income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future projected cash flows to a single discounted present value amount. When applying either approach, the Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value and the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy. Assets Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of 90 days or less. The Company’s cash equivalents are classified as Level 2 and measured at amortized cost, which is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the short time between the purchase of the instrument and its expected realization. Available-for-Sale Securities When available, the fair value of securities is based on quoted prices in active markets. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are obtained from third-party pricing services, non-binding broker quotes, or other model-based valuation techniques. Level 1 securities primarily include U.S. Treasuries. Level 2 securities primarily include corporate bonds, residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities, state and municipal obligations, asset backed securities and foreign government securities. The fair value of these Level 2 securities is based on a market approach with prices obtained from third-party pricing services. Observable inputs used to value these securities can include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads and non-binding broker quotes. Level 3 securities primarily include certain corporate bonds, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities and affiliated and unaffiliated asset backed securities. The fair value of corporate bonds, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities and unaffiliated asset backed securities classified as Level 3 is typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. The underlying inputs used for some of the non-binding broker quotes are not readily available to the Company. The Company’s privately placed corporate bonds are typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. The fair value of affiliated asset backed securities is determined using a discounted cash flow model. Inputs used to determine the expected cash flows include assumptions about discount rates and default, prepayment and recovery rates of the underlying assets. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs to this fair value measurement, the fair value of the investment in the affiliated asset backed securities is classified as Level 3. In consideration of the above, management is responsible for the fair values recorded on the financial statements. Prices received from third-party pricing services are subjected to exception reporting that identifies investments with significant daily price movements as well as no movements. The Company reviews the exception reporting and resolves the exceptions through reaffirmation of the price or recording an appropriate fair value estimate. The Company also performs subsequent transaction testing. The Company performs annual due diligence of third-party pricing services. The Company’s due diligence procedures include assessing the vendor’s valuation qualifications, control environment, analysis of asset-class specific valuation methodologies, and understanding of sources of market observable assumptions and unobservable assumptions, if any, employed in the valuation methodology. The Company also considers the results of its exception reporting controls and any resulting price challenges that arise. Separate Account Assets The fair value of assets held by separate accounts is determined by the NAV of the funds in which those separate accounts are invested. The NAV is used as a practical expedient for fair value and represents the exit price for the separate account. Separate account assets are excluded from classification in the fair value hierarchy. Other Assets Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded, are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active over-the-counter (“OTC”) markets is generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps and the majority of options. The fair value of certain derivatives measured using pricing models which include significant unobservable inputs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Other derivative contracts consist of the Company’s macro hedge derivatives that contain settlement provisions linked to both equity returns and interest rates. See Note 18 for further information on the macro hedge program. The counterparties’ nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative assets was immaterial as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . See Note 17 and Note 18 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral. Liabilities Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims The Company values the embedded derivatives attributable to the provisions of certain variable annuity riders using internal valuation models. These models calculate fair value by discounting expected cash flows from benefits plus margins for profit, risk and expenses less embedded derivative fees. The projected cash flows used by these models include observable capital market assumptions and incorporate significant unobservable inputs related to contractholder behavior assumptions, implied volatility, and margins for risk, profit and expenses that the Company believes an exit market participant would expect. The fair value also reflects a current estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk specific to these embedded derivatives. Given the significant unobservable inputs to this valuation, these measurements are classified as Level 3. The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims. The Company uses various Black-Scholes calculations to determine the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with the provisions of its indexed annuity and IUL products. Significant inputs to the EIA calculation include observable interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and, therefore, are classified as Level 2. The fair value of fixed index annuity and IUL embedded derivatives includes significant observable interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and the significant unobservable estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk. Given the significance of the nonperformance risk assumption to the fair value, the fixed index annuity and IUL embedded derivatives are classified as Level 3. The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims. Other Liabilities Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded, are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active OTC markets is generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps and the majority of options. The Company’s nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative liabilities was immaterial as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . See Note 17 and Note 18 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral. Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis The Company assesses its investment in affordable housing partnerships for other-than-temporary impairment. The investments that are determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to their fair value. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to measure the fair value of these investments. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model are estimates of future net operating losses and tax credits available to the Company and discount rates based on market condition and the financial strength of the syndicator (general partner). The balance of affordable housing partnerships measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis was $112 million and $166 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Asset and Liabilities Not Reported at Fair Value The following tables provide the carrying value and the estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not reported at fair value. December 31, 2018 Carrying Value Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Financial Assets Mortgage loans, net $ 2,547 $ — $ — $ 2,514 $ 2,514 Policy loans 861 — — 810 810 Other investments 411 — 355 41 396 Financial Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims $ 9,609 $ — $ — $ 9,672 $ 9,672 Short-term borrowings 201 — 201 — 201 Other liabilities 59 — — 57 57 Separate account liabilities at NAV 312 312 (1) December 31, 2017 Carrying Value Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in millions) Financial Assets Mortgage loans, net $ 2,619 $ — $ — $ 2,616 $ 2,616 Policy loans 845 — — 801 801 Other investments 408 — 373 36 409 Financial Liabilities Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims $ 10,246 $ — $ — $ 10,755 $ 10,755 Short-term borrowings 200 — 200 — 200 Other liabilities 123 — — 119 119 Separate account liabilities at NAV 369 369 (1) (1) Amounts are comprised of certain financial instruments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 7 for additional information on mortgage loans and policy loans. Other investments include syndicated loans and the Company’s membership in the FHLB. See Note 7 for additional information on syndicated loans. |