Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The enclosed consolidated financial statements for the years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018 include the accounts of Biomerica, Inc. ("Biomerica") as well as its German subsidiary (BioEurope GmbH) and Mexican subsidiary (Biomerica de Mexico). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Estimates that are made include the reserve for bad debt, which is estimated based on current as well as historical history with a customer; stock option forfeiture rates, which are calculated based on historical data; and inventory reserves, which are based on projected and historical usage of materials; (and other items that may be necessary to estimate using current, historical and judgment based). Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company has financial instruments whereby the fair market value of the financial instruments could be different than that recorded on a historical basis. The Company's financial instruments consist of its cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. The carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments approximate their fair values. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK The Company maintains cash balances at certain financial institutions in excess of amounts insured by federal agencies. As of May 31, 2019, the Company had approximately $406,000 of uninsured cash. The Company does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risks. The Company provides credit in the normal course of business to customers throughout the United States and in foreign markets. For the year ended May 31, 2019 the Company had two customers which accounted for 46.3% of consolidated net sales and for the year ended May 31, 2018 the Company had one customer which accounted for 43.3% of consolidated net sales. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and requires accelerated prepayment in some circumstances. At May 31, 2019, two customers accounted for 68.1% of gross accounts receivable. At May 31, 2018, one customer accounted for 53.3% of gross accounts receivable. For the year ended May 31, 2019, one vendor accounted for 23.8% of the purchases of raw materials. For the year ended May 31, 2018, two vendors accounted for 27.7 % of the purchases of raw materials. As of May 31, 2019 and 2018 the Company had one vendor which accounted for 32.1% and 29.1%, respectively, of accounts payable. GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION As of May 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $665,000 and $657,000 of Biomerica's gross inventory and approximately $39,000 and $41,000, of Biomerica's property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, was located in Mexicali, Mexico, respectively. CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits and money market accounts with original maturities of less than three months. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE The Company extends unsecured credit to its customers on a regular basis. International accounts are required to prepay until they establish a history with the Company and at that time, they are extended credit at levels based on a number of criteria. Based on various criteria, initial credit levels for individual distributors are approved by designated officers and managers of the company. All increases in credit limits are also approved by designated upper level management. Management evaluates receivables on a quarterly basis and adjusts the allowance for doubtful accounts accordingly. Balances over ninety days old are usually reserved for unless collection is reasonably assured. Occasionally certain long-standing customers, who routinely place large orders, will have unusually large receivables balances relative to the total gross receivables. Management monitors the payments for these large balances closely and very often requires payment of existing invoices before shipping new sales orders. INVENTORIES The Company values inventory at the lower of cost (determined using a combination of specific lot identification and the first-in, first-out methods) or net realizable value. Management periodically reviews inventory for excess quantities and obsolescence. Management evaluates quantities on hand, physical condition, and technical functionality as these characteristics may be impacted by anticipated customer demand for current products and new product introductions. The reserve is adjusted based on such evaluation, with a corresponding provision included in cost of sales. Abnormal amounts of idle facility expenses, freight, handling costs and wasted material are recognized as current period charges and the allocation of fixed production overhead is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Inventories approximate the following at May 31: 2019 2018 Raw materials $ 1,208,000 $ 1,000,000 Work in progress 771,000 854,000 Finished products 172,000 325,000 Total $ 2,151,000 $ 2,179,000 Reserves for inventory obsolescence are recorded as necessary to reduce obsolete inventory to estimated net realizable value or to specifically reserve for obsolete inventory that the Company intends to dispose of. As of May 31, 2019 and 2018, inventory reserves were approximately $49,000 and $43,000, respectively. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for additions and major improvements are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. When property and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts, and gains or losses from retirements and dispositions are credited or charged to income. Depreciation and amortization are provided over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from 5 to 10 years, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment amounted to $101,216 and $111,055 for the years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Intangible assets include trademarks, product rights, technology rights and patents, and are accounted for based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), ASC 350 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). In that regard, intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested at least annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life, not to exceed 18 years for marketing and distribution rights, 10 years for purchased technology use rights, and 20 years for patents. Amortization amounted to $61,689 and $75,546 for the years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets by determining whether the amortization of the asset's balance over its remaining life can be recovered through projected undiscounted future cash flows. The Company uses a qualitative assessment to determine whether there was any impairment. No impairment adjustment was required as of May 31, 2019 or 2018. INVESTMENTS From time-to-time, the Company makes investments in privately-held companies. The Company determines whether the fair values of any investments in privately-held entities have declined below their carrying value whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that recorded values may not be recoverable. If the Company considers any such decline to be other than temporary (based on various factors, including historical financial results, and the overall health of the investee’s industry), a write-down to estimated fair value is recorded. Investments represent the Company’s investment in a Polish distributor which is primarily engaged in distributing medical products and devices. The Company currently has not written down the investment and no events have occurred which could indicate the carrying value of the investment to be greater than the fair value. The Company owns approximately 6% of the investee, and accordingly, applies the cost method to account for the investment. Under the cost method, investments are recorded at cost, with gains and losses recognized as of the sale date, and income recorded when received. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION The Company follows the guidance of the accounting provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 , In applying the Black-Scholes options-pricing model, assumptions used were as follows: 2019 2018 Dividend yield 0% 0% Expected volatility 57.9-60.41% 59.8-61.28% Risk free interest rate 2.33-2.85% 1.61-2.53% Expected life 3.75-6.25 years 3.75-6.0 years REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company has various contracts with customers. All of the contracts specify that revenues from product sales are recognized at the time the product is shipped, customarily FOB shipping point, at which point title passes. Revenue is recognized only when collectability is reasonably assured. The Company does not allow for returns except in the event of defective merchandise and therefore does not establish an allowance for returns. In conjunction with sales to certain customers, the Company provides free products upon attaining certain levels of purchases by the customer. The Company accounts for these free products as zero sales and recognizes the cost of the product as part of cost of sales. SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES AND COSTS Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are required to be classified as net sales, and shipping and handling costs are required to be classified as either cost of sales or disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company included shipping and handling fees billed to customers in net sales. The Company included shipping and handling costs associated with inbound freight and unreimbursed shipping to customers in cost of sales. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The Company expensed $ 1,679,098 INCOME TAXES The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. These temporary differences are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent that management considers it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining the valuation allowance, the Company considers factors such as the reversal of deferred income tax assets, projected taxable income, and the character of income tax assets and tax planning strategies. A change to these factors could impact the estimated valuation allowance and income tax expense. At May 31, 2019 and 2018, in accordance with ASC 740, the Company has a valuation allowance for substantially all of its deferred tax assets. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019, this valuation allowance was increased to approximately $2,143,000. The Company accounts for its uncertain tax provisions by using a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not, based solely on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained in an audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the appropriate amount of the benefit to recognize. The amount of benefit to recognize is measured as the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be realized. The tax position is derecognized when it is no longer more likely than not capable of being sustained. On subsequent recognition and measurement the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be recognized at each reporting date will represent the Company’s best estimate, given the information available at the reporting date, although the outcome of the tax position is not absolute or final. Upon adopting the revisions in ASC 740, the Company elected to follow an accounting policy to classify accrued interest related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Interest expense” line and penalties related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Other expense” line of the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. ADVERTISING COSTS The Company reports the cost of all advertising as expense in the period in which those costs are incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $0 FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION The subsidiary located in Mexico operates primarily using the Mexican peso. The subsidiary located in Germany operates primarily using the U.S. dollar, with an immaterial amount of transactions occurring using the Euro. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated using exchange rates in effect at the end of the year, and revenues and costs are translated using average exchange rates for the year. The resulting adjustments to assets and liabilities are presented as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. There are no adjustments to foreign currency loss that are included in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018. DEFERRED RENT Incentive payments received from landlords are recorded as deferred lease incentives and are amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense. When the terms of an operating lease provide for periods of free rent, rent concessions, and/or rent escalations, the Company establishes a deferred rent liability for the difference between the scheduled rent payment and the straight-line rent expense recognized. This deferred rent liability is amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense. NET LOSS PER SHARE Basic loss per share is computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through stock options, warrants and other convertible securities using the treasury stock method. The total amount of anti-dilutive stock options not included in the loss per share calculation for the years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018 were 1,476,209 and 1,138,625, respectively. The following table illustrates the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations: For the Years Ended May 31 2019 2018 Numerator : Net loss for basic and diluted net loss per common share $ (2,393,060) $ (1,465,828) Denominator for basic net loss per common share 9,212,557 8,570,029 Effect of dilutive securities: Options -- -- Denominator for diluted net loss per common share 9,212,557 8,570,029 Basic net loss per common share $ (0.26) $ (0.17) Diluted net loss per common share $ (0.26) $ (0.17) SEGMENT REPORTING ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), establishes standards for reporting, by public business enterprises, information about operating segments, products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. The Company’s operations are analyzed by management and its chief operating decision maker as being part of a single industry segment: the design, development, marketing and sales of diagnostic kits. REPORTING COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Comprehensive loss represents net loss and any revenues, expenses, gains and losses that, under GAAP, are excluded from net loss and recognized directly as a component of shareholders’ equity. Accumulated other comprehensive loss consists solely of foreign currency translation adjustments. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model requiring a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount reflecting the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In adopting, ASU 2014-09, companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach. ASU 2014-09 was effective for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended May 31, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. On January 5, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). The release affects public and private companies that hold financial assets or owe financial liabilities. ASU 2016-01 took effect for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended May 31, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 defines whether a contract is a lease. If it is a lease, the Company is required to recognize the lease assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public companies for the annual periods beginning December 15, 2018. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. On August 26, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). This update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. ASU-2016-15 took effect for public companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended May 31, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. On November 27, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”). On February 15, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”). ASU 2018-02 will give companies the option to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the newly-enacted U.S. TAX Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) from accumulated other comprehensive income (ASCI) to retained earnings. ASU 2018-02 will take effect for all companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2018-02 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. On June 20, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 is intended to reduce cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for share-based payments to nonemployees (for example, service providers, external legal counsel, suppliers, etc.). ASU 2018-07 will be effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2018-7 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Other recent ASU's issued by the FASB and guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission did not, or are not believed by management to, have a material effect on the Company’s present or future consolidated financial statements. |