Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | Note 5 - Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Major classes of loans are as follows: December 31, 2023 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 137,086 Construction and land development 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 103,572 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business 3,445 State and political subdivisions 18,708 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 108,906 Construction-individual — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 15,625 Student loans 1,662 Overdrafts 194 Other consumer 1,757 Total loans 1,093,771 Net unearned (fees) costs ( 238 ) Allowance for credit losses on loans ( 8,852 ) Loans receivable, net $ 1,084,681 December 31, 2022 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 160,875 Construction 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate 518,070 Secured by residential real estate 103,419 State and political subdivisions 20,971 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 105,654 Home equity loans and lines 63,580 Consumer 4,113 Total loans 1,039,637 Net deferred (fees) costs ( 252 ) Allowance for loan losses ( 10,531 ) Loans receivable, net $ 1,028,854 Loans secured by commercial real estate include all loans collateralized at least in part by commercial real estate. These loans may not be for the express purpose of conducting commercial real estate transactions. Overdrafts are reclassified as loans and are included in consumer loans above and total loans on the balance sheet and at December 31, 2022 are included in consumer loans. At December 31, 2022, overdrafts were $ 132,000 . QNB generally lends in Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. To a large extent, QNB makes loans collateralized at least in part by real estate. Its lending activ ities could be affected by changes in the general economy, the regional economy, or real estate values. Other than disclosed in the table above, at December 31, 2023, there was a concentration of loans to lessors of residential buildings and dwellings of 21.5 % of total loans and to lessors of nonresidential buildings of 24.7 % of total loans, compared with 20.0 % and 22.5 % of total loans, respectively, at December 31, 2022. Thes e concentrations were primarily within the commercial real estate categories. QNB engages in a variety of lending activities, including commercial, residential real estate and consumer transactions. QNB focuses its lending activities on individuals, professionals and small to medium sized businesses. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and residential real estate loans with a business purpose are generally perceived as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans with a personal purpose and consumer loans. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay these loans depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business. The assets financed are used within the business for its ongoing operation. Repayment of these types of loans generally comes from the cash flow of the business or the ongoing conversions of assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, to cash. Typical collateral for commercial and industrial loans includes the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. Commercial real estate and residential real estate loans secured for a business purpose are originated primarily within the southeastern Pennsylvania market area at conservative loan-to-value ratios and often backed by the individual guarantees of the borrowers or owners. Repayment of this kind of loan is dependent upon either the ongoing cash flow of the borrowing entity or the resale of or lease of the subject property. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, as well as the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. Loans to state and political subdivisions are tax-exempt or taxable loans to municipalities, school districts and housing and industrial development authorities. These loans can be general obligations of the municipality or school district repaid through their taxing authority, revenue obligations repaid through the income generated by the operations of the authority, such as a water or sewer authority, or loans issued to a housing and industrial development agency, for which a private corporation is responsible for payments on the loans. QNB originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate real estate-residential mortgage loans for personal purposes that are secured by first liens on the underlying 1-4 family residential properties. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the credit worthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80 % loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate-home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market. Since most loans are secured by a primary or secondary residence, the borrower’s continued employment is the greatest risk to repayment. QNB offers a variety of loans to individuals for personal and household purposes. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and is more likely to decrease in value than real estate. Credit risk in this portfolio is controlled by conservative underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. QNB employs a ten-grade risk rating system related to the credit quality of commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions of which the first six categories are pass categories (credits not adversely rated). The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to each risk rating. 1 - Excellent - no apparent risk 2 - Good - minimal risk 3 - Acceptable - lower risk 4 - Acceptable - average risk 5 - Acceptable – higher risk 6 - Pass watch 7 - Special Mention - potential weaknesses 8 - Substandard - well defined weaknesses 9 - Doubtful - full collection unlikely 10 - Loss - considered uncollectible QNB maintains a loan review system, which allows for a periodic review of our loan portfolio and the early identification of potential problem loans. Each loan officer assigns a rating to commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions at the time the loan is originated. Loans with risk ratings of one through five are reviewed annually based on the borrower’s fiscal year. Loans with risk ratings of six are reviewed every six to twelve months based on the dollar amount of the relationship with the borrower. Loans with risk ratings of seven through ten are reviewed at least quarterly, and as often as monthly, at management’s discretion. QNB also utilizes an outside loan review firm to review the portfolio on a semi-annual basis to provide the Board of Directors and senior management an independent review of the Bank’s loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. These reviews are designed to recognize deteriorating credits in their earliest stages in an effort to reduce and control risk in the lending function as well as identifying potential shifts in the quality of the loan portfolio. The examinations by the outside loan review firm include the review of lending activities with respect to underwriting and processing new loans, monitoring the risk of existing loans and to provide timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. In addition, the outside firm reviews the methodology for the allowance for loan losses to determine compliance to policy and regulatory guidance. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the QNB’s internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Commercial Loans Commercial and industrial: Risk rating Pass $ 20,473 $ 14,439 $ 8,574 $ 5,913 $ 8,626 $ 7,175 $ 70,716 $ 135,916 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — 1,170 1,170 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total commercial and industrial $ 20,473 $ 14,439 $ 8,574 $ 5,913 $ 8,626 $ 7,175 $ 71,886 $ 137,086 Construction and land development: Risk rating Pass $ 46,171 $ 43,472 $ 14,630 $ 3,434 $ 4,028 $ 4,395 $ — $ 116,130 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 43 — 43 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total construction and land development $ 46,171 $ 43,472 $ 14,630 $ 3,434 $ 4,028 $ 4,438 $ — $ 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties: Risk rating Pass $ 10,826 $ 28,858 $ 23,430 $ 9,808 $ 5,804 $ 27,609 $ — $ 106,335 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — 704 2,154 — 2,858 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by multi-family properties $ 10,826 $ 28,858 $ 23,430 $ 9,808 $ 6,508 $ 29,763 $ — $ 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties: Risk rating Pass $ 14,430 $ 29,576 $ 26,908 $ 18,693 $ 12,239 $ 53,030 $ — $ 154,876 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — 5,819 — 5,819 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Total real estate secured by owner-occupied properties $ 14,430 $ 29,576 $ 26,908 $ 18,693 $ 12,239 $ 58,849 $ — $ 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties: Risk rating Pass $ 32,297 $ 44,526 $ 42,582 $ 17,798 $ 28,947 $ 98,173 $ — $ 264,323 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 778 — 778 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by other commercial properties $ 32,297 $ 44,526 $ 42,582 $ 17,798 $ 28,947 $ 98,951 $ — $ 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,442 $ 5,442 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,442 $ 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 14,697 $ 28,596 $ 20,890 $ 9,794 $ 8,441 $ 20,262 $ — $ 102,680 Special mention — — 137 — — — — 137 Substandard — 189 — — 423 143 — 755 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 14,697 $ 28,785 $ 21,027 $ 9,794 $ 8,864 $ 20,405 $ — $ 103,572 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 558 $ 604 $ 542 $ 580 $ 40 $ 934 $ — $ 3,258 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 187 — 187 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 558 $ 604 $ 542 $ 580 $ 40 $ 1,121 $ — $ 3,445 State and political subdivisions: Risk rating Pass $ 707 $ — $ 4,247 $ 18 $ 5,444 $ 8,292 $ — $ 18,708 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 707 $ — $ 4,247 $ 18 $ 5,444 $ 8,292 $ — $ 18,708 Total Commercial Loans: Risk rating Pass $ 140,159 $ 190,071 $ 141,803 $ 66,038 $ 73,569 $ 219,870 $ 76,158 $ 907,668 Special mention — — 137 — — — — 137 Substandard — 189 — — 1,127 9,124 1,170 11,610 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total Commercial loans $ 140,159 $ 190,260 $ 141,940 $ 66,038 $ 74,696 $ 228,994 $ 77,328 $ 919,415 December 31, 2022 Pass Special Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 157,914 $ 23 $ 2,938 $ — $ 160,875 Construction 62,955 — — — 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate 505,657 2,597 9,816 — 518,070 Secured by residential real estate 102,295 194 930 — 103,419 State and political subdivisions 20,971 — — — 20,971 Total $ 849,792 $ 2,814 $ 13,684 $ — $ 866,290 The following tables present the recorded investment in the retail classes of the loan portfolio based on payment activity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Retail Loans 1-4 family residential mortgages: Payment performance Performing $ 12,641 $ 14,635 $ 30,495 $ 20,304 $ 4,526 $ 25,500 $ — $ 108,101 Nonperforming — — — — — 805 — 805 Total 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 12,641 $ 14,635 $ 30,495 $ 20,304 $ 4,526 $ 26,305 $ — $ 108,906 Construction-individual: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total construction-individual $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 33,936 $ 33,936 Nonperforming — — — — — — 295 295 Total revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 34,231 $ 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ 2,591 $ 1,613 $ 2,933 $ 1,030 $ 931 $ 2,767 $ — $ 11,865 Nonperforming — — — — — 116 — 116 Total real estate secured by 1st lien Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 2,591 $ 1,613 $ 2,933 $ 1,030 $ 931 $ 2,883 $ — $ 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Payment performance Performing $ 6,438 $ 1,613 $ 2,184 $ 1,180 $ 676 $ 3,515 $ — $ 15,606 Nonperforming — 19 — — — — — 19 Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 6,438 $ 1,632 $ 2,184 $ 1,180 $ 676 $ 3,515 $ — $ 15,625 Student loans: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,645 $ — $ 1,645 Nonperforming — — — — — 17 — 17 Total student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,662 $ — $ 1,662 Overdrafts: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 194 $ 194 Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total overdrafts $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 194 $ 194 Other consumer: Payment performance Performing $ 793 $ 290 $ 245 $ 89 $ 73 $ 41 $ 189 $ 1,720 Nonperforming — — — — — 37 — 37 Total other consumer $ 793 $ 290 $ 245 $ 89 $ 73 $ 78 $ 189 $ 1,757 Total Retail Loans: Payment performance Performing $ 22,463 $ 18,151 $ 35,857 $ 22,603 $ 6,206 $ 33,468 $ 34,319 $ 173,067 Nonperforming — 19 — — — 975 295 1,289 Total Retail Loans $ 22,463 $ 18,170 $ 35,857 $ 22,603 $ 6,206 $ 34,443 $ 34,614 $ 174,356 December 31, 2022 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 105,193 $ 461 $ 105,654 Home equity loans and lines 63,178 402 63,580 Consumer 4,051 62 4,113 Total $ 172,422 $ 925 $ 173,347 Retail revolving lines of credit that were termed out during 2023 were $ 4,534,000 ; all which are performing. The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio (excluding deferred fees and costs) summarized by the past due status, regardless of whether the loan is on non-accrual status, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, 2023 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total past Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 77 $ — $ — $ 77 $ 137,009 $ 137,086 Construction and land development — — — — 116,173 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties — — — — 109,193 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 186 — — 186 160,509 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties 9,675 — — 9,675 255,426 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business — — — — 5,442 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 323 — — 323 103,249 103,572 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — — — 3,445 3,445 State and political subdivisions — — — — 18,708 18,708 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 433 381 481 1,295 107,611 108,906 Construction-individual — — — — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 56 — 129 185 34,046 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — 96 — 96 11,885 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — — 18 18 15,607 15,625 Student loans — 11 6 17 1,645 1,662 Overdrafts 21 2 — 23 171 194 Other consumer — 8 — 8 1,749 1,757 Total $ 10,771 $ 498 $ 634 $ 11,903 $ 1,081,868 $ 1,093,771 December 31, 2022 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total past Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,157 $ — $ 1,157 $ 159,718 $ 160,875 Construction — — — — 62,955 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate — — — — 518,070 518,070 Secured by residential real estate — — 13 13 103,406 103,419 State and political subdivisions — — — — 20,971 20,971 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 703 168 216 1,087 104,567 105,654 Home equity loans and lines 95 — — 95 63,485 63,580 Consumer 37 50 — 87 4,026 4,113 Total $ 835 $ 1,375 $ 229 $ 2,439 $ 1,037,198 $ 1,039,637 As previously discussed, QNB maintains a loan review system, which includes a continuous review of the loan portfolio by internal and external parties to aid in the early identification of potential impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that QNB will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. When placing a loan on non-accrual status, management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. All non-accrual loans, except student loans, are individually evaluated for an allowance for credit losses ("ACL"). This ACL is measured using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance for credit loss is established for a non-accrual loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of QNB’s non-accrual loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, 2023 90 Days or More Past Due-Still Accruing Nonaccrual With No Specifically-Related ACL Nonaccrual With Related ACL Total Nonaccrual Loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 278 $ 33 $ 311 Construction and land development — — — — Real estate secured by multi-family properties — — — — Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties — 175 — 175 Real estate secured by other commercial properties — — — — Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business — — — — Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — — — Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — 165 165 State and political subdivisions — — — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 805 — 805 Construction-individual — — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal — 21 274 295 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — 116 — 116 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — 19 — 19 Student loans — 17 — 17 Other consumer — 37 — 37 Total $ — $ 1,468 $ 472 $ 1,940 QNB recognized interest income of $ 557,000 on non-accrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2023. The following table presents the collateral-dependent loans by loan category at December 31, 2023: December 31, 2023 Real Estate Secured Other (1) Deficiency in Collateral Total Collateral Dependent Nonaccrual Loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 278 $ 33 $ 311 Construction and land development — — — — Real estate secured by multi-family properties — — — — Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 175 — — 175 Real estate secured by other commercial properties — — — — Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business — — — — Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — 165 165 State and political subdivisions — — — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 805 — — 805 Construction-individual — — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 185 — 110 295 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 116 — — 116 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 19 — — 19 Other consumer — 37 — 37 Total $ 1,300 $ 315 $ 308 $ 1,923 (1) Secured by business assets, personal property and equipment or guarantees The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2022 December 31, 2022 90 days or more past Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,575 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 2,031 Secured by residential real estate — 289 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 461 Home equity loans and lines — 402 Consumer — 62 Total $ — $ 4,820 The following table present the balance in the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2022 disaggregated on the basis of QNB’s impairment method by class of loans receivable along with the balance of loans receivable by class, excluding unearned fees and costs, disaggregated on the basis of QNB’s impairment methodology: Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2022 Balance Balance related Balance related Balance Balance Balance Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,316 $ 125 $ 1,191 $ 160,875 $ 1,821 $ 159,054 Construction 755 — 755 62,955 — 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate 5,002 131 4,871 518,070 5,309 512,761 Secured by residential real estate 1,240 321 919 103,419 1,362 102,057 State and political subdivisions 94 — 94 20,971 — 20,971 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 683 — 683 105,654 628 105,026 Home equity loans and lines 437 119 318 63,580 402 63,178 Consumer 502 — 502 4,113 45 4,068 Unallocated 502 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 10,531 $ 696 $ 9,333 $ 1,039,637 $ 9,567 $ 1,030,070 The following table summarizes additional information, in regards to impaired loans by loan portfolio class, as of December 31, 2022: December 31, 2022 Recorded Unpaid Related With no specific allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,402 $ 1,694 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate 2,198 2,608 Secured by residential real estate 430 482 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 628 678 Home equity loans and lines 240 296 Consumer 45 62 Total $ 4,943 $ 5,820 With an allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 419 $ 601 $ 125 Construction — — — Secured by commercial real estate 3,111 3,312 131 Secured by residential real estate 932 1,065 321 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — Home equity loans and lines 162 191 119 Consumer — — — Total $ 4,624 $ 5,169 $ 696 Total: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,821 $ 2,295 $ 125 Construction — — — Secured by commercial real estate 5,309 5,920 131 Secured by residential real estate 1,362 1,547 321 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 628 678 — Home equity loans and lines 402 487 119 Consumer 45 62 — Total $ 9,567 $ 10,989 $ 696 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2023 Beginning balance prior to adoption of ASC 326 Impact of adopting ASC 326 Credit loss expense (reversal) Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,316 $ ( 70 ) $ ( 771 ) $ ( 313 ) $ 661 $ 823 Construction and land development 755 ( 10 ) 507 — — 1,252 Real estate secured by multi-family properties 995 684 56 — — 1,735 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 1,549 ( 374 ) ( 174 ) — — 1,001 Real estate secured by other commercial properties 2,458 ( 1,128 ) ( 163 ) — — 1,167 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business 25 7 ( 5 ) — — 27 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 1,210 490 ( 203 ) — 10 1,507 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business 30 ( 14 ) ( 2 ) — — 14 State and political subdivisions 94 ( 20 ) ( 19 ) — — 55 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 682 ( 196 ) ( 59 ) — — 427 Construction-individual 1 - ( 1 ) — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 299 ( 7 ) ( 154 ) — — 138 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 57 15 110 — — 182 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 55 29 15 — 6 105 Student loans 454 12 ( 48 ) ( 57 ) 8 369 Overdrafts 8 3 70 ( 91 ) 26 16 Other consumer 41 ( 8 ) 13 ( 14 ) 2 34 Unallocated 502 ( 502 ) — N/A N/A — Total $ 10,531 $ ( 1,089 ) $ ( 828 ) $ ( 475 ) $ 713 $ 8,852 Year ended December 31, 2022 Balance, Provision for Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,368 $ ( 2,320 ) $ ( 38 ) $ 306 $ 1,316 Construction 363 392 — — 755 Secured by commercial real estate 4,280 722 — — 5,002 Secured by residential real estate 1,035 160 — 45 1,240 State and political subdivisions 69 25 — — 94 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 646 37 — — 683 Home equity loans and lines 376 55 — 6 437 Consumer 542 82 ( 158 ) 36 502 Unallocated 505 ( 3 ) N/A N/A 502 Total $ 11,184 $ ( 850 ) $ ( 196 ) $ 393 $ 10,531 Year ended December 31, 2021 Balance, Provision for Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,050 $ ( 774 ) $ — $ 92 $ 3,368 Construction 346 17 — — 363 Secured by commercial real estate 3,736 544 — — 4,280 Secured by residential real estate 871 181 ( 38 ) 21 1,035 State and political subdivisions 89 ( 20 ) — — 69 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 533 113 — — 646 Home equity loans and lines 386 32 ( 49 ) 7 376 Consumer 265 410 ( 176 ) 43 542 Unallocated 550 ( 45 ) N/A N/A 505 Total $ 10,826 $ 458 $ ( 263 ) $ 163 $ 11,184 Since the implementation of ASU 326 on January 1, 2023, the Company measures loan modifications to borrowers in financial distress as a troubled debt modification ("TDM"). A TDM could involve principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, interest rate reduction or exchanging or paying off existing debt for new debt with the Company. Any amount forgiven would be charged to the allowance for credit losses. There were no TDMs in 2023. QNB had extended, restructured, or otherwise modified the terms of loans, on a case-by-case basis, to remain competitive and retain certain customers, as well as assist other customers that had been experiencing financial difficulties. A loan was considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) loan when QNB granted a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that it would not have otherwise considered. Such concessions included a reduction of interest rates, forgiveness of principal or interest, or other modifications of interest rates to less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk. Loans that had been classified as TDRs are considered non-performing. The concessions made for the TDRs reported in the following disclosures involve lowering the monthly payments on loans through periods of interest only payments, a reduction in interest rate below a market rate or an extension of the term of the loan without a corresponding adjustment to the risk premium reflected in the interest rate, or a combination of these three methods. The restructurings rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or accrued interest. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and our underwriting process shows the borrower has the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will continue to accrue interest. Non-accruing restructured loans may be returned to accrual status when there has been a sustained period of repayment performance (generally six consecutive months of payments) and both principal and interest are deemed collectible. TDR loans that are in compliance with their modified terms and that yield a market rate may be removed from the TDR status after a period of performance. QNB closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. There were no payment default (60 days or more past due) during the year ended December 31, 2022 on loans modified within 12 months prior to December 31, 2022. Performing TDRs (not reported as non-accrual or past due 90 days or more and still accruing) totaled $ 4,301,000 as of December 31, 2022. Non-performing TDRs totaled $ 371,000 as of December 31, 2022. All TDRs are included in the specific reserve calculation in 2022. The following table illustrates the specific reserve for loan losses allocated to TDMs and TDRs. These specific reserves are included in the allowance for cre |