Investment | Investments: The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities as those it either (1) has the intent and ability to hold until maturity, (2) has available for sale or (3) has the intention of trading. The Company's entire fixed maturity portfolio is classified as available for sale. As of June 30, 2020 the Company changed its intent to hold its tax exempt municipal bond portfolio until maturity and consequently, reclassified these securities from their previous held to maturity designation to available for sale. As a result, net of tax unrealized gains of $48.5 were recognized in other comprehensive income as of that date. Fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value with changes in such values, net of deferred income taxes, reflected directly in shareholders' equity. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in such values reflected as unrealized investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income. Fair values are based on quoted market prices or estimates using values obtained from recognized independent pricing services. Credit losses are recorded through an allowance with the corresponding charge to realized investment gains (losses). If the Company intends to sell or is more likely than not required to sell a security, the asset is written down to fair value directly through realized investment gains (losses). The status and fair value changes of each of the fixed maturity investments are reviewed at least once per quarter during the year to assess whether a decline in fair value of an investment below its cost basis is the result of a credit loss. Factors considered in making this assessment include a security's market price history, as well as the issuer's operating results, financial condition and liquidity, its ability to access capital markets and to make scheduled principal or interest payments, credit rating trends, most current audited financial statements, industry and securities markets conditions and analyst expectations. Sudden fair value declines caused by such adverse developments as newly emerged or imminent bankruptcy filings, issuer default on significant obligations, or reports of financial accounting developments that bring into question the validity of the issuer's previously reported earnings or financial condition, are recognized as realized losses as soon as credible publicly available information emerges to confirm such developments. The Company recorded no allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020. The amortized cost and estimated fair values by type and contractual maturity of fixed maturity securities are shown in the following tables. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities since borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Amortized Gross Gross Estimated Fixed Maturity Securities by Type: September 30, 2021: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,952.5 $ 59.2 $ 5.7 $ 2,006.0 Tax-exempt 956.3 48.5 — 1,004.8 Corporate 7,228.0 294.1 46.8 7,475.3 $ 10,136.9 $ 401.9 $ 52.5 $ 10,486.3 December 31, 2020: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,967.1 $ 96.4 $ .3 $ 2,063.2 Tax-exempt 997.1 66.3 — 1,063.5 Corporate 6,933.3 440.1 3.4 7,370.0 $ 9,897.6 $ 602.9 $ 3.8 $ 10,496.8 Amortized Estimated Fixed Maturity Securities Stratified by Contractual Maturity at September 30, 2021: Due in one year or less $ 1,142.3 $ 1,154.3 Due after one year through five years 5,048.3 5,301.6 Due after five years through ten years 3,857.2 3,941.5 Due after ten years 89.0 88.7 $ 10,136.9 $ 10,486.3 The following table reflects the Company's gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by category and length of time that individual available for sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position. Fair value and issuer's cost comparisons follow: Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Unrealized Losses Fair Unrealized Losses Fair Unrealized Losses September 30, 2021: Fixed Maturity Securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 482.9 $ 5.7 $ — $ — $ 482.9 $ 5.7 Corporate 1,796.4 46.8 — — 1,796.4 46.8 $ 2,279.4 $ 52.5 $ — $ — $ 2,279.4 $ 52.5 Number of securities in unrealized loss position 353 2 355 December 31, 2020: Fixed Maturity Securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 416.4 $ .3 $ — $ — $ 416.4 $ .3 Corporate 333.6 3.4 — — 333.6 3.4 $ 750.0 $ 3.8 $ — $ — $ 750.0 $ 3.8 Number of securities in unrealized loss position 74 3 77 In the above tables the unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities are primarily deemed to reflect changes in the interest rate environment. As part of its assessment of credit losses, the Company considers its intent and ability to continue to hold the securities until cost recovery, principally in consideration of its asset and liability matching objectives. The following table shows cost and fair value information for equity securities: Equity Securities Cost Gross Gross Estimated September 30, 2021 $ 3,754.7 $ 1,185.3 $ 112.0 $ 4,828.0 December 31, 2020 $ 3,269.7 $ 1,028.1 $ 243.0 $ 4,054.8 During the third quarter and first nine months of 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized pretax unrealized investment gains (losses) of $(199.3) and $288.1, respectively for 2021, and $79.2 and $(529.4), respectively for 2020, emanating from changes in the fair value of equity securities in the consolidated statements of income. Changes in the fair value of equity securities still held at September 30, 2021 and 2020 were $(178.3) and $245.9 for the third quarter and first nine months of 2021, respectively, and $78.9 and $(520.6) for the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, respectively. Fair Value Measurements - Fair value is defined as the estimated price that is likely to be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants (an exit price) at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy is established that prioritizes the sources ("inputs") used to measure fair value into three broad levels: Level 1 inputs are based on quoted market prices in active markets; Level 2 observable inputs are based on corroboration with available market data; and Level 3 unobservable inputs are based on uncorroborated market data or a reporting entity's own assumptions. Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and general classification used for financial instruments measured at fair value. The Company uses quoted values and other data provided by a nationally recognized independent pricing source as inputs into its quarterly process for determining fair values of fixed maturity and equity securities. To validate the techniques or models used by pricing sources, the Company's review process includes, but is not limited to: (i) initial and ongoing evaluation of methodologies used by outside parties to calculate fair value; and (ii) comparisons with other sources including the fair value estimates based on current market quotations, and with independent fair value estimates provided by the independent investment custodian. The independent pricing source obtains market quotations and actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets and uses their own proprietary method for determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded. In general, these methods involve the use of "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing source uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, investment yields, credit risks and spreads, benchmarking of like securities, broker-dealer quotes, reported trades and sector groupings to determine a reasonable fair value. Level 1 securities include U.S. and Canadian Treasury notes, publicly traded common stocks, mutual funds, and short-term investments in highly liquid money market instruments. Level 2 securities generally include corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and certain U.S. and Canadian government agency securities. Securities classified within Level 3 include non-publicly traded bonds and equity securities. There were no significant changes in the fair value of Level 3 assets as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The following tables show a summary of the fair value of financial assets segregated among the various input levels described above: Fair Value Measurements As of September 30, 2021: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Available for sale: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,277.3 $ 728.6 $ — $ 2,006.0 Tax-exempt — 1,004.8 — 1,004.8 Corporate — 7,464.8 10.5 7,475.3 Short-term investments 1,102.1 — — 1,102.1 Equity securities $ 4,826.1 $ — $ 1.9 $ 4,828.0 As of December 31, 2020: Available for sale: Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & Canadian Governments $ 1,262.2 $ 801.0 $ — $ 2,063.2 Tax-exempt — 1,063.5 — 1,063.5 Corporate — 7,359.5 10.5 7,370.0 Short-term investments 749.6 — — 749.6 Equity securities $ 4,052.9 $ — $ 1.8 $ 4,054.8 There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the quarter ended September 30, 2021. Investment income is reported net of allocated expenses and includes appropriate adjustments for amortization of premium and accretion of discount on fixed maturity securities acquired at other than par value. Dividends on equity securities are credited to income on the ex-dividend date. Investment gains and losses, which result from sales or write downs of securities, are reflected as revenues in the income statement and are determined on the basis of amortized cost at date of sale for fixed maturity securities, and cost in regard to equity securities; such bases apply to the specific securities sold. Unrealized gains and (losses) from changes in fair value of equity securities are recorded as investment gains (losses) in the income statement. Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net of any deferred income taxes, are recorded directly as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. At September 30, 2021, the Company and its subsidiaries did not have significant amounts of non-income producing fixed maturity or equity securities. The following table reflects the composition of net investment income, net realized gains or losses, and the net change in unrealized investment gains or losses for each of the periods shown. Quarters Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 Investment income: Fixed maturity securities $ 67.3 $ 71.3 $ 209.7 $ 218.3 Equity securities 45.0 36.1 116.6 111.1 Short-term investments — .1 .1 2.3 Other sources .8 .3 1.6 2.7 Gross investment income 113.2 107.9 328.1 334.5 Investment expenses (a) 1.5 1.5 4.5 5.1 Net investment income $ 111.6 $ 106.4 $ 323.6 $ 329.3 Investment gains (losses): From actual transactions: Fixed maturity securities: Gains $ 1.0 $ 6.3 $ 2.6 $ 10.0 Losses (.1) (5.6) (.7) (17.9) Net .8 .6 1.9 (7.8) Equity securities: Gains 31.2 .7 68.0 21.7 Losses (25.5) — (54.3) (1.2) Net 5.7 .7 13.6 20.5 Total from actual transactions 6.6 1.4 15.6 12.7 From unrealized changes in fair value of equity securities (199.3) 79.2 288.1 (529.4) Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) (192.6) 80.7 303.7 (516.7) Current and deferred income taxes (credits) (40.9) 16.9 64.0 (108.7) Net of tax realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) $ (151.6) $ 63.7 $ 239.6 $ (408.0) Changes in unrealized investment gains (losses) reflected directly in shareholders' equity: Fixed maturity securities $ (68.3) $ 31.5 $ (249.2) $ 325.9 Less: Deferred income taxes (credits) (14.4) 6.6 (52.6) 68.7 (53.9) 24.8 (196.6) 257.1 Other investments (.4) .1 (1.6) 3.4 Less: Deferred income taxes (credits) (.1) — (.3) .7 (.3) — (1.3) 2.7 Net changes in unrealized investment gains (losses), net of tax $ (54.3) $ 24.9 $ (197.9) $ 259.8 __________ (a) Investment expenses largely consist of personnel costs and investment management and custody service fees. |