Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses | Note 5 - Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses Major classes of loans are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 162,452 $ 147,190 Construction 50,135 51,157 Secured by commercial real estate 308,590 286,867 Secured by residential real estate 68,581 71,703 State and political subdivisions 43,737 38,087 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 67,453 55,818 Home equity loans and lines 77,475 75,576 Consumer 6,785 6,680 Total loans 785,208 733,078 Net unearned costs 240 205 Loans receivable $ 785,448 $ 733,283 Loans secured by commercial real estate include all loans collateralized at least in part by commercial real estate. These loans may not be for the express purpose of conducting commercial real estate transactions. Overdrafts are reclassified as loans and are included in consumer loans above and total loans on the balance sheet. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, overdrafts were $183,000 and $126,000, respectively. QNB generally lends in its trade area which is comprised of Quakertown and the surrounding communities. To a large extent, QNB makes loans collateralized at least in part by real estate. Its lending activities could be affected by changes in the general economy, the regional economy, or real estate values. Other than disclosed in the table above, at December 31, 2018, there was a concentration of loans to lessors of residential buildings and dwellings of 15.8% of total loans and to lessors of nonresidential buildings of 18.1% of total loans, compared with 15.7% and 17.3% of total loans, respectively, at December 31, 2017. These concentrations were primarily within the commercial real estate categories. The Company engages in a variety of lending activities, including commercial, residential real estate and consumer transactions. The Company focuses its lending activities on individuals, professionals and small to medium sized businesses. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and residential real estate loans with a business purpose are generally perceived as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans with a personal purpose and consumer loans. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay these loans depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business. The assets financed are used within the business for its ongoing operation. Repayment of these types of loans generally comes from the cash flow of the business or the ongoing conversions of assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, to cash. Typical collateral for commercial and industrial loans includes the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. Commercial real estate and residential real estate loans secured for a business purpose are originated primarily within the eastern Pennsylvania market area at conservative loan-to-value ratios and often backed by the individual guarantees of the borrowers or owners. Repayment of this kind of loan is dependent upon either the ongoing cash flow of the borrowing entity or the resale of or lease of the subject property. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, as well as the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. Loans to state and political subdivisions are tax-exempt or taxable loans to municipalities, school districts and housing and industrial development authorities. These loans can be general obligations of the municipality or school district repaid through their taxing authority, revenue obligations repaid through the income generated by the operations of the authority, such as a water or sewer authority, or loans issued to a housing and industrial development agency, for which a private corporation is responsible for payments on the loans. In October 2016, the Company sold its interest in third-party originated lease financing receivables, recording a loss on sale of $223,000, which was essentially offset by a $220,000 reversal of the allowance for loan losses associated with this sold portfolio. The lease financing receivables comprised loans to small businesses collateralized by equipment to borrowers within Pennsylvania and in states contiguous to Pennsylvania. QNB was not the lessor and did not service these loans. The Company originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate real estate-residential mortgage loans for personal purposes that are secured by first liens on the underlying 1-4 family residential properties. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the credit worthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80% loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate-home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market. Since most loans are secured by a primary or secondary residence, the borrower’s continued employment is the greatest risk to repayment. The Company offers a variety of loans to individuals for personal and household purposes. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and is more likely to decrease in value than real estate. Credit risk in this portfolio is controlled by conservative underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. The Company employs a ten-grade risk rating system related to the credit quality of commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions of which the first six categories are pass categories (credits not adversely rated). The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to each risk rating. 1 - Excellent - no apparent risk 2 - Good - minimal risk 3 - Acceptable - lower risk 4 - Acceptable - average risk 5 - Acceptable – high risk 6 - Pass watch 7 - Special Mention - potential weaknesses 8 - Substandard - well defined weaknesses 9 - Doubtful - full collection unlikely 10 - Loss - considered uncollectible The Company maintains a loan review system, which allows for a periodic review of our loan portfolio and the early identification of potential problem loans. Each loan officer assigns a rating to commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions at the time the loan is originated. Loans with risk ratings of one through five are reviewed annually based on the borrower’s fiscal year. Loans with risk ratings of six are reviewed every six to twelve months based on the dollar amount of the relationship with the borrower. Loans with risk ratings of seven through ten are reviewed at least quarterly, and as often as monthly, at management’s discretion. The Company also utilizes an outside loan review firm to review the portfolio on a semi-annual basis to provide the Board of Directors and senior management an independent review of the Bank’s loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. These reviews are designed to recognize deteriorating credits in their earliest stages in an effort to reduce and control risk in the lending function as well as identifying potential shifts in the quality of the loan portfolio. The examinations by the outside loan review firm include the review of lending activities with respect to underwriting and processing new loans, monitoring the risk of existing loans and to provide timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. In addition, the outside firm reviews the methodology for the allowance for loan losses to determine compliance to policy and regulatory guidance. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company’s internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 155,219 $ 82 $ 7,151 $ — $ 162,452 Construction 50,135 — — — 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 297,713 1,259 9,618 — 308,590 Secured by residential real estate 66,838 173 1,570 — 68,581 State and political subdivisions 43,737 — — — 43,737 Total $ 613,642 $ 1,514 $ 18,339 $ — $ 633,495 December 31, 2017 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 139,820 $ 863 $ 6,507 $ — $ 147,190 Construction 51,156 — 1 — 51,157 Secured by commercial real estate 268,069 10,569 8,229 — 286,867 Secured by residential real estate 69,571 222 1,910 — 71,703 State and political subdivisions 38,087 — — — 38,087 Total $ 566,703 $ 11,654 $ 16,647 $ — $ 595,004 For retail loans, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the performance of the individual credits. The following tables present the recorded investment in the retail classes of the loan portfolio based on payment activity as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 66,513 $ 940 $ 67,453 Home equity loans and lines 77,309 166 77,475 Consumer 6,659 126 6,785 Total $ 150,481 $ 1,232 $ 151,713 December 31, 2017 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 54,936 $ 882 $ 55,818 Home equity loans and lines 75,433 143 75,576 Consumer 6,595 85 6,680 Total $ 136,964 $ 1,110 $ 138,074 The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio (excluding deferred fees and costs) summarized by the past due status, regardless of whether the loan is on non-accrual status, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 30-59 past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 94 $ 141 $ 1,372 $ 1,607 $ 160,845 $ 162,452 Construction — — — — 50,135 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 305 1,029 638 1,972 306,618 308,590 Secured by residential real estate 24 352 291 667 67,914 68,581 State and political subdivisions — — — — 43,737 43,737 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 544 245 476 1,265 66,188 67,453 Home equity loans and lines 82 205 61 348 77,127 77,475 Consumer 23 35 24 82 6,703 6,785 Total $ 1,072 $ 2,007 $ 2,862 $ 5,941 $ 779,267 $ 785,208 December 31, 2017 30-59 past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 25 $ 429 $ 57 $ 511 $ 146,679 $ 147,190 Construction — — — — 51,157 51,157 Secured by commercial real estate 899 — 730 1,629 285,238 286,867 Secured by residential real estate 24 — 210 234 71,469 71,703 State and political subdivisions — — — — 38,087 38,087 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 744 152 504 1,400 54,418 55,818 Home equity loans and lines 251 44 119 414 75,162 75,576 Consumer 23 8 — 31 6,649 6,680 Total $ 1,966 $ 633 $ 1,620 $ 4,219 $ 728,859 $ 733,078 The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 3,179 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 1,965 Secured by residential real estate — 1,102 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 940 Home equity loans and lines — 166 Consumer — 126 Total $ — $ 7,478 December 31, 2017 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 3,367 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 1,987 Secured by residential real estate — 1,458 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 882 Home equity loans and lines — 142 Consumer — 85 Total $ — $ 7,921 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,711 $ 341 $ — $ 40 $ 3,092 Construction 563 (12 ) — — 551 Secured by commercial real estate 2,410 391 — 23 2,824 Secured by residential real estate 816 (12 ) (77 ) 27 754 State and political subdivisions 114 39 — — 153 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 444 54 (1 ) — 497 Home equity loans and lines 357 52 (84 ) 13 338 Consumer 57 185 (112 ) 34 164 Unallocated 369 92 N/A N/A 461 Total $ 7,841 $ 1,130 $ (274 ) $ 137 $ 8,834 Year ended December 31, 2017 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,459 $ 2,178 $ (960 ) $ 34 $ 2,711 Construction 449 114 — — 563 Secured by commercial real estate 2,646 (244 ) — 8 2,410 Secured by residential real estate 1,760 (959 ) (23 ) 38 816 State and political subdivisions 123 (9 ) — — 114 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 366 78 — — 444 Home equity loans and lines 353 (6 ) — 10 357 Consumer 76 41 (92 ) 32 57 Unallocated 162 207 N/A N/A 369 Total $ 7,394 $ 1,400 $ (1,075 ) $ 122 $ 7,841 Year ended December 31, 2016 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,521 $ 41 $ (140 ) $ 37 $ 1,459 Construction 286 163 — — 449 Secured by commercial real estate 2,411 227 — 8 2,646 Secured by residential real estate 1,812 (44 ) (120 ) 112 1,760 State and political subdivisions 222 (99 ) — — 123 Indirect lease financing 164 (121 ) (52 ) 9 — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 350 16 — — 366 Home equity loans and lines 428 (91 ) — 16 353 Consumer 76 60 (92 ) 32 76 Unallocated 284 (122 ) N/A N/A 162 Total $ 7,554 $ 30 $ (404 ) $ 214 $ 7,394 As previously discussed, the Company maintains a loan review system, which includes a continuous review of the loan portfolio by internal and external parties to aid in the early identification of potential impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions by using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Company does not separately identify individual consumer and residential mortgage loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are part of a larger relationship that is impaired or are classified as a troubled debt restructuring. An allowance for loan losses is established for an impaired loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of the Company’s impaired loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. From time to time, QNB may extend, restructure, or otherwise modify the terms of existing loans, on a case-by-case basis, to remain competitive and retain certain customers, as well as assist other customers that may be experiencing financial difficulties. A loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) loan when the Company grants a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider. Such concessions include the reduction of interest rates, extension of terms, forgiveness of principal or interest, or other modifications of interest rates to less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk. Loans classified as TDRs are considered non-performing and are also designated as impaired. The concessions made for TDRs involve lowering the monthly payments on loans through periods of interest only payments, a reduction in interest rate below a market rate or an extension of the term of the loan without a corresponding adjustment to the risk premium reflected in the interest rate, or a combination of these three methods. The restructurings rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or accrued interest. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and our underwriting process shows the borrower has the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will continue to accrue interest. Non-accruing restructured loans may be returned to accrual status when there has been a sustained period of repayment performance (generally six consecutive months of payments) and both principal and interest are deemed collectible. Performing TDRs (not reported as non-accrual or past due 90 days or more and still accruing) totaled $2,160,000 and $1,321,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Non-performing TDRs totaled $1,317,000 and $2,994,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. All TDRs are included in impaired loans. The following table illustrates the specific reserve for loan losses allocated to loans modified as TDRs. These specific reserves are included in the allowance for loan losses for loans individually evaluated for impairment. There were charge-offs resulting from loans modified as TDRs of $51,000, $3,000 and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. December 31, 2018 2017 Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Unpaid principal balance Related allowance TDRs with no specific allowance recorded $ 2,513 $ — $ 3,448 $ — TDRs with an allowance recorded 964 411 867 235 Total $ 3,477 $ 411 $ 4,315 $ 235 There were four newly identified TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, QNB had commitments of $0, respectively, to lend additional funds to customers with loans whose terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings. The following table presents loans, by loan class, modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The pre-modification outstanding recorded investment disclosed represents the carrying amounts immediately prior to the modification of the loan. The post-modification outstanding recorded investment is net of loan repayments. Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 Number contracts Pre- modification outstanding recorded investment Post- modification outstanding recorded investment Number contracts Pre- modification outstanding recorded investment Post- modification outstanding recorded investment Commercial: Secured by commercial real estate 1 $ 99 $ 99 — $ — $ — Secured by residential real estate 1 39 29 — — — Retail: Home equity loans and lines 2 95 86 — — — Total 4 $ 233 $ 214 — $ — $ — There were no loans modified as TDRs, included above, within the previous 12 months from December 31, 2018 and 2017, for which there was a payment default, past due 60 days or more, during the respective year end. The company had five mortgages secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $537,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2018. There were three mortgage loans secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $421,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process at December 31, 2017. The following tables present the balance in the allowance of loan losses disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment method by class of loans receivable along with the balance of loans receivable by class, excluding unearned fees and costs, disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology: Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2018 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,092 $ 1,461 $ 1,631 $ 162,452 $ 7,128 $ 155,324 Construction 551 — 551 50,135 — 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 2,824 101 2,723 308,590 6,083 302,507 Secured by residential real estate 754 97 657 68,581 1,740 66,841 State and political subdivisions 153 — 153 43,737 — 43,737 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 497 — 497 67,453 1,268 66,185 Home equity loans and lines 338 5 333 77,475 186 77,289 Consumer 164 — 164 6,785 77 6,708 Unallocated 461 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 8,834 $ 1,664 $ 6,709 $ 785,208 $ 16,482 $ 768,726 Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2017 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,711 $ 1,260 $ 1,451 $ 147,190 $ 6,498 $ 140,692 Construction 563 — 563 51,157 1 51,156 Secured by commercial real estate 2,410 — 2,410 286,867 3,874 282,993 Secured by residential real estate 816 84 732 71,703 1,744 69,959 State and political subdivisions 114 — 114 38,087 — 38,087 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 444 8 436 55,818 1,218 54,600 Home equity loans and lines 357 40 317 75,576 164 75,412 Consumer 57 — 57 6,680 85 6,595 Unallocated 369 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 7,841 $ 1,392 $ 6,080 $ 733,078 $ 13,584 $ 719,494 The following table summarizes additional information regarding impaired loans by loan portfolio class as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance With no specific allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,243 $ 4,525 $ — $ 5,070 $ 5,461 $ — Construction — — — 1 1 — Secured by commercial real estate 5,012 5,577 — 3,874 4,464 — Secured by residential real estate 1,023 1,140 — 914 1,239 — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,268 1,357 — 1,057 1,108 — Home equity loans and lines 140 190 — 124 168 — Consumer 77 84 — 85 90 — Total $ 11,763 $ 12,873 $ — $ 11,125 $ 12,531 $ — With an allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,885 $ 4,128 $ 1,461 $ 1,428 $ 2,593 $ 1,260 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 1,071 1,095 101 — — — Secured by residential real estate 717 773 97 830 879 84 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — 161 163 8 Home equity loans and lines 46 46 5 40 41 40 Consumer — — — — — — Total $ 4,719 $ 6,042 $ 1,664 $ 2,459 $ 3,676 $ 1,392 Total: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 7,128 $ 8,653 $ 1,461 $ 6,498 $ 8,054 $ 1,260 Construction — — — 1 1 — Secured by commercial real estate 6,083 6,672 101 3,874 4,464 — Secured by residential real estate 1,740 1,913 97 1,744 2,118 84 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,268 1,357 — 1,218 1,271 8 Home equity loans and lines 186 236 5 164 209 40 Consumer 77 84 — 85 90 — Total $ 16,482 $ 18,915 $ 1,664 $ 13,584 $ 16,207 $ 1,392 The following table presents additional information regarding the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 6,064 $ 227 $ 5,301 $ 14 $ 4,200 $ 58 Construction — — 51 2 370 18 Secured by commercial real estate 4,908 189 5,744 145 6,129 131 Secured by residential real estate 1,800 23 2,252 23 1,960 15 Indirect lease financing — — — — 88 — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,251 12 1,155 13 583 10 Home equity loans and lines 186 1 138 1 129 1 Consumer 81 — 97 — 29 — Total $ 14,290 $ 452 $ 14,738 $ 198 $ 13,488 $ 233 |