Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Table 6.1 presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net reduction of $4.4 billion and $3.8 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, for unearned income, net deferred loan fees, and unamortized discounts and premiums. Outstanding balances at December 31, 2016 also reflect the acquisition of various loans and capital leases from GE Capital as described in Note 2 (Business Combinations). Table 6.1: Loans Outstanding December 31, (in millions) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 330,840 299,892 271,795 235,358 223,703 Real estate mortgage 132,491 122,160 111,996 112,427 106,392 Real estate construction 23,916 22,164 18,728 16,934 16,983 Lease financing 19,289 12,367 12,307 12,371 12,736 Total commercial 506,536 456,583 414,826 377,090 359,814 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 275,579 273,869 265,386 258,507 249,912 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 46,237 53,004 59,717 65,950 75,503 Credit card 36,700 34,039 31,119 26,882 24,651 Automobile 62,286 59,966 55,740 50,808 45,998 Other revolving credit and installment 40,266 39,098 35,763 43,049 42,473 Total consumer 461,068 459,976 447,725 445,196 438,537 Total loans $ 967,604 916,559 862,551 822,286 798,351 Our foreign loans are reported by respective class of financing receivable in the table above. Substantially all of our foreign loan portfolio is commercial loans. Loans are classified as foreign primarily based on whether the borrower’s primary address is outside of the United States. Table 6.2 presents total commercial foreign loans outstanding by class of financing receivable. Table 6.2: Commercial Foreign Loans Outstanding December 31, (in millions) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Commercial foreign loans: Commercial and industrial $ 55,396 49,049 44,707 41,547 37,148 Real estate mortgage 8,541 8,350 4,776 5,328 52 Real estate construction 375 444 218 187 79 Lease financing 972 274 336 338 312 Total commercial foreign loans $ 65,284 58,117 50,037 47,400 37,591 Loan Concentrations Loan concentrations may exist when there are amounts loaned to borrowers engaged in similar activities or similar types of loans extended to a diverse group of borrowers that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 , we did not have concentrations representing 10% or more of our total loan portfolio in domestic commercial and industrial loans and lease financing by industry or CRE loans (real estate mortgage and real estate construction) by state or property type. Real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans to borrowers in the state of California represented approximately 12% of total loans at December 31, 2016 , compared with 13% at December 31, 2015 , of which 1% and 2% were PCI loans, respectively. These California loans are generally diversified among the larger metropolitan areas in California, with no single area consisting of more than 5% of total loans. We continuously monitor changes in real estate values and underlying economic or market conditions for all geographic areas of our real estate 1-4 family mortgage portfolio as part of our credit risk management process. Some of our real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loans include an interest-only feature as part of the loan terms. These interest-only loans were approximately 7% of total loans at December 31, 2016 , and 9% at December 31, 2015 . Substantially all of these interest-only loans at origination were considered to be prime or near prime. We do not offer option adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) products, nor do we offer variable-rate mortgage products with fixed payment amounts, commonly referred to within the financial services industry as negative amortizing mortgage loans. We acquired an option payment loan portfolio (Pick-a-Pay) from Wachovia at December 31, 2008. A majority of the portfolio was identified as PCI loans. Since the acquisition, we have reduced our exposure to the option payment portion of the portfolio through our modification efforts and loss mitigation actions. At December 31, 2016 , approximately 1% of total loans remained with the payment option feature compared with 10% at December 31, 2008. Our first and junior lien lines of credit products generally have draw periods of 10 , 15 or 20 years , with variable interest rate and payment options during the draw period of (1) interest only or (2) 1.5% of total outstanding balance plus accrued interest. During the draw period, the borrower has the option of converting all or a portion of the line from a variable interest rate to a fixed rate with terms including interest-only payments for a fixed period between three to seven years or a fully amortizing payment with a fixed period between five to 30 years . At the end of the draw period, a line of credit generally converts to an amortizing payment schedule with repayment terms of up to 30 years based on the balance at time of conversion. At December 31, 2016 , our lines of credit portfolio had an outstanding balance of $57.1 billion , of which $11.6 billion , or 20% , is in its amortization period, another $7.3 billion , or 13% , of our total outstanding balance, will reach their end of draw period during 2017 through 2018 , $4.4 billion , or 8% , during 2019 through 2021 , and $33.8 billion , or 59% , will convert in subsequent years. This portfolio had unfunded credit commitments of $65.9 billion at December 31, 2016 . The lines that enter their amortization period may experience higher delinquencies and higher loss rates than the lines in their draw period. At December 31, 2016 , $515 million , or 4% , of outstanding lines of credit that are in their amortization period were 30 or more days past due, compared with $718 million , or 2% , for lines in their draw period. We have considered this increased inherent risk in our allowance for credit loss estimate. In anticipation of our borrowers reaching the end of their contractual commitment, we have created a program to inform, educate and help these borrowers transition from interest-only to fully-amortizing payments or full repayment. We monitor the performance of the borrowers moving through the program in an effort to refine our ongoing program strategy. Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers Table 6.3 summarizes the proceeds paid or received for purchases and sales of loans and transfers from loans held for investment to mortgages/loans held for sale at lower of cost or fair value. This loan activity primarily includes loans purchased and sales of whole loan or participating interests, whereby we receive or transfer a portion of a loan after origination. The table excludes PCI loans and loans recorded at fair value, including loans originated for sale because their loan activity normally does not impact the allowance for credit losses. Table 6.3: Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers Year ended December 31, 2016 2015 (in millions) Commercial (1) Consumer (2) Total Commercial Consumer (2) Total Purchases $ 32,710 5 32,715 13,674 340 14,014 Sales (1,334 ) (1,486 ) (2,820 ) (1,214 ) (160 ) (1,374 ) Transfers to MHFS/LHFS (306 ) (6 ) (312 ) (91 ) (16 ) (107 ) (1) Purchases include loans and capital leases from the GE Capital business acquisitions as described in Note 2 (Business Combinations). (2) Excludes activity in government insured/guaranteed real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans. As servicer, we are able to buy delinquent insured/guaranteed loans out of the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) pools, and manage and/or resell them in accordance with applicable requirements. These loans are predominantly insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Accordingly, these loans have limited impact on the allowance for loan losses. Commitments to Lend A commitment to lend is a legally binding agreement to lend funds to a customer, usually at a stated interest rate, if funded, and for specific purposes and time periods. We generally require a fee to extend such commitments. Certain commitments are subject to loan agreements with covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer or borrowing base formulas on an ongoing basis that must be met before we are required to fund the commitment. We may reduce or cancel consumer commitments, including home equity lines and credit card lines, in accordance with the contracts and applicable law. We may, as a representative for other lenders, advance funds or provide for the issuance of letters of credit under syndicated loan or letter of credit agreements. Any advances are generally repaid in less than a week and would normally require default of both the customer and another lender to expose us to loss. These temporary advance arrangements totaled approximately $77 billion at December 31, 2016 and $75 billion at December 31, 2015 . We issue commercial letters of credit to assist customers in purchasing goods or services, typically for international trade. At both December 31, 2016 and 2015 , we had $1.1 billion of outstanding issued commercial letters of credit. We also originate multipurpose lending commitments under which borrowers have the option to draw on the facility for different purposes in one of several forms, including a standby letter of credit. See Note 14 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral) for additional information on standby letters of credit. When we make commitments, we are exposed to credit risk. The maximum credit risk for these commitments will generally be lower than the contractual amount because a significant portion of these commitments are expected to expire without being used by the customer. In addition, we manage the potential risk in commitments to lend by limiting the total amount of commitments, both by individual customer and in total, by monitoring the size and maturity structure of these commitments and by applying the same credit standards for these commitments as for all of our credit activities. For loans and commitments to lend, we generally require collateral or a guarantee. We may require various types of collateral, including commercial and consumer real estate, automobiles, other short-term liquid assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and long-lived assets, such as equipment and other business assets. Collateral requirements for each loan or commitment may vary based on the loan product and our assessment of a customer’s credit risk according to the specific credit underwriting, including credit terms and structure. The contractual amount of our unfunded credit commitments, including unissued standby and commercial letters of credit, is summarized by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable in Table 6.4 . The table excludes the issued standby and commercial letters of credit and temporary advance arrangements described above. Table 6.4: Unfunded Credit Commitments (in millions) Dec 31, Dec 31, Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 319,662 296,710 Real estate mortgage 7,833 7,378 Real estate construction 18,840 18,047 Lease financing 16 — Total commercial 346,351 322,135 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 33,498 34,621 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 41,431 43,309 Credit card 101,895 98,904 Other revolving credit and installment 28,349 27,899 Total consumer 205,173 204,733 Total unfunded credit commitments $ 551,524 526,868 Allowance for Credit Losses Table 6.5 presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Table 6.5: Allowance for Credit Losses Year ended December 31, (in millions) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Balance, beginning of year $ 12,512 13,169 14,971 17,477 19,668 Provision for credit losses 3,770 2,442 1,395 2,309 7,217 Interest income on certain impaired loans (1) (205 ) (198 ) (211 ) (264 ) (315 ) Loan charge-offs: Commercial: Commercial and industrial (1,419 ) (734 ) (627 ) (739 ) (1,404 ) Real estate mortgage (27 ) (59 ) (66 ) (190 ) (382 ) Real estate construction (1 ) (4 ) (9 ) (28 ) (191 ) Lease financing (41 ) (14 ) (15 ) (34 ) (24 ) Total commercial (1,488 ) (811 ) (717 ) (991 ) (2,001 ) Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (452 ) (507 ) (721 ) (1,439 ) (3,020 ) Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (495 ) (635 ) (864 ) (1,579 ) (3,437 ) Credit card (1,259 ) (1,116 ) (1,025 ) (1,022 ) (1,105 ) Automobile (845 ) (742 ) (729 ) (625 ) (651 ) Other revolving credit and installment (708 ) (643 ) (668 ) (754 ) (759 ) Total consumer (3,759 ) (3,643 ) (4,007 ) (5,419 ) (8,972 ) Total loan charge-offs (5,247 ) (4,454 ) (4,724 ) (6,410 ) (10,973 ) Loan recoveries: Commercial: Commercial and industrial 263 252 369 396 472 Real estate mortgage 116 127 160 226 163 Real estate construction 38 37 136 137 124 Lease financing 11 8 8 17 20 Total commercial 428 424 673 776 779 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage 373 245 212 246 157 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 266 259 238 269 260 Credit card 207 175 161 127 188 Automobile 325 325 349 322 364 Other revolving credit and installment 128 134 146 161 191 Total consumer 1,299 1,138 1,106 1,125 1,160 Total loan recoveries 1,727 1,562 1,779 1,901 1,939 Net loan charge-offs (3,520 ) (2,892 ) (2,945 ) (4,509 ) (9,034 ) Other (17 ) (9 ) (41 ) (42 ) (59 ) Balance, end of year $ 12,540 12,512 13,169 14,971 17,477 Components: Allowance for loan losses $ 11,419 11,545 12,319 14,502 17,060 Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 1,121 967 850 469 417 Allowance for credit losses $ 12,540 12,512 13,169 14,971 17,477 Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans 0.37 % 0.33 0.35 0.56 1.17 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans 1.18 1.26 1.43 1.76 2.13 Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans 1.30 1.37 1.53 1.82 2.19 (1) Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income. Table 6.6 summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments. Table 6.6: Allowance Activity by Portfolio Segment Year ended December 31, 2016 2015 (in millions) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total Balance, beginning of year $ 6,872 5,640 12,512 6,377 6,792 13,169 Provision for credit losses 1,644 2,126 3,770 908 1,534 2,442 Interest income on certain impaired loans (45 ) (160 ) (205 ) (17 ) (181 ) (198 ) Loan charge-offs (1,488 ) (3,759 ) (5,247 ) (811 ) (3,643 ) (4,454 ) Loan recoveries 428 1,299 1,727 424 1,138 1,562 Net loan charge-offs (1,060 ) (2,460 ) (3,520 ) (387 ) (2,505 ) (2,892 ) Other (17 ) — (17 ) (9 ) — (9 ) Balance, end of year $ 7,394 5,146 12,540 6,872 5,640 12,512 Table 6.7 disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology. Table 6.7: Allowance by Impairment Methodology Allowance for credit losses Recorded investment in loans (in millions) Commercial Consumer Total Commercial Consumer Total December 31, 2016 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 6,392 3,553 9,945 500,487 428,009 928,496 Individually evaluated (2) 1,000 1,593 2,593 5,372 17,005 22,377 PCI (3) 2 — 2 677 16,054 16,731 Total $ 7,394 5,146 12,540 506,536 461,068 967,604 December 31, 2015 Collectively evaluated (1) $ 5,999 3,436 9,435 452,063 420,705 872,768 Individually evaluated (2) 872 2,204 3,076 3,808 20,012 23,820 PCI (3) 1 — 1 712 19,259 19,971 Total $ 6,872 5,640 12,512 456,583 459,976 916,559 (1) Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans. (2) Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans. (3) Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30 , Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 3-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans. Credit Quality We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than September 30, 2016 . See the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section in this Note for credit quality information on our PCI portfolio. COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally, commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies. Table 6.8 provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. Of the $22.4 billion in criticized commercial and industrial loans and $5.8 billion in criticized commercial real estate (CRE) loans at December 31, 2016 , $3.2 billion and $728 million , respectively, have been placed on nonaccrual status and written down to net realizable collateral value. Table 6.8: Commercial Loans by Risk Category (in millions) Commercial and industrial Real estate mortgage Real estate construction Lease financing Total December 31, 2016 By risk category: Pass $ 308,166 126,793 23,408 17,899 476,266 Criticized 22,437 5,315 451 1,390 29,593 Total commercial loans (excluding PCI) 330,603 132,108 23,859 19,289 505,859 Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value) 237 383 57 — 677 Total commercial loans $ 330,840 132,491 23,916 19,289 506,536 December 31, 2015 By risk category: Pass $ 281,356 115,025 21,546 11,772 429,699 Criticized 18,458 6,593 526 595 26,172 Total commercial loans (excluding PCI) 299,814 121,618 22,072 12,367 455,871 Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value) 78 542 92 — 712 Total commercial loans $ 299,892 122,160 22,164 12,367 456,583 Table 6.9 provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices. Table 6.9: Commercial Loans by Delinquency Status (in millions) Commercial and industrial Real estate mortgage Real estate construction Lease financing Total December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing $ 326,765 131,165 23,776 19,042 500,748 30-89 DPD and still accruing 594 222 40 132 988 90+ DPD and still accruing 28 36 — — 64 Nonaccrual loans 3,216 685 43 115 4,059 Total commercial loans (excluding PCI) 330,603 132,108 23,859 19,289 505,859 Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value) 237 383 57 — 677 Total commercial loans $ 330,840 132,491 23,916 19,289 506,536 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD and still accruing $ 297,847 120,415 21,920 12,313 452,495 30-89 DPD and still accruing 507 221 82 28 838 90+ DPD and still accruing 97 13 4 — 114 Nonaccrual loans 1,363 969 66 26 2,424 Total commercial loans (excluding PCI) 299,814 121,618 22,072 12,367 455,871 Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value) 78 542 92 — 712 Total commercial loans $ 299,892 122,160 22,164 12,367 456,583 CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment. Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. Table 6.10 provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status. Table 6.10: Consumer Loans by Delinquency Status (in millions) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Credit card Automobile Other revolving credit and installment Total December 31, 2016 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 239,061 45,238 35,773 60,572 39,833 420,477 30-59 DPD 1,904 296 275 1,262 177 3,914 60-89 DPD 700 160 200 330 111 1,501 90-119 DPD 307 102 169 116 93 787 120-179 DPD 323 108 279 5 30 745 180+ DPD 1,661 297 4 1 22 1,985 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 15,605 — — — — 15,605 Total consumer loans (excluding PCI) 259,561 46,201 36,700 62,286 40,266 445,014 Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value) 16,018 36 — — — 16,054 Total consumer loans $ 275,579 46,237 36,700 62,286 40,266 461,068 December 31, 2015 By delinquency status: Current-29 DPD $ 225,195 51,778 33,208 58,503 38,690 407,374 30-59 DPD 2,072 325 257 1,121 175 3,950 60-89 DPD 821 184 177 253 107 1,542 90-119 DPD 402 110 150 84 86 832 120-179 DPD 460 145 246 4 21 876 180+ DPD 3,376 393 1 1 19 3,790 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 22,353 — — — — 22,353 Total consumer loans (excluding PCI) 254,679 52,935 34,039 59,966 39,098 440,717 Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value) 19,190 69 — — — 19,259 Total consumer loans $ 273,869 53,004 34,039 59,966 39,098 459,976 (1) Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. Loans insured/guaranteed by the FHA/VA and 90+ DPD totaled $10.1 billion at December 31, 2016 , compared with $12.4 billion at December 31, 2015 . Of the $3.5 billion of consumer loans not government insured/guaranteed that are 90 days or more past due at December 31, 2016 , $908 million was accruing, compared with $5.5 billion past due and $867 million accruing at December 31, 2015 . Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans 180 days or more past due totaled $1.7 billion , or 0.6% of total first mortgages (excluding PCI), at December 31, 2016 , compared with $3.4 billion , or 1.3% , at December 31, 2015 . Table 6.11 provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. Most of the scored consumer portfolio has an updated FICO of 680 and above, reflecting a strong current borrower credit profile. FICO is not available for certain loan types, or may not be required if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes. Substantially all loans not requiring a FICO score are security-based loans originated through retail brokerage, and totaled $8.0 billion at December 31, 2016 , and $7.0 billion at December 31, 2015 . Table 6.11: Consumer Loans by FICO (in millions) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage Credit card Automobile Other revolving credit and installment Total December 31, 2016 By FICO: < 600 $ 6,720 2,591 3,475 9,934 976 23,696 600-639 5,400 1,917 3,109 6,705 1,056 18,187 640-679 10,975 3,747 5,678 10,204 2,333 32,937 680-719 23,300 6,432 7,382 11,233 4,302 52,649 720-759 38,832 9,413 7,632 8,769 5,869 70,515 760-799 103,608 14,929 6,191 8,164 8,348 141,240 800+ 49,508 6,391 2,868 6,856 6,434 72,057 No FICO available 5,613 781 365 421 2,906 10,086 FICO not required — — — — 8,042 8,042 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 15,605 — — — — 15,605 Total consumer loans (excluding PCI) 259,561 46,201 36,700 62,286 40,266 445,014 Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value) 16,018 36 — — — 16,054 Total consumer loans $ 275,579 46,237 36,700 62,286 40,266 461,068 December 31, 2015 By FICO: < 600 $ 8,716 3,025 2,927 9,260 965 24,893 600-639 6,961 2,367 2,875 6,619 1,086 19,908 640-679 13,006 4,613 5,354 10,014 2,416 35,403 680-719 24,460 7,863 6,857 10,947 4,388 54,515 720-759 38,309 10,966 7,017 8,279 6,010 70,581 760-799 92,975 16,369 5,693 7,761 8,351 131,149 800+ 44,452 6,895 3,090 6,654 6,510 67,601 No FICO available 3,447 837 226 432 2,395 7,337 FICO not required — — — — 6,977 6,977 Government insured/guaranteed loans (1) 22,353 — — — — 22,353 Total consumer loans (excluding PCI) 254,679 52,935 34,039 59,966 39,098 440,717 Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value) 19,190 69 — — — 19,259 Total consumer loans $ 273,869 53,004 34,039 59,966 39,098 459,976 (1) Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage (including unused line amounts for credit line products) ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties. Table 6.12 shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions. Table 6.12: Consumer Loans by LTV/CLTV December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (in millions) Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage by LTV Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage by CLTV Total By LTV/CLTV: 0-60% $ 121,430 16,464 137,894 109,558 15,805 125,363 60.01-80% 101,726 15,262 116,988 92,005 16,579 108,584 80.01-100% 15,795 8,765 24,560 22,765 11,385 34,150 100.01-120% (1) 2,644 3,589 6,233 4,480 5,545 10,025 > 120% (1) 1,066 1,613 2,679 2,065 3,051 5,116 No LTV/CLTV available 1,295 508 1,803 1,453 570 2,023 Government insured/guaranteed loans (2) 15,605 — 15,605 22,353 — 22,353 Total consumer loans (excluding PCI) 259,561 46,201 305,762 254,679 52,935 307,614 Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value) 16,018 36 16,054 19,190 69 19,259 Total consumer loans $ 275,579 46,237 321,816 273,869 53,004 326,873 (1) Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV. (2) Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. NONACCRUAL LOANS Table 6.13 provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. Table 6.13: Nonaccrual Loans December 31, (in millions) 2016 2015 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,216 1,363 Real estate mortgage 685 969 Real estate construction 43 66 Lease financing 115 26 Total commercial 4,059 2,424 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1) 4,962 7,293 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage 1,206 1,495 Automobile 106 121 Other revolving credit and installment 51 49 Total consumer 6,325 8,958 Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI) $ 10,384 11,382 (1) Includes MHFS of $149 million and $177 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $8.1 billion and $11.0 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, which included $4.8 billion and $6.2 billion , respectively, of loans that are government insured/guaranteed. We commence the foreclosure process on consumer real estate loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with Consumer Finance Protection Bureau Guidelines. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law. LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1‑4 family mortgage loans or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $2.0 billion at December 31, 2016 , and $2.9 billion at December 31, 2015 , are not included in these past due and still accruing loans even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms. Table 6.14 shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing by class for loans not government insured/guaranteed. Table 6.14: Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing Dec 31, Dec 31, (in millions) 2016 2015 Total (excluding PCI): $ 11,858 14,380 Less: FHA insured/guaranteed by the VA (1)(2) 10,883 13,373 Less: Student loans guaranteed under the FFELP (3) 3 26 Total, not government insured/guaranteed $ 972 981 By segment and class, not government insured/guaranteed: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 28 97 Real estate mortgage 36 13 Real estate construction — 4 Total commercial 64 114 Consumer: Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (2) 175 224 Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (2) 56 65 Credit card 452 397 Automobile 112 79 Other revolving credit and installment 113 102 Total consumer 908 867 Total, not government insured/guaranteed $ 972 981 (1) Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. (2) Includes mortgage loans held for sale 90 days or more past due and still accruing. (3) Represents loans whose repayments are largely guaranteed by agencies on behalf of the U.S. Department of Education under the FFELP. IMPAIRED LOANS Table 6.15 summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. Table 6.15 includes trial modifications that totaled $299 million at December 31, 2016 , and $402 million at December 31, 2015 . For additional information on our impaired loans and allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies). Table 6.15: Impaired Loans Summary Recorded investment (in millions) Unpaid principal balance (1) Impaired loans Impaired loans with related allowance for credit losses Related all |