Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses | Note 5 - Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Loan Losses Major classes of loans are as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 160,875 $ 148,610 Construction 62,955 55,855 Secured by commercial real estate 518,070 451,404 Secured by residential real estate 103,419 84,741 State and political subdivisions 20,971 19,775 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 105,654 100,281 Home equity loans and lines 63,580 61,782 Consumer 4,113 4,699 Total loans 1,039,637 927,147 Net deferred (fees) costs (252 ) (677 ) Loans receivable $ 1,039,385 $ 926,470 Loans secured by commercial real estate include all loans collateralized at least in part by commercial real estate. These loans may not be for the express purpose of conducting commercial real estate transactions. Overdrafts are reclassified as loans and are included in consumer loans above and total loans on the balance sheet. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, overdrafts were $132,000 and $91,000, respectively. QNB generally lends in Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. To a large extent, QNB makes loans collateralized at least in part by real estate. Its lending activities could be affected by changes in the general economy, the regional economy, or real estate values. Other than disclosed in the table above, at December 31, 2022, there was a concentration of loans to lessors of residential buildings and dwellings of 20.0% of total loans and to lessors of nonresidential buildings of 22.5% of total loans, compared with 18.0% and 24.2% of total loans, respectively, at December 31, 2021. These concentrations were primarily within the commercial real estate categories. Under the CARES Act, QNB continues to provide customers experiencing financial hardship caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic, solutions to help them through this difficult period. At December 31, 2022, QNB had no modifications related to COVID-19. At December 31, 2021, QNB had modifications to one retail loan with a balance of $42,000 which was modified three times with deferred interest and principal payments totaling ten months and to one commercial loan with a balance of $290,000 which was modified once with deferred interest and principal payments totaling six months. Loans modified in 2021 and 2020 have all returned to a normal payment schedule. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, QNB had four PPP loans totaling $2,329,000 and 98 PPP loans totaling $14,327,000, respectively, reported in gross commercial and industrial loans. The PPP loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA. QNB received origination fees from the SBA ranging from a flat fee of $2,500 to one to five basis points which are recognized in interest income as a yield adjustment over the term of the loan. Net unearned (fees) costs include $39,000 and $482,000 in PPP net loan origination fees at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. QNB engages in a variety of lending activities, including commercial, residential real estate and consumer transactions. QNB focuses its lending activities on individuals, professionals and small to medium sized businesses. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and residential real estate loans with a business purpose are generally perceived as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans with a personal purpose and consumer loans. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay these loans depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business. The assets financed are used within the business for its ongoing operation. Repayment of these types of loans generally comes from the cash flow of the business or the ongoing conversions of assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, to cash. Typical collateral for commercial and industrial loans includes the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. Commercial real estate and residential real estate loans secured for a business purpose are originated primarily within the southeastern Pennsylvania market area at conservative loan-to-value ratios and often backed by the individual guarantees of the borrowers or owners. Repayment of this kind of loan is dependent upon either the ongoing cash flow of the borrowing entity or the resale of or lease of the subject property. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, as well as the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. Loans to state and political subdivisions are tax-exempt or taxable loans to municipalities, school districts and housing and industrial development authorities. These loans can be general obligations of the municipality or school district repaid through their taxing authority, revenue obligations repaid through the income generated by the operations of the authority, such as a water or sewer authority, or loans issued to a housing and industrial development agency, for which a private corporation is responsible for payments on the loans. QNB originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate real estate-residential mortgage loans for personal purposes that are secured by first liens on the underlying 1-4 family residential properties. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the credit worthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80% loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate-home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market. Since most loans are secured by a primary or secondary residence, the borrower’s continued employment is the greatest risk to repayment. QNB offers a variety of loans to individuals for personal and household purposes. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and is more likely to decrease in value than real estate. Credit risk in this portfolio is controlled by conservative underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. QNB employs a ten-grade risk rating system related to the credit quality of commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions of which the first six categories are pass categories (credits not adversely rated). The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to each risk rating. 1 - Excellent - no apparent risk 2 - Good - minimal risk 3 - Acceptable - lower risk 4 - Acceptable - average risk 5 - Acceptable – higher risk 6 - Pass watch 7 - Special Mention - potential weaknesses 8 - Substandard - well defined weaknesses 9 - Doubtful - full collection unlikely 10 - Loss - considered uncollectible QNB maintains a loan review system, which allows for a periodic review of our loan portfolio and the early identification of potential problem loans. Each loan officer assigns a rating to commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions at the time the loan is originated. Loans with risk ratings of one through five are reviewed annually based on the borrower’s fiscal year. Loans with risk ratings of six are reviewed every six to twelve months based on the dollar amount of the relationship with the borrower. Loans with risk ratings of seven through ten are reviewed at least quarterly, and as often as monthly, at management’s discretion. QNB also utilizes an outside loan review firm to review the portfolio on a semi-annual basis to provide the Board of Directors and senior management an independent review of the Bank’s loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. These reviews are designed to recognize deteriorating credits in their earliest stages in an effort to reduce and control risk in the lending function as well as identifying potential shifts in the quality of the loan portfolio. The examinations by the outside loan review firm include the review of lending activities with respect to underwriting and processing new loans, monitoring the risk of existing loans and to provide timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. In addition, the outside firm reviews the methodology for the allowance for loan losses to determine compliance to policy and regulatory guidance. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the QNB’s internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: December 31, 2022 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 157,914 $ 23 $ 2,938 $ — $ 160,875 Construction 62,955 — — — 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate 505,657 2,597 9,816 — 518,070 Secured by residential real estate 102,295 194 930 — 103,419 State and political subdivisions 20,971 — — — 20,971 Total $ 849,792 $ 2,814 $ 13,684 $ — $ 866,290 December 31, 2021 Pass Special mention Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 141,102 $ 151 $ 7,357 $ — $ 148,610 Construction 55,855 — — — 55,855 Secured by commercial real estate 438,519 2,848 10,037 — 451,404 Secured by residential real estate 83,604 — 1,137 — 84,741 State and political subdivisions 19,775 — — — 19,775 Total $ 738,855 $ 2,999 $ 18,531 $ — $ 760,385 For retail loans, QNB evaluates credit quality based on the performance of the individual credits. The following tables present the recorded investment in the retail classes of the loan portfolio based on payment activity as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: December 31, 2022 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 105,193 $ 461 $ 105,654 Home equity loans and lines 63,178 402 63,580 Consumer 4,051 62 4,113 Total $ 172,422 $ 925 $ 173,347 December 31, 2021 Performing Non-performing Total Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages $ 99,560 $ 721 $ 100,281 Home equity loans and lines 61,102 680 61,782 Consumer 4,609 90 4,699 Total $ 165,271 $ 1,491 $ 166,762 The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio (excluding deferred fees and costs) summarized by the past due status, regardless of whether the loan is on non-accrual status, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: December 31, 2022 30-59 past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,157 $ — $ 1,157 $ 159,718 $ 160,875 Construction — — — — 62,955 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate — — — — 518,070 518,070 Secured by residential real estate — — 13 13 103,406 103,419 State and political subdivisions — — — — 20,971 20,971 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 703 168 216 1,087 104,567 105,654 Home equity loans and lines 95 — — 95 63,485 63,580 Consumer 37 50 — 87 4,026 4,113 Total $ 835 $ 1,375 $ 229 $ 2,439 $ 1,037,198 $ 1,039,637 December 31, 2021 30-59 days past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due loans Current Total loans receivable Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,288 $ 1 $ 596 $ 2,885 $ 145,725 $ 148,610 Construction — — — — 55,855 55,855 Secured by commercial real estate — — — — 451,404 451,404 Secured by residential real estate — — 30 30 84,711 84,741 State and political subdivisions — — — — 19,775 19,775 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 1,139 — 127 1,266 99,015 100,281 Home equity loans and lines 21 — 10 31 61,751 61,782 Consumer 20 11 — 31 4,668 4,699 Total $ 3,468 $ 12 $ 763 $ 4,243 $ 922,904 $ 927,147 The following tables disclose the recorded investment in loans receivable that are either on non-accrual status or past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: December 31, 2022 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 1,575 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 2,031 Secured by residential real estate — 289 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 461 Home equity loans and lines — 402 Consumer — 62 Total $ — $ 4,820 December 31, 2021 90 due (still accruing) Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — $ 3,369 Construction — — Secured by commercial real estate — 2,279 Secured by residential real estate — 391 State and political subdivisions — — Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — 721 Home equity loans and lines — 680 Consumer — 90 Total $ — $ 7,530 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2022 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,368 $ (2,320 ) $ (38 ) $ 306 $ 1,316 Construction 363 392 — — 755 Secured by commercial real estate 4,280 722 — — 5,002 Secured by residential real estate 1,035 160 — 45 1,240 State and political subdivisions 69 25 — — 94 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 646 37 — — 683 Home equity loans and lines 376 55 — 6 437 Consumer 542 82 (158 ) 36 502 Unallocated 505 (3 ) N/A N/A 502 Total $ 11,184 $ (850 ) $ (196 ) $ 393 $ 10,531 Year ended December 31, 2021 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,050 $ (774 ) $ — $ 92 $ 3,368 Construction 346 17 — — 363 Secured by commercial real estate 3,736 544 — — 4,280 Secured by residential real estate 871 181 (38 ) 21 1,035 State and political subdivisions 89 (20 ) — — 69 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 533 113 — — 646 Home equity loans and lines 386 32 (49 ) 7 376 Consumer 265 410 (176 ) 43 542 Unallocated 550 (45 ) N/A N/A 505 Total $ 10,826 $ 458 $ (263 ) $ 163 $ 11,184 Year ended December 31, 2020 Balance, beginning of period Provision for (credit to) loan losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance, end of period Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 4,689 $ (411 ) $ (268 ) $ 40 $ 4,050 Construction 590 (244 ) — — 346 Secured by commercial real estate 2,519 1,205 — 12 3,736 Secured by residential real estate 629 174 — 68 871 State and political subdivisions 115 (26 ) — — 89 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 549 (16 ) — — 533 Home equity loans and lines 310 35 — 41 386 Consumer 230 239 (282 ) 78 265 Unallocated 256 294 N/A N/A 550 Total $ 9,887 $ 1,250 $ (550 ) $ 239 $ 10,826 As previously discussed, QNB maintains a loan review system, which includes a continuous review of the loan portfolio by internal and external parties to aid in the early identification of potential impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that QNB will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial loans and loans to state and political subdivisions by using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, QNB does not separately identify individual consumer and residential mortgage loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are part of a larger relationship that is impaired or are classified as a troubled debt restructuring. An allowance for loan losses is established for an impaired loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of QNB’s impaired loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. From time to time, QNB may extend, restructure, or otherwise modify the terms of existing loans, on a case-by-case basis, to remain competitive and retain certain customers, as well as assist other customers that may be experiencing financial difficulties. A loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) loan when QNB grants a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider. Such concessions include the reduction of interest rates, extension of terms, forgiveness of principal or interest, or other modifications of interest rates to less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk. Loans classified as TDRs are considered non-performing and are also designated as impaired. The concessions made for TDRs involve lowering the monthly payments on loans through periods of interest only payments, a reduction in interest rate below a market rate or an extension of the term of the loan without a corresponding adjustment to the risk premium reflected in the interest rate, or a combination of these three methods. The restructurings rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or accrued interest. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and our underwriting process shows the borrower has the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will continue to accrue interest. Non-accruing restructured loans may be returned to accrual status when there has been a sustained period of repayment performance (generally six consecutive months of payments) and both principal and interest are deemed collectible. Performing TDRs (not reported as non-accrual or past due 90 days or more and still accruing) totaled $4,301,000 and $4,142,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Non-performing TDRs totaled $371,000 and $658,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. All TDRs are included in impaired loans. The following table illustrates the specific reserve for loan losses allocated to loans modified as TDRs. These specific reserves are included in the allowance for loan losses for loans individually evaluated for impairment. There were charge-offs resulting from loans modified as TDRs of $0, $0 and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. December 31, 2022 2021 Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Unpaid principal balance Related allowance TDRs with no specific allowance recorded $ 1,272 $ — $ 1,477 $ — TDRs with an allowance recorded 3,400 392 3,323 690 Total $ 4,672 $ 392 $ 4,800 $ 690 There were two newly identified TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2022: an extension of credit on an existing relationship that was already a TDR and one to ease cash-flow issues. There were no newly identified TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, QNB had commitments of $5,000 and $2,000, respectively, to lend additional funds to customers with loans whose terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings. QNB had one loan secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $120,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2022. There was one mortgage loan secured by residential real estate with a recorded investment of $127,000 for which foreclosure proceedings were in process at December 31, 2021. The following tables present the balance in the allowance of loan losses disaggregated on the basis of QNB’s impairment method by class of loans receivable along with the balance of loans receivable by class, excluding unearned fees and costs, disaggregated on the basis o QNB’s impairment methodology: Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2022 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,316 $ 125 $ 1,191 $ 160,875 $ 1,821 $ 159,054 Construction 755 — 755 62,955 — 62,955 Secured by commercial real estate 5,002 131 4,871 518,070 5,309 512,761 Secured by residential real estate 1,240 321 919 103,419 1,362 102,057 State and political subdivisions 94 — 94 20,971 — 20,971 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 683 — 683 105,654 628 105,026 Home equity loans and lines 437 119 318 63,580 402 63,178 Consumer 502 — 502 4,113 45 4,068 Unallocated 502 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 10,531 $ 696 $ 9,333 $ 1,039,637 $ 9,567 $ 1,030,070 Allowance for Loan Losses Loans Receivable December 31, 2021 Balance Balance to loans individually evaluated for impairment Balance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment Balance Balance individually evaluated for impairment Balance collectively evaluated for impairment Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,368 $ 2,090 $ 1,278 $ 148,610 $ 3,517 $ 145,093 Construction 363 — 363 55,855 — 55,855 Secured by commercial real estate 4,280 312 3,968 451,404 5,654 445,750 Secured by residential real estate 1,035 368 667 84,741 1,387 83,354 State and political subdivisions 69 — 69 19,775 — 19,775 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 646 — 646 100,281 893 99,388 Home equity loans and lines 376 100 276 61,782 688 61,094 Consumer 542 3 539 4,699 53 4,646 Unallocated 505 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total $ 11,184 $ 2,873 $ 7,806 $ 927,147 $ 12,192 $ 914,955 The following table summarizes additional information regarding impaired loans by loan portfolio class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Recorded investment (after charge-offs) Unpaid principal balance Related allowance With no specific allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,402 $ 1,694 $ 150 $ 157 Construction — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 2,198 2,608 2,361 2,702 Secured by residential real estate 430 482 715 768 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 628 678 893 1,002 Home equity loans and lines 240 296 514 586 Consumer 45 62 — — Total $ 4,943 $ 5,820 $ 4,633 $ 5,215 With an allowance recorded: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 419 $ 601 $ 125 $ 3,367 $ 3,825 $ 2,090 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 3,111 3,312 131 3,293 3,451 312 Secured by residential real estate 932 1,065 321 672 787 368 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages — — — — — — Home equity loans and lines 162 191 119 174 193 100 Consumer — — — 53 68 3 Total $ 4,624 $ 5,169 $ 696 $ 7,559 $ 8,324 $ 2,873 Total: Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,821 $ 2,295 $ 125 $ 3,517 $ 3,982 $ 2,090 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 5,309 5,920 131 5,654 6,153 312 Secured by residential real estate 1,362 1,547 321 1,387 1,555 368 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 628 678 — 893 1,002 — Home equity loans and lines 402 487 119 688 779 100 Consumer 45 62 — 53 68 3 Total $ 9,567 $ 10,989 $ 696 $ 12,192 $ 13,539 $ 2,873 The following table presents additional information regarding the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 3,001 $ 10 $ 3,782 $ 5 $ 5,204 $ 5 Construction — — — — — — Secured by commercial real estate 5,499 144 5,813 167 6,696 171 Secured by residential real estate 1,368 53 1,706 61 2,002 69 Retail: 1-4 family residential mortgages 871 6 902 6 819 10 Home equity loans and lines 486 1 738 — 680 1 Consumer 49 — 57 1 66 — Total $ 11,274 $ 214 $ 12,998 $ 240 $ 15,467 $ 256 |