Investments | Investments: The Company may classify its invested assets in terms of those assets relative to which it either (1) has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, (2) has available for sale or (3) has the intention of trading. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , the majority of the Company's invested assets were classified as "available for sale." Fixed maturity securities and other preferred and common stocks (equity securities) classified as "available for sale" are included at fair value with changes in such values, net of deferred income taxes, reflected directly in shareholders' equity while fixed maturity securities classified as "held to maturity" are carried at amortized cost. Fair values for fixed maturity securities and equity securities are based on quoted market prices or estimates using values obtained from independent pricing services as applicable. The Company reviews the status and fair value changes of each of its investments on at least a quarterly basis during the year, and estimates of other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI") in the portfolio's value are evaluated and established at each quarterly balance sheet date. In reviewing investments for OTTI, the Company, in addition to a security's market price history, considers the totality of such factors as the issuer's operating results, financial condition and liquidity, its ability to access capital markets, credit rating trends, most current audit opinion, industry and securities markets conditions, and analyst expectations to reach its conclusions. Sudden fair value declines caused by such adverse developments as newly emerged or imminent bankruptcy filings, issuer default on significant obligations, or reports of financial accounting developments that bring into question the validity of the issuer's previously reported earnings or financial condition, are recognized as realized losses as soon as credible publicly available information emerges to confirm such developments. Absent issuer-specific circumstances that would result in a contrary conclusion, any equity security with an unrealized investment loss amounting to a 20% or greater decline consecutively during a six month period is considered OTTI. In the event the Company's estimate of OTTI is insufficient at any point in time, future periods' net income (loss) would be adversely affected by the recognition of additional realized or impairment losses, but its financial position would not necessarily be affected adversely inasmuch as such losses, or a portion of them, could have been recognized previously as unrealized losses in shareholders' equity. The Company recognized no OTTI adjustments for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 . The amortized cost and estimated fair values by type and contractual maturity of fixed maturity securities are shown in the following tables. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities since borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Fixed Maturity Securities by Type: March 31, 2017: Available for sale: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,444.5 $ 12.2 $ 3.9 $ 1,452.8 Corporate 6,522.8 182.3 22.2 6,682.9 $ 7,967.4 $ 194.5 $ 26.1 $ 8,135.8 Held to maturity: Tax-exempt $ 1,056.9 $ 3.3 $ 19.7 $ 1,040.5 December 31, 2016: Available for sale: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,419.7 $ 12.6 $ 5.5 $ 1,426.8 Corporate 6,599.8 175.0 30.7 6,744.1 $ 8,019.6 $ 187.6 $ 36.3 $ 8,170.9 Held to maturity: Tax-exempt $ 974.8 $ .7 $ 28.0 $ 947.4 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Fixed Maturity Securities Stratified by Contractual Maturity at March 31, 2017: Available for sale: Due in one year or less $ 1,010.3 $ 1,017.8 Due after one year through five years 3,898.8 4,010.9 Due after five years through ten years 2,933.5 2,977.1 Due after ten years 124.7 129.8 $ 7,967.4 $ 8,135.8 Held to maturity: Due in one year or less $ — $ — Due after one year through five years 41.8 41.2 Due after five years through ten years 993.3 977.7 Due after ten years 21.7 21.6 $ 1,056.9 $ 1,040.5 A summary of the Company's equity securities follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Equity Securities: March 31, 2017 $ 2,472.9 $ 566.8 $ 27.6 $ 3,012.2 December 31, 2016 $ 2,404.9 $ 516.2 $ 25.0 $ 2,896.1 The following table reflects the Company's gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by category and length of time that individual available for sale and held to maturity securities have been in an unrealized loss position. Fair value and issuer's cost comparisons follow: 12 Months or Less Greater than 12 Months Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses March 31, 2017: Fixed Maturity Securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 702.7 $ 3.8 $ .9 $ — $ 703.6 $ 3.9 Tax-exempt 719.8 19.7 — — 719.8 19.7 Corporate 1,078.0 14.8 197.7 7.4 1,275.8 22.2 Subtotal 2,500.6 38.4 198.7 7.4 2,699.4 45.9 Equity Securities 288.5 8.3 123.2 19.3 411.8 27.6 Total $ 2,789.1 $ 46.7 $ 322.0 $ 26.7 $ 3,111.2 $ 73.5 December 31, 2016: Fixed Maturity Securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 699.0 $ 5.5 $ 1.3 $ — $ 700.4 $ 5.5 Tax-exempt 814.4 28.0 — — 814.4 28.0 Corporate 1,250.5 20.3 246.2 10.3 1,496.8 30.7 Subtotal 2,764.0 53.9 247.5 10.4 3,011.6 64.3 Equity Securities 82.6 12.5 122.1 12.4 204.8 25.0 Total $ 2,846.7 $ 66.5 $ 369.7 $ 22.8 $ 3,216.5 $ 89.4 At March 31, 2017 , the Company held 660 fixed maturity and 11 equity securities in an unrealized loss position, representing 33.5% (as to fixed maturities) and 10.4% (as to equity securities) of the total number of such issues it held. At December 31, 2016 , the Company held 718 fixed maturity and 8 equity securities in an unrealized loss position, representing 37.0% (as to fixed maturities) and 7.7% (as to equity securities) of the total number of such issues it held. Of the securities in an unrealized loss position, 42 and 46 fixed maturity securities and 2 and 2 equity securities, had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. The unrealized losses on these securities are primarily deemed to reflect changes in the interest rate environment and changes in fair values of fixed income and equity securities issued by participants in the extractive industries in particular. As part of its assessment of other-than-temporary impairments, the Company considers its intent to continue to hold, and the likelihood that it will not be required to sell investment securities in an unrealized loss position until cost recovery, principally on the basis of its asset and liability maturity matching procedures. Fair Value Measurements - Fair value is defined as the estimated price that is likely to be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants (an exit price) at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy is established that prioritizes the sources ("inputs") used to measure fair value into three broad levels: inputs based on quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1); observable inputs based on corroboration with available market data (Level 2); and unobservable inputs based on uncorroborated market data or a reporting entity's own assumptions (Level 3). Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and general classification used for financial instruments measured at fair value. The Company uses quoted values and other data provided by a nationally recognized independent pricing source as inputs into its quarterly process for determining fair values of its fixed maturity and equity securities. To validate the techniques or models used by pricing sources, the Company's review process includes, but is not limited to: (i) initial and ongoing evaluation of methodologies used by outside parties to calculate fair value; and (ii) comparing other sources including the fair value estimates to its knowledge of the current market and to independent fair value estimates provided by the investment custodian. The independent pricing source obtains market quotations and actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets and uses its own proprietary method for determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded. In general, these methods involve the use of "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing source uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, investment yields, credit risks and spreads, benchmarking of like securities, broker-dealer quotes, reported trades and sector groupings to determine a reasonable fair value. Level 1 securities include U.S. and Canadian Treasury notes, publicly traded common stocks, the quoted net asset value ("NAV") mutual funds, and most short-term investments in highly liquid money market instruments. Level 2 securities generally include corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and certain U.S. and Canadian government agency securities. Securities classified within Level 3 include non-publicly traded bonds and equity securities. There were no significant changes in the fair value of assets measured with the use of significant unobservable inputs as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 . The following tables show a summary of the fair value of financial assets segregated among the various input levels described above: Fair Value Measurements As of March 31, 2017: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Available for sale: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 774.3 $ 678.5 $ — $ 1,452.8 Corporate — 6,672.4 10.5 6,682.9 Equity securities 3,011.1 — 1.0 3,012.2 Short-term investments 654.1 — — 654.1 Held to maturity: Fixed maturity securities: Tax-exempt $ — $ 1,040.5 $ — $ 1,040.5 As of December 31, 2016: Available for sale: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 772.1 $ 654.7 $ — $ 1,426.8 Corporate — 6,733.6 10.5 6,744.1 Equity securities 2,895.2 — .9 2,896.1 Short-term investments 681.6 — — 681.6 Held to maturity: Fixed maturity securities: Tax-exempt $ — $ 947.4 $ — $ 947.4 There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 . Investment income is reported net of allocated expenses and includes appropriate adjustments for amortization of premium and accretion of discount on fixed maturity securities acquired at other than par value. Dividends on equity securities are credited to income on the ex-dividend date. Realized investment gains and losses, which result from sales or write-downs of securities, are reflected as revenues in the income statement and are determined on the basis of amortized value at date of sale for fixed maturity securities, and cost in regard to equity securities; such bases apply to the specific securities sold. Unrealized investment gains and losses, net of any deferred income taxes, are recorded directly as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. At March 31, 2017 , the Company and its subsidiaries had no non-income producing fixed maturity securities. The following table reflects the composition of net investment income, net realized gains or losses, and the net change in unrealized investment gains or losses for each of the periods shown. Quarters Ended March 31, 2017 2016 Investment income from: Fixed maturity securities $ 74.2 $ 75.1 Equity securities 26.1 20.9 Short-term investments .8 .5 Other sources 1.2 .6 Gross investment income 102.4 97.2 Investment expenses (a) 1.1 .9 Net investment income $ 101.2 $ 96.3 Realized gains (losses) on: Fixed maturity securities: Gains $ 2.8 $ 2.4 Losses (.1 ) (.1 ) Net 2.6 2.2 Equity securities: Gains 12.1 65.6 Losses — (23.8 ) Net 12.1 41.8 Other long-term investments, net — — Total realized gains (losses) 14.8 44.1 Income taxes (credits) 5.1 15.4 Net realized gains (losses) $ 9.6 $ 28.7 Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) on: Fixed maturity securities $ 17.0 $ 147.6 Less: Deferred income taxes (credits) 5.9 51.6 11.1 96.0 Equity securities & other long-term investments 48.1 120.6 Less: Deferred income taxes (credits) 16.7 42.2 31.3 78.4 Net changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) $ 42.5 $ 174.4 __________ (a) Investment expenses consist of personnel costs and investment management and custody service fees, as well as interest incurred on funds held of $.1 and $- for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. |