Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses | Note 5 - Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses Major classes of loans are as follows: December 31, 2019 2018 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 168,031 $ 162,452 Construction 56,209 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 336,050 308,590 Secured by residential real estate 72,443 68,581 State and political subdivisions 38,376 43,737 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 69,469 67,453 Home equity loans and lines 73,311 77,475 Consumer 6,530 6,785 Total loans 820,419 785,208 Net unearned costs 197 240 Loans receivable $ 820,616 $ 785,448 Loans secured by commercial real estate include all loans collateralized at least in part by commercial real estate. These loans may not be for the express purpose of conducting commercial real estate transactions. Overdrafts are reclassified as loans and are included in consumer loans above and total loans on the balance sheet. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, overdrafts were $224,000 and $183,000, respectively. QNB generally lends in its trade area which is comprised of Quakertown and the surrounding communities. To a large extent, QNB makes loans collateralized at least in part by real estate. Its lending activities could be affected by changes in the general economy, the regional economy, or real estate values. Other than disclosed in the table above, at December 31, 2019, there was a concentration of loans to lessors of residential buildings and dwellings of 16.6% of total loans and to lessors of nonresidential buildings of 18.3% of total loans, compared with 15.8% and 18.1% of total loans, respectively, at December 31, 2018. These concentrations were primarily within the commercial real estate categories. The Company engages in a variety of lending activities, including commercial, residential real estate and consumer transactions. The Company focuses its lending activities on individuals, professionals and small to medium sized businesses. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and residential real estate loans with a business purpose are generally perceived as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans with a personal purpose and consumer loans. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay these loans depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business. The assets financed are used within the business for its ongoing operation. Repayment of these types of loans generally comes from the cash flow of the business or the ongoing conversions of assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, to cash. Typical collateral for commercial and industrial loans includes the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. Commercial real estate and residential real estate loans secured for a business purpose are originated primarily within the eastern Pennsylvania market area at conservative loan-to-value ratios and often backed by the individual guarantees of the borrowers or owners. Repayment of this kind of loan is dependent upon either the ongoing cash flow of the borrowing entity or the resale of or lease of the subject property. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, as well as the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. Loans to state and political subdivisions are tax-exempt or taxable loans to municipalities, school districts and housing and industrial development authorities. These loans can be general obligations of the municipality or school district repaid through their taxing authority, revenue obligations repaid through the income generated by the operations of the authority, such as a water or sewer authority, or loans issued to a housing and industrial development agency, for which a private corporation is responsible for payments on the loans. The Company originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate real estate-residential mortgage loans for personal purposes that are secured by first liens on the underlying 1-4 family residential properties. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the credit worthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80% loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate-home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market. Since most loans are secured by a primary or secondary residence, the borrower’s continued employment is the greatest risk to repayment. The Company offers a variety of loans to individuals for personal and household purposes. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and is more likely to decrease in value than real estate. Credit risk in this portfolio is controlled by conservative underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. The Company employs a ten-grade risk rating system related to the credit quality of commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions of which the first six categories are pass categories (credits not adversely rated). The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to each risk rating. 1 - Excellent - no apparent risk 2 - Good - minimal risk 3 - Acceptable - lower risk 4 - Acceptable - average risk 5 - Acceptable – higher risk 6 - Pass watch 7 - Special Mention - potential weaknesses 8 - Substandard - well defined weaknesses 9 - Doubtful - full collection unlikely 10 - Loss - considered uncollectible The Company maintains a loan review system, which allows for a periodic review of our loan portfolio and the early identification of potential problem loans. Each loan officer assigns a rating to commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions at the time the loan is originated. Loans with risk ratings of one through five are reviewed annually based on the borrower’s fiscal year. Loans with risk ratings of six are reviewed every six to twelve months based on the dollar amount of the relationship with the borrower. Loans with risk ratings of seven through ten are reviewed at least quarterly, and as often as monthly, at management’s discretion. The Company also utilizes an outside loan review firm to review the portfolio on a semi-annual basis to provide the Board of Directors and senior management an independent review of the Bank’s loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. These reviews are designed to recognize deteriorating credits in their earliest stages in an effort to reduce and control risk in the lending function as well as identifying potential shifts in the quality of the loan portfolio. The examinations by the outside loan review firm include the review of lending activities with respect to underwriting and processing new loans, monitoring the risk of existing loans and to provide timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. In addition, the outside firm reviews the methodology for the allowance for loan losses to determine compliance to policy and regulatory guidance. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company’s internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 158,247 $ 3,665 $ 6,119 $ — $ 168,031 Construction 56,209 — — — 56,209 Secured by commercial real estate 324,936 2,995 8,119 — 336,050 Secured by residential real estate 70,759 — 1,684 — 72,443 State and political subdivisions 38,376 — — — 38,376 Total $ 648,527 $ 6,660 $ 15,922 $ — $ 671,109 December 31, 2018 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 155,219 $ 82 $ 7,151 $ — $ 162,452 Construction 50,135 — — — 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 297,713 1,259 9,618 — 308,590 Secured by residential real estate 66,838 173 1,570 — 68,581 State and political subdivisions 43,737 — — — 43,737 Total $ 613,642 $ 1,514 $ 18,339 $ — $ 633,495 For retail loans, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the performance of the individual credits. The following tables present the recorded investment in the retail classes of the loan portfolio based on payment activity as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 68,833 $ 636 $ 69,469 Home equity loans and lines 72,774 537 73,311 Consumer 6,391 139 6,530 Total $ 147,998 $ 1,312 $ 149,310 December 31, 2018 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 66,513 $ 940 $ 67,453 Home equity loans and lines 77,309 166 77,475 Consumer 6,659 126 6,785 Total $ 150,481 $ 1,232 $ 151,713 The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio (excluding deferred fees and costs) summarized by the past due status, regardless of whether the loan is on non-accrual status, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 30-59 past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 58 $ 2,006 $ 2,064 $ 165,967 $ 168,031 Construction — — — — 56,209 56,209 Secured by commercial real estate — — 1,527 1,527 334,523 336,050 Secured by residential real estate 208 79 142 429 72,014 72,443 State and political subdivisions — — — — 38,376 38,376 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,486 573 432 2,491 66,978 69,469 Home equity loans and lines 271 23 55 349 72,962 73,311 Consumer 29 71 — 100 6,430 6,530 Total $ 1,994 $ 804 $ 4,162 $ 6,960 $ 813,459 $ 820,419 December 31, 2018 30-59 past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 94 $ 141 $ 1,372 $ 1,607 $ 160,845 $ 162,452 Construction — — — — 50,135 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 305 1,029 638 1,972 306,618 308,590 Secured by residential real estate 24 352 291 667 67,914 68,581 State and political subdivisions — — — — 43,737 43,737 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 544 245 476 1,265 66,188 67,453 Home equity loans and lines 82 205 61 348 77,127 77,475 Consumer 23 35 24 82 6,703 6,785 Total $ 1,072 $ 2,007 $ 2,862 $ 5,941 $ 779,267 $ 785,208 The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 5,901 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 3,640 Secured by residential real estate — 851 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 636 Home equity loans and lines — 537 Consumer — 139 Total $ — $ 11,704 December 31, 2018 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 3,179 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 1,965 Secured by residential real estate — 1,102 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 940 Home equity loans and lines — 166 Consumer — 126 Total $ — $ 7,478 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,092 $ 1,771 $ (207 ) $ 33 $ 4,689 Construction 551 39 — — 590 Secured by commercial real estate 2,824 (315 ) — 10 2,519 Secured by residential real estate 754 (197 ) (51 ) 123 629 State and political subdivisions 153 (38 ) — — 115 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 497 52 — — 549 Home equity loans and lines 338 (26 ) (17 ) 15 310 Consumer 164 219 (197 ) 44 230 Unallocated 461 (205 ) N/A N/A 256 Total $ 8,834 $ 1,300 $ (472 ) $ 225 $ 9,887 Year ended December 31, 2018 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,711 $ 341 $ — $ 40 $ 3,092 Construction 563 (12 ) — — 551 Secured by commercial real estate 2,410 391 — 23 2,824 Secured by residential real estate 816 (12 ) (77 ) 27 754 State and political subdivisions 114 39 — — 153 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 444 54 (1 ) — 497 Home equity loans and lines 357 52 (84 ) 13 338 Consumer 57 185 (112 ) 34 164 Unallocated 369 92 N/A N/A 461 Total $ 7,841 $ 1,130 $ (274 ) $ 137 $ 8,834 Year ended December 31, 2017 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,459 $ 2,178 $ (960 ) $ 34 $ 2,711 Construction 449 114 — — 563 Secured by commercial real estate 2,646 (244 ) — 8 2,410 Secured by residential real estate 1,760 (959 ) (23 ) 38 816 State and political subdivisions 123 (9 ) — — 114 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 366 78 — — 444 Home equity loans and lines 353 (6 ) — 10 357 Consumer 76 41 (92 ) 32 57 Unallocated 162 207 N/A N/A 369 Total $ 7,394 $ 1,400 $ (1,075 ) $ 122 $ 7,841 As previously discussed, the Company maintains a loan review system, which includes a continuous review of the loan portfolio by internal and external parties to aid in the early identification of potential impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions by using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Company does not separately identify individual consumer and residential mortgage loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are part of a larger relationship that is impaired or are classified as a troubled debt restructuring. An allowance for loan losses is established for an impaired loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of the Company’s impaired loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. From time to time, QNB may extend, restructure, or otherwise modify the terms of existing loans, on a case-by-case basis, to remain competitive and retain certain customers, as well as assist other customers that may be experiencing financial difficulties. A loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) loan when the Company grants a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider. Such concessions include the reduction of interest rates, extension of terms, forgiveness of principal or interest, or other modifications of interest rates to less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk. Loans classified as TDRs are considered non-performing and are also designated as impaired. The concessions made for TDRs involve lowering the monthly payments on loans through periods of interest only payments, a reduction in interest rate below a market rate or an extension of the term of the loan without a corresponding adjustment to the risk premium reflected in the interest rate, or a combination of these three methods. The restructurings rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or accrued interest. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and our underwriting process shows the borrower has the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will continue to accrue interest. Non-accruing restructured loans may be returned to accrual status when there has been a sustained period of repayment performance (generally six consecutive months of payments) and both principal and interest are deemed collectible. Performing TDRs (not reported as non-accrual or past due 90 days or more and still accruing) totaled $4,760,000 and $2,160,000 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Non-performing TDRs totaled $1,131,000 and $1,317,000 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. All TDRs are included in impaired loans. The following table illustrates the specific reserve for loan losses allocated to loans modified as TDRs. These specific reserves are included in the allowance for loan losses for loans individually evaluated for impairment. There were charge-offs resulting from loans modified as TDRs of $5,000, $51,000 and $3,000 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. December 31, 2019 2018 Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Unpaid principal balance Related allowance TDRs with no specific allowance recorded $ 2,957 $ — $ 2,513 $ — TDRs with an allowance recorded 2,934 450 964 411 Total $ 5,891 $ 450 $ 3,477 $ 411 There were six newly identified TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2019 including a commercial and industrial loan restructured into three loans secured by commercial real estate and a reduced the line of credit available under the existing commercial and industrial loan; and one existing TDR included in the table below whose terms were modified a second time. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, QNB had commitments of $24,000 and $0, respectively, to lend additional funds to customers with loans whose terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings. The following table presents loans, by loan class, modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The pre-modification outstanding recorded investment disclosed represents the carrying amounts immediately prior to the modification of the loan. The post-modification outstanding recorded investment is net of loan repayments. Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 Number contracts Pre- modification outstanding recorded investment Post- modification outstanding recorded investment Number contracts Pre- modification outstanding recorded investment Post- modification outstanding recorded investment Commercial: Commercial and industrial 1 $ 641 $ 126 — $ — $ — Secured by commercial real estate 3 $ 2,540 $ 2,528 1 $ 99 $ 99 Secured by residential real estate 3 — 534 1 39 29 Retail: Home equity loans and lines — — — 2 95 86 Total 7 $ 3,181 $ 3,188 4 $ 233 $ 214 There were no loans modified as TDRs, included above, within the previous 12 months from December 31, 2019 and 2018, for which there was a payment default, past due 60 days or more, during the respective year end. The company had four loans secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $467,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2019. There were five mortgage loans secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $537,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process at December 31, 2018. The following tables present the balance in the allowance of loan losses disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment method by class of loans receivable along with the balance of loans receivable by class, excluding unearned fees and costs, disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology: Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2019 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,689 $ 3,307 $ 1,382 $ 168,031 $ 6,027 $ 162,004 Construction 590 — 590 56,209 — 56,209 Secured by commercial real estate 2,519 217 2,302 336,050 7,172 328,878 Secured by residential real estate 629 31 598 72,443 2,082 70,361 State and political subdivisions 115 — 115 38,376 — 38,376 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 549 — 549 69,469 955 68,514 Home equity loans and lines 310 — 310 73,311 555 72,756 Consumer 230 11 219 6,530 69 6,461 Unallocated 256 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 9,887 $ 3,566 $ 6,065 $ 820,419 $ 16,860 $ 803,559 Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2018 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,092 $ 1,461 $ 1,631 $ 162,452 $ 7,128 $ 155,324 Construction 551 — 551 50,135 - 50,135 Secured by commercial real estate 2,824 101 2,723 308,590 6,083 302,507 Secured by residential real estate 754 97 657 68,581 1,740 66,841 State and political subdivisions 153 — 153 43,737 — 43,737 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 497 — 497 67,453 1,268 66,185 Home equity loans and lines 338 5 333 77,475 186 77,289 Consumer 164 — 164 6,785 77 6,708 Unallocated 461 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 8,834 $ 1,664 $ 6,709 $ 785,208 $ 16,482 $ 768,726 The following table summarizes additional information regarding impaired loans by loan portfolio class as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance With no specific allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 901 $ 1,258 $ — $ 4,243 $ 4,525 $ — Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 3,735 4,362 — 5,012 5,577 — Secured by residential real estate 1,936 2,110 — 1,023 1,140 — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — 1,268 1,357 — Home equity loans and lines 955 1,010 — 140 190 — Consumer 555 612 — 77 84 — Total $ 8,082 $ 9,352 $ — $ 11,763 $ 12,873 $ — With an allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 5,126 $ 6,577 $ 3,307 $ 2,885 $ 4,128 $ 1,461 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 3,437 3,495 217 1,071 1,095 101 Secured by residential real estate 146 193 31 717 773 97 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — — — — Home equity loans and lines — — — 46 46 5 Consumer 69 79 11 — — — Total $ 8,778 $ 10,344 $ 3,566 $ 4,719 $ 6,042 $ 1,664 Total: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 6,027 $ 7,835 $ 3,307 $ 7,128 $ 8,653 $ 1,461 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 7,172 7,857 217 6,083 6,672 101 Secured by residential real estate 2,082 2,303 31 1,740 1,913 97 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — 1,268 1,357 — Home equity loans and lines 955 1,010 — 186 236 5 Consumer 624 691 11 77 84 — Total $ 16,860 $ 19,696 $ 3,566 $ 16,482 $ 18,915 $ 1,664 The following table presents additional information regarding the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,603 $ 1 $ 6,064 $ 227 $ 5,301 $ 14 Construction — — — — 51 2 Secured by commercial real estate 4,682 94 4,908 189 5,744 145 Secured by residential real estate 1,713 40 1,800 23 2,252 23 State and political subdivisions — — — — — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,037 12 1,251 12 1,155 13 Home equity loans and lines 281 1 186 1 138 1 Consumer 73 — 81 — 97 — Total $ 12,389 $ 148 $ 14,290 $ 452 $ 14,738 $ 198 |