Loans & Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans | 8. LOANS & ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination and commitment fees and related direct costs are deferred and amortized to income over the term of the respective loan and loan commitment period as a yield adjustment. Loans held-for-sale consists of residential mortgage loans that are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance charged to income. Gains and losses on residential mortgages held-for-sale are included in non-interest income. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on loans, which is intended to absorb probable known and inherent losses in the outstanding loan portfolio. The allowance is reduced by actual credit losses and is increased or decreased by the provision (reversal) for loan losses and increased by recoveries of previous losses. The provisions or reversals for credit losses are charged to earnings to bring the total allowance for loan losses to a level considered necessary by management. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist; these pools are identified in the first table below. The Company establishes a general valuation allowance for performing loans, including non-accrual student loans. QNB calculates each segment's historical loss rate using a full economic cycle of loan balance and historical loss experienced. The level of the allowance is determined by assigning specific reserves to all non-accrual loans, except the homogeneous pool of student loans which are measured in the general reserve. An allowance on these non-accrual loans is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value) of the loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The portion of the allowance that is allocated to non-accrual loans is determined by estimating the inherent loss on each credit after giving consideration to the value of underlying collateral. The general component is adjusted for qualitative factors. These qualitative risk factors include: 1. Concentrations: The Company adjusts historic loss for concentrations in the current commercial portfolio that were not present during the down-turn of economic cycle. 2. Economic Forecast: The Company utilizes an entire economic cycle of data to determine loss rates by segment. This approach reflects an inherent reversion to the historical losses during life of the loans within the pool considering prepayments and loss experience throughout an entire economic cycle. However, the Company feels it is prudent to maintain a floor in its model to assure that there is enough reserve on hand to sustain any losses upon an upcoming recession. Management emphasizes loan quality and close monitoring of potential problem credits. Credit risk identification and review processes are utilized in order to assess and monitor the degree of risk in the loan portfolio. The Company’s lending and credit administration staff are charged with reviewing the loan portfolio and identifying changes in the economy or in a borrower’s circumstances which may affect the ability to repay debt or the value of pledged collateral. A loan classification and review system exists that identifies those loans with a higher than normal risk of collectability. Each commercial loan is assigned a grade based upon an assessment of the borrower’s financial capacity to service the debt and the presence and value of collateral for the loan. An independent firm reviews risk assessment and evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. Management meets monthly to review the credit quality of the loan portfolio and quarterly to review the allowance for loan losses. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company's allowance for credit losses on loans. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments using information available to them at the time of their examination. Management believes that it uses the best information available to make determinations about the adequacy of the allowance and that it has established its existing allowance for credit losses on loans in accordance with Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP.) If circumstances differ substantially from the current calculation, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses on loans may be necessary and results of operations could be affected. Because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that increases to the allowance will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. Major classes of loans are as follows: September 30, December 31, 2024 2023 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 148,530 $ 137,086 Construction and land development 115,819 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties 127,898 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 164,329 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties 302,099 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business 5,662 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 103,912 103,572 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business 2,748 3,445 State and political subdivisions 17,921 18,708 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 111,383 108,906 Construction-individual — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 47,671 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 6,981 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 13,239 15,625 Student loans 1,565 1,662 Overdrafts 325 194 Other consumer 1,737 1,757 Total loans 1,171,819 1,093,771 Net unearned (fees) costs ( 458 ) ( 238 ) Allowance for credit losses on loans ( 8,987 ) ( 8,852 ) Loans receivable, net $ 1,162,374 $ 1,084,681 Loans secured by commercial real estate include all loans collateralized at least in part by commercial real estate. These loans may not be for the express purpose of conducting commercial real estate transactions. QNB generally lends in Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. To a large extent, QNB makes loans collateralized at least in part by real estate. Its lending activities could be affected by changes in the general economy, the regional economy, or real estate values. The Company engages in a variety of lending activities, including commercial, residential real estate and consumer transactions. The Company focuses its lending activities on individuals, professionals and small to medium sized businesses. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and residential real estate loans with a business purpose are generally perceived as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans with a personal purpose and consumer loans. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay these loans depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business. The assets financed are used within the business for its ongoing operation. Repayment of these kinds of loans generally comes from the cash flow of the business or the ongoing conversions of assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, to cash. Typical collateral for commercial and industrial loans includes the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. Commercial real estate and residential real estate loans secured for a business purpose are originated primarily within the eastern Pennsylvania market area at conservative loan-to-value ratios and often backed by the individual guarantees of the borrowers or owners. Repayment of this kind of loan is dependent upon either the ongoing cash flow of the borrowing entity or the resale or lease of the subject property. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, as well as the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. Loans to state and political subdivisions are tax-exempt or taxable loans to municipalities, school districts and housing and industrial development authorities. These loans can be general obligations of the municipality or school district repaid through their taxing authority, revenue obligations repaid through the income generated by the operations of the authority, such as a water or sewer authority, or loans issued to a housing and industrial development agency, for which a private corporation is responsible for payments on the loans. The Company originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate real estate-residential mortgage loans for personal purposes that are secured by first liens on the underlying 1-4 family residential properties. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the credit worthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80 % loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate-home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market. Since most loans are secured by a primary or secondary residence, the borrower’s continued employment is the greatest risk to repayment. The Company offers a variety of loans to individuals for personal and household purposes. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and is more likely to decrease in value than real estate. Credit risk in this portfolio is controlled by conservative underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. The Company employs a ten-grade risk rating system related to the credit quality of commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions of which the first six categories are pass categories (credits not adversely rated). The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to each risk rating. 1. Excellent - no apparent risk 2. Good - minimal risk 3. Acceptable - lower risk 4. Acceptable - average risk 5. Acceptable – higher risk 6. Pass watch 7. Special Mention - potential weaknesses 8. Substandard - well defined weaknesses 9. Doubtful - full collection unlikely 10. Loss - considered uncollectible The Company maintains a loan review system, which allows for a periodic review of our loan portfolio and the early identification of potential problem loans. Each loan officer assigns a risk rating to all loans in the portfolio at the time the loan is originated. Loans are generally reviewed annually based on the borrower’s fiscal year and the dollar amount of the relationship. Loans with risk ratings of seven through ten are reviewed at least quarterly, and as often as monthly, at management’s discretion. The Company also utilizes an outside loan review firm to review the portfolio on a semi-annual basis to provide the Board of Directors and senior management an independent review of the Company’s loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. These reviews are designed to recognize deteriorating credits in their earliest stages in an effort to reduce and control risk in the lending function as well as identifying potential shifts in the quality of the loan portfolio. The examinations by the outside loan review firm include the review of lending activities with respect to underwriting and processing new loans, monitoring the risk of existing loans and to provide timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. In addition, the outside firm reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company’s internal risk rating system as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: Term Loans by Origination Year September 30, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Total Commercial Loans Commercial and industrial: Risk rating Pass $ 18,866 $ 17,273 $ 11,648 $ 5,566 $ 3,177 $ 9,074 $ 77,276 $ 142,880 Special mention — 554 — — — — — 554 Substandard — — — 132 104 715 4,145 5,096 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total commercial and industrial $ 18,866 $ 17,827 $ 11,648 $ 5,698 $ 3,281 $ 9,789 $ 81,421 $ 148,530 Construction and land development: Risk rating Pass $ 34,676 $ 35,756 $ 14,048 $ 13,866 $ 3,270 $ 8,206 $ — $ 109,822 Special mention — 5,961 — — — — — 5,961 Substandard — — — — — 36 — 36 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total construction and land development $ 34,676 $ 41,717 $ 14,048 $ 13,866 $ 3,270 $ 8,242 $ — $ 115,819 Real estate secured by multi-family properties: Risk rating Pass $ 15,374 $ 17,306 $ 27,911 $ 22,647 $ 9,444 $ 31,942 $ — $ 124,624 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — 476 — — — 2,798 — 3,274 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by multi-family properties $ 15,374 $ 17,782 $ 27,911 $ 22,647 $ 9,444 $ 34,740 $ — $ 127,898 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties: Risk rating Pass $ 10,051 $ 13,901 $ 27,785 $ 25,145 $ 15,501 $ 58,324 $ — $ 150,707 Special mention 62 — — — — 51 — 113 Substandard — 3,874 921 495 2,156 6,063 — 13,509 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by owner-occupied properties $ 10,113 $ 17,775 $ 28,706 $ 25,640 $ 17,657 $ 64,438 $ — $ 164,329 Real estate secured by other commercial properties: Risk rating Pass $ 24,479 $ 30,236 $ 69,229 $ 41,135 $ 14,873 $ 118,418 $ — $ 298,370 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — 667 — — 2,324 738 — 3,729 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by other commercial properties $ 24,479 $ 30,903 $ 69,229 $ 41,135 $ 17,197 $ 119,156 $ — $ 302,099 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,662 $ 5,662 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,662 $ 5,662 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 8,292 $ 14,313 $ 26,467 $ 18,992 $ 8,471 $ 26,024 $ — $ 102,559 Special mention — — — 133 — — — 133 Substandard — — 342 210 146 522 — 1,220 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 8,292 $ 14,313 $ 26,809 $ 19,335 $ 8,617 $ 26,546 $ — $ 103,912 Term Loans by Origination Year September 30, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Total Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 15 $ 540 $ 563 $ 182 $ 545 $ 884 $ — $ 2,729 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — 19 — — — — 19 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 15 $ 540 $ 582 $ 182 $ 545 $ 884 $ — $ 2,748 State and political subdivisions: Risk rating Pass $ 410 $ 949 $ — $ 3,930 $ 10 $ 12,622 $ — $ 17,921 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 410 $ 949 $ — $ 3,930 $ 10 $ 12,622 $ — $ 17,921 Total Commercial Loans: Risk rating Pass $ 112,163 $ 130,274 $ 177,651 $ 131,463 $ 55,291 $ 265,494 $ 82,938 $ 955,274 Special mention 62 6,515 — 133 — 51 — 6,761 Substandard — 5,017 1,282 837 4,730 10,872 4,145 26,883 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total Commercial loans $ 112,225 $ 141,806 $ 178,933 $ 132,433 $ 60,021 $ 276,417 $ 87,083 $ 988,918 Current Period Gross Charge-Offs: Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 23 $ 23 Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Commercial Loans Commercial and industrial: Risk rating Pass $ 20,473 $ 14,439 $ 8,574 $ 5,913 $ 8,626 $ 7,175 $ 70,716 $ 135,916 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — 1,170 1,170 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total commercial and industrial $ 20,473 $ 14,439 $ 8,574 $ 5,913 $ 8,626 $ 7,175 $ 71,886 $ 137,086 Construction and land development: Risk rating Pass $ 46,171 $ 43,472 $ 14,630 $ 3,434 $ 4,028 $ 4,395 $ — $ 116,130 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 43 — 43 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total construction and land development $ 46,171 $ 43,472 $ 14,630 $ 3,434 $ 4,028 $ 4,438 $ — $ 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties: Risk rating Pass $ 10,826 $ 28,858 $ 23,430 $ 9,808 $ 5,804 $ 27,609 $ — $ 106,335 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — 704 2,154 — 2,858 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by multi-family properties $ 10,826 $ 28,858 $ 23,430 $ 9,808 $ 6,508 $ 29,763 $ — $ 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties: Risk rating Pass $ 14,430 $ 29,576 $ 26,908 $ 18,693 $ 12,239 $ 53,030 $ — $ 154,876 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — 5,819 — 5,819 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by owner-occupied properties $ 14,430 $ 29,576 $ 26,908 $ 18,693 $ 12,239 $ 58,849 $ — $ 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties: Risk rating Pass $ 32,297 $ 44,526 $ 42,582 $ 17,798 $ 28,947 $ 98,173 $ — $ 264,323 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 778 — 778 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by other commercial properties $ 32,297 $ 44,526 $ 42,582 $ 17,798 $ 28,947 $ 98,951 $ — $ 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,442 $ 5,442 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5,442 $ 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 14,697 $ 28,596 $ 20,890 $ 9,794 $ 8,441 $ 20,262 $ — $ 102,680 Special mention — — 137 — — — — 137 Substandard — 189 — — 423 143 — 755 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 14,697 $ 28,785 $ 21,027 $ 9,794 $ 8,864 $ 20,405 $ — $ 103,572 Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business: Risk rating Pass $ 558 $ 604 $ 542 $ 580 $ 40 $ 934 $ — $ 3,258 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — 187 — 187 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 558 $ 604 $ 542 $ 580 $ 40 $ 1,121 $ — $ 3,445 State and political subdivisions: Risk rating Pass $ 707 $ — $ 4,247 $ 18 $ 5,444 $ 8,292 $ — $ 18,708 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business $ 707 $ — $ 4,247 $ 18 $ 5,444 $ 8,292 $ — $ 18,708 Total Commercial Loans: Risk rating Pass $ 140,159 $ 190,071 $ 141,803 $ 66,038 $ 73,569 $ 219,870 $ 76,158 $ 907,668 Special mention — — 137 — — — — 137 Substandard — 189 — — 1,127 9,124 1,170 11,610 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total Commercial loans $ 140,159 $ 190,260 $ 141,940 $ 66,038 $ 74,696 $ 228,994 $ 77,328 $ 919,415 Current Period Gross Charge-Offs: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 229 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 84 $ 313 F or retail loans, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the performance of the individual credits. The following tables present the recorded investment in the retail classes of the loan portfolio based on payment activity as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: Term Loans by Origination Year September 30, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Total Retail Loans 1-4 family residential mortgages: Payment performance Performing $ 7,365 $ 12,495 $ 14,210 $ 28,987 $ 19,231 $ 28,474 $ — $ 110,762 Nonperforming — — — — — 621 — 621 Total 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 7,365 $ 12,495 $ 14,210 $ 28,987 $ 19,231 $ 29,095 $ — $ 111,383 Construction-individual: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total construction-individual $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 47,351 $ 47,351 Nonperforming — — — — — — 320 320 Total revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 47,671 $ 47,671 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ 656 $ 738 $ 992 $ 1,070 $ 868 $ 2,536 $ — $ 6,860 Nonperforming — — 92 — — 29 — 121 Term Loans by Origination Year September 30, 2024 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Total Total real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 656 $ 738 $ 1,084 $ 1,070 $ 868 $ 2,565 $ — $ 6,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ 3,834 $ 3,453 $ 939 $ 1,009 $ 1,002 $ 2,985 $ — $ 13,222 Nonperforming — — 17 — — — — 17 Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 3,834 $ 3,453 $ 956 $ 1,009 $ 1,002 $ 2,985 $ — $ 13,239 Student loans: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,525 $ — $ 1,525 Nonperforming — — — — — 40 — 40 Total student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,565 $ — $ 1,565 Overdrafts: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 325 $ 325 Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total overdrafts $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 325 $ 325 Other consumer: Payment performance Performing $ 601 $ 545 $ 160 $ 127 $ 33 $ 41 $ 199 $ 1,706 Nonperforming — — — — — 31 — 31 Total other consumer $ 601 $ 545 $ 160 $ 127 $ 33 $ 72 $ 199 $ 1,737 Total Retail Loans: Payment performance Performing $ 12,456 $ 17,231 $ 16,301 $ 31,193 $ 21,134 $ 35,561 $ 47,875 $ 181,751 Nonperforming — — 109 — — 721 320 1,150 Total Retail Loans $ 12,456 $ 17,231 $ 16,410 $ 31,193 $ 21,134 $ 36,282 $ 48,195 $ 182,901 Current Period Gross Charge-Offs: Student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 23 $ — $ 23 Overdrafts — — — — — — 75 75 Other consumer — 4 8 4 — — 6 22 Term Loans by Origination Year December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Total Retail Loans 1-4 family residential mortgages: Payment performance Performing $ 12,641 $ 14,635 $ 30,495 $ 20,304 $ 4,526 $ 25,500 $ — $ 108,101 Nonperforming — — — — — 805 — 805 Total 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 12,641 $ 14,635 $ 30,495 $ 20,304 $ 4,526 $ 26,305 $ — $ 108,906 Construction-individual: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total construction-individual $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 33,936 $ 33,936 Nonperforming — — — — — — 295 295 Total revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 34,231 $ 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ 2,591 $ 1,613 $ 2,933 $ 1,030 $ 931 $ 2,767 $ — $ 11,865 Nonperforming — — — — — 116 — 116 Total real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 2,591 $ 1,613 $ 2,933 $ 1,030 $ 931 $ 2,883 $ — $ 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal: Payment performance Performing $ 6,438 $ 1,613 $ 2,184 $ 1,180 $ 676 $ 3,515 $ — $ 15,606 Nonperforming — 19 — — — — — 19 Total real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal $ 6,438 $ 1,632 $ 2,184 $ 1,180 $ 676 $ 3,515 $ — $ 15,625 Student loans: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,645 $ — $ 1,645 Nonperforming — — — — — 17 — 17 Total student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,662 $ — $ 1,662 Overdrafts: Payment performance Performing $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 194 $ 194 Nonperforming — — — — — — — — Total overdrafts $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 194 $ 194 Other consumer: Payment performance Performing $ 793 $ 290 $ 245 $ 89 $ 73 $ 41 $ 189 $ 1,720 Nonperforming — — — — — 37 — 37 Total other consumer $ 793 $ 290 $ 245 $ 89 $ 73 $ 78 $ 189 $ 1,757 Total Retail Loans: Payment performance Performing $ 22,463 $ 18,151 $ 35,857 $ 22,603 $ 6,206 $ 33,468 $ 34,319 $ 173,067 Nonperforming — 19 — — — 975 295 1,289 Total Retail Loans $ 22,463 $ 18,170 $ 35,857 $ 22,603 $ 6,206 $ 34,443 $ 34,614 $ 174,356 Current Period Gross Charge-Offs: Student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 57 $ — $ 57 Overdrafts — — — — — — 91 91 Other consumer — 1 3 — — — 10 14 Revolving home equity lines of credit secured by 1-4 family properties termed out during 2024 and 2023 were $ 2,477,000 and $ 4,534,000 ; all of wh ich are performing. The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the past due status as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: September 30, 2024 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total past Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2 $ — $ — $ 2 $ 148,528 $ 148,530 Construction and land development — — — — 115,819 115,819 Real estate secured by multi-family properties 476 — — 476 127,422 127,898 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 171 — — 171 164,158 164,329 Real estate secured by other commercial properties — — — — 302,099 302,099 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business — — — — 5,662 5,662 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 135 — — 135 103,777 103,912 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business 1 — — 1 2,747 2,748 State and political subdivisions — — — — 17,921 17,921 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 312 418 730 110,653 111,383 Construction-individual — — — — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 49 120 — 169 47,502 47,671 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal 128 — 92 220 6,761 6,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — 96 17 113 13,126 13,239 Student loans — — 29 29 1,536 1,565 Overdrafts 16 4 — 20 305 325 Other consumer — 5 — 5 1,732 1,737 Total $ 978 $ 537 $ 556 $ 2,071 $ 1,169,748 $ 1,171,819 December 31, 2023 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total past Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 77 $ — $ — $ 77 $ 137,009 $ 137,086 Construction and land development — — — — 116,173 116,173 Real estate secured by multi-family properties — — — — 109,193 109,193 Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties 186 — — 186 160,509 160,695 Real estate secured by other commercial properties 9,675 — — 9,675 255,426 265,101 Revolving real estate secured by 1-4 family properties-business — — — — 5,442 5,442 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-business 323 — — 323 103,249 103,572 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-business — — — — 3,445 3,445 State and political subdivisions — — — — 18,708 18,708 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 433 381 481 1,295 107,611 108,906 Construction-individual — — — — — — Revolving home equity secured by 1-4 family properties-personal 56 — 129 185 34,046 34,231 Real estate secured by 1st lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — 96 — 96 11,885 11,981 Real estate secured by junior lien on 1-4 family properties-personal — — 18 18 15,607 15,625 Student loans — 11 6 17 1,645 1,662 Overdrafts 21 2 — 23 171 194 Other consumer — 8 — 8 1,749 1,757 Total $ 10,771 $ 498 $ 634 $ 11,903 $ 1,081,868 $ 1,093,771 As previously discussed, the Company maintains a loan review system, which includes a continuous review of the loan portfolio by internal and external parties to aid in the early identification of potential impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. When placing a loan on non-accrual status, management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. All non-accrual loans, except student loans, are individually evaluated for an allowance for credit losses ("ACL"). This ACL is measured using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell if the loan is collateral dependent. An ACL is established for a non-accrual loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of the Company’s non-accrual loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral less costs to sell. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes individually evaluated, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. The following tables discloses the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: September 30, 2024 90 Days or More Past Due-Still Accruing Nonaccrual With No Specifically-Related ACL Nonaccrual With Related ACL Total Nonaccrual Loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ 29 $ 29 Construction and land development — — — — Real estate secured by multi-family properties — — — — Real estate secured by owner-occupied properties — 308 — 308 R |