ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK | NOTE 4 - ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK Allowance for Credit Losses Management’s estimate of expected credit losses in the Company’s loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ALLL and the allowance for unfunded lending commitments (collectively the ACL). The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that eliminates the separate recognition and measurement of TDRs. Upon adoption of this guidance, the ACL for loans previously identified as TDRs is measured at the product level based on post-modification credit attributes and use of an econometric model. For a detailed discussion of the ACL reserve methodology and estimation techniques as of December 31, 2022, see Note 6 in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the ACL reserve methodology during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Commercial Retail Total Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period $1,060 $923 $1,983 Charge-offs (59) (112) (171) Recoveries 7 31 38 Net charge-offs (52) (81) (133) Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases 103 64 167 Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period 1,111 906 2,017 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period 207 50 257 Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments 8 (7) 1 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period 215 43 258 Total allowance for credit losses, end of period $1,326 $949 $2,275 During the three months ended March 31, 2023, net charge-offs of $133 million and a credit provision of $168 million resulted in an increase of $35 million to the ACL. Our ACL as of March 31, 2023 accounts for an economic forecast over our two-year reasonable and supportable period with peak unemployment of approximately 6% and peak-to-trough GDP decline of approximately 1%. This forecast reflects a moderate recession over the two-year reasonable and supportable period. The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2022: Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in millions) Commercial Retail Total Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period $821 $937 $1,758 Charge-offs (14) (87) (101) Recoveries 3 39 42 Net charge-offs (11) (48) (59) Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases (1) (32) 53 21 Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period 778 942 1,720 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period 153 23 176 Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments (6) (12) (18) Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period 147 11 158 Total allowance for credit losses, end of period $925 $953 $1,878 (1) Includes $24 million of initial provision expense related to non-PCD loans and leases acquired from HSBC for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Credit Quality Indicators The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year. Citizens defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. In general, renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date. Citizens utilizes regulatory classification ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on regulatory classification ratings see Note 6 in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and regulatory classification rating as of March 31, 2023, and gross charge-offs by vintage date for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial Pass $1,357 $7,665 $7,610 $1,832 $1,766 $2,791 $23,680 $129 $46,830 Special Mention — 192 242 127 15 196 382 — 1,154 Substandard 36 286 279 216 178 397 811 12 2,215 Doubtful 18 34 23 3 7 88 74 4 251 Total commercial and industrial 1,411 8,177 8,154 2,178 1,966 3,472 24,947 145 50,450 Gross charge-offs — — 27 4 — — 24 — 55 Commercial real estate Pass 603 5,375 6,486 3,284 2,827 5,124 1,585 4 25,288 Special Mention — 489 95 309 274 279 11 — 1,457 Substandard — 154 82 160 574 1,119 25 — 2,114 Doubtful — 8 1 6 88 37 — — 140 Total commercial real estate 603 6,026 6,664 3,759 3,763 6,559 1,621 4 28,999 Gross charge-offs — — — — 1 3 — — 4 Leases Pass 59 240 331 230 85 421 — — 1,366 Special Mention 3 2 6 4 2 — — — 17 Substandard — 9 11 3 8 3 — — 34 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total leases 62 251 348 237 95 424 — — 1,417 Gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Total commercial Pass 2,019 13,280 14,427 5,346 4,678 8,336 25,265 133 73,484 Special Mention 3 683 343 440 291 475 393 — 2,628 Substandard 36 449 372 379 760 1,519 836 12 4,363 Doubtful 18 42 24 9 95 125 74 4 391 Total commercial $2,076 $14,454 $15,166 $6,174 $5,824 $10,455 $26,568 $149 $80,866 Gross charge-offs $— $— $27 $4 $1 $3 $24 $— $59 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and regulatory classification rating as of December 31, 2022: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior to 2018 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial Pass $8,304 $8,469 $2,224 $2,074 $1,334 $1,952 $24,211 $148 $48,716 Special Mention 124 189 120 74 48 153 364 — 1,072 Substandard 150 218 203 255 99 349 597 14 1,885 Doubtful 10 14 1 5 41 14 76 2 163 Total commercial and industrial 8,588 8,890 2,548 2,408 1,522 2,468 25,248 164 51,836 Commercial real estate Pass 5,767 6,442 3,639 3,066 2,145 3,536 1,888 3 26,486 Special Mention 1 119 103 390 99 113 62 — 887 Substandard 92 18 79 253 350 610 23 — 1,425 Doubtful — 2 9 55 — 1 — — 67 Total commercial real estate 5,860 6,581 3,830 3,764 2,594 4,260 1,973 3 28,865 Leases Pass 263 363 250 99 128 345 — — 1,448 Special Mention 4 5 2 6 1 3 — — 21 Substandard — 4 3 3 — — — — 10 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total leases 267 372 255 108 129 348 — — 1,479 Total commercial Pass 14,334 15,274 6,113 5,239 3,607 5,833 26,099 151 76,650 Special Mention 129 313 225 470 148 269 426 — 1,980 Substandard 242 240 285 511 449 959 620 14 3,320 Doubtful 10 16 10 60 41 15 76 2 230 Total commercial $14,715 $15,843 $6,633 $6,280 $4,245 $7,076 $27,221 $167 $82,180 For retail loans, Citizens utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of March 31, 2023, and gross charge-offs by vintage date for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Residential mortgages 800+ $133 $2,528 $5,105 $3,202 $1,167 $3,289 $— $— $15,424 740-799 344 2,225 2,850 1,566 628 1,747 — — 9,360 680-739 87 671 863 493 293 955 — — 3,362 620-679 18 139 158 99 139 492 — — 1,045 <620 — 25 81 92 167 588 — — 953 No FICO available (1) 1 — 2 2 3 210 — — 218 Total residential mortgages 583 5,588 9,059 5,454 2,397 7,281 — — 30,362 Gross charge-offs — — — — — 1 — — 1 Home equity 800+ — 4 5 2 5 108 4,957 257 5,338 740-799 — 1 2 1 4 98 4,306 263 4,675 680-739 — 1 1 1 6 115 2,386 229 2,739 620-679 — — 1 2 10 98 628 144 883 <620 — — — 2 10 100 219 169 500 Total home equity — 6 9 8 35 519 12,496 1,062 14,135 Gross charge-offs — — — — — 1 1 — 2 Automobile 800+ 95 625 1,362 524 276 130 — — 3,012 740-799 141 877 1,434 567 290 141 — — 3,450 680-739 154 820 1,054 400 214 110 — — 2,752 620-679 94 502 519 183 114 69 — — 1,481 <620 14 217 316 125 97 69 — — 838 No FICO available (1) 2 — — — — — — — 2 Total automobile 500 3,041 4,685 1,799 991 519 — — 11,535 Gross charge-offs — 7 11 4 4 4 — — 30 Education 800+ 74 652 1,710 1,522 668 1,391 — — 6,017 740-799 106 771 1,248 1,042 442 808 — — 4,417 680-739 53 361 396 331 159 362 — — 1,662 620-679 7 69 74 61 38 125 — — 374 <620 — 12 18 21 12 57 — — 120 No FICO available (1) 3 1 — — — 40 — — 44 Total education 243 1,866 3,446 2,977 1,319 2,783 — — 12,634 Gross charge-offs — 2 3 4 3 11 — — 23 Other retail 800+ 16 163 82 74 37 40 475 — 887 740-799 22 195 101 94 51 44 966 1 1,474 680-739 18 149 85 82 40 27 1,000 3 1,404 620-679 13 92 50 42 14 9 435 4 659 <620 2 42 27 22 7 4 210 5 319 No FICO available (1) 2 5 1 2 — — 402 1 413 Total other retail 73 646 346 316 149 124 3,488 14 5,156 Gross charge-offs 5 15 4 3 3 3 23 — 56 Total retail 800+ 318 3,972 8,264 5,324 2,153 4,958 5,432 257 30,678 740-799 613 4,069 5,635 3,270 1,415 2,838 5,272 264 23,376 680-739 312 2,002 2,399 1,307 712 1,569 3,386 232 11,919 620-679 132 802 802 387 315 793 1,063 148 4,442 <620 16 296 442 262 293 818 429 174 2,730 No FICO available (1) 8 6 3 4 3 250 402 1 677 Total retail $1,399 $11,147 $17,545 $10,554 $4,891 $11,226 $15,984 $1,076 $73,822 Gross charge-offs $5 $24 $18 $11 $10 $20 $24 $— $112 (1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2022: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior to 2018 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Residential mortgages 800+ $2,132 $4,943 $3,143 $1,180 $363 $3,081 $— $— $14,842 740-799 2,376 2,991 1,660 638 257 1,635 — — 9,557 680-739 769 899 502 308 149 851 — — 3,478 620-679 125 168 135 138 99 422 — — 1,087 <620 17 68 77 165 147 455 — — 929 No FICO available (1) 2 2 2 3 2 17 — — 28 Total residential mortgages 5,421 9,071 5,519 2,432 1,017 6,461 — — 29,921 Home equity 800+ 4 5 2 5 6 110 4,958 267 5,357 740-799 2 2 1 4 6 97 4,350 274 4,736 680-739 1 1 1 6 11 114 2,296 234 2,664 620-679 — 1 2 9 16 93 558 143 822 <620 — — 2 12 18 82 178 172 464 Total home equity 7 9 8 36 57 496 12,340 1,090 14,043 Automobile 800+ 650 1,453 584 324 120 54 — — 3,185 740-799 962 1,606 649 343 134 56 — — 3,750 680-739 920 1,187 460 254 102 44 — — 2,967 620-679 554 586 205 133 62 28 — — 1,568 <620 188 309 130 106 56 31 — — 820 No FICO available (1) 2 — — — — — — — 2 Total automobile 3,276 5,141 2,028 1,160 474 213 — — 12,292 Education 800+ 548 1,720 1,567 694 410 1,068 — — 6,007 740-799 735 1,351 1,126 486 267 609 — — 4,574 680-739 363 423 356 170 103 288 — — 1,703 620-679 54 76 62 38 29 102 — — 361 <620 6 16 20 12 11 50 — — 115 No FICO available (1) 6 — — — — 42 — — 48 Total education 1,712 3,586 3,131 1,400 820 2,159 — — 12,808 Other retail 800+ 182 105 93 48 25 27 491 — 971 740-799 230 134 121 68 31 25 974 1 1,584 680-739 175 109 103 52 21 14 993 4 1,471 620-679 108 65 52 18 8 4 435 4 694 <620 35 30 25 9 4 2 190 6 301 No FICO available (1) 12 1 3 — — — 380 1 397 Total other retail 742 444 397 195 89 72 3,463 16 5,418 Total retail 800+ 3,516 8,226 5,389 2,251 924 4,340 5,449 267 30,362 740-799 4,305 6,084 3,557 1,539 695 2,422 5,324 275 24,201 680-739 2,228 2,619 1,422 790 386 1,311 3,289 238 12,283 620-679 841 896 456 336 214 649 993 147 4,532 <620 246 423 254 304 236 620 368 178 2,629 No FICO available (1) 22 3 5 3 2 59 380 1 475 Total retail $11,158 $18,251 $11,083 $5,223 $2,457 $9,401 $15,803 $1,106 $74,482 (1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing loans and leases, and nonaccrual loans and leases as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: March 31, 2023 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Nonaccrual with no related ACL Commercial and industrial $50,007 $119 $6 $21 $297 $50,450 $63 Commercial real estate 28,558 231 7 63 140 28,999 1 Leases 1,416 1 — — — 1,417 — Total commercial 79,981 351 13 84 437 80,866 64 Residential mortgages (1) 29,556 202 74 314 216 30,362 162 Home equity 13,804 68 23 — 240 14,135 180 Automobile 11,323 128 34 — 50 11,535 8 Education 12,561 33 14 3 23 12,634 3 Other retail 5,034 42 27 23 30 5,156 1 Total retail 72,278 473 172 340 559 73,822 354 Total $152,259 $824 $185 $424 $996 $154,688 $418 December 31, 2022 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Nonaccrual with no related ACL Commercial and industrial $51,389 $152 $25 $21 $249 $51,836 $64 Commercial real estate 28,665 51 45 1 103 28,865 7 Leases 1,475 4 — — — 1,479 — Total commercial 81,529 207 70 22 352 82,180 71 Residential mortgages (1) 29,228 95 45 319 234 29,921 187 Home equity 13,719 64 19 — 241 14,043 185 Automobile 12,039 152 45 — 56 12,292 9 Education 12,718 36 17 4 33 12,808 3 Other retail 5,294 44 30 22 28 5,418 1 Total retail 72,998 391 156 345 592 74,482 385 Total $154,527 $598 $226 $367 $944 $156,662 $456 (1) 90+ days past due and accruing includes $309 million and $316 million of loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Interest income is generally not recognized for loans and leases that are on nonaccrual status. The Company reverses accrued interest receivable with a charge to interest income upon classifying a loan or lease as nonaccrual. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $556 million and $561 million, respectively. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $115 million and $21 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $293 million and $250 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted accounting guidance that eliminates the recognition and measurement of TDRs. Upon adoption of this guidance, all loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, are evaluated to determine whether the modification should be accounted for as a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The existing loan is derecognized and the restructured loan is accounted for as a new loan if the effective yield on the restructured loan is at least equal to the effective yield for comparable loans with similar collection risk and the modification to the original loan is more than minor. Any unamortized fees and costs from the original loan are recognized in interest income when the new loan is granted. If a loan restructuring does not meet these conditions, the existing loan’s amortized cost basis is carried forward and the modified loan is accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan. FDMs are generally accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan given the terms are typically not at market rates. The Company offers loan modifications to retail and commercial borrowers that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and are generally payment delay, term extension and/or interest rate reduction modification types. Principal forgiveness is offered in rare circumstances. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs. Forbearance (due to hardship) programs result in modification types including payment delay and/or term extension. Other retail loan modification programs target interest rate reduction or a combination of interest rate reduction and term extension. Credit card settlement programs result in principal forgiveness. In addition, certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments result in interest rate reduction, term extension or principal forgiveness modification types. The following table presents the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Payment Delay Principal Forgiveness Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension Term Extension and Payment Delay Total Total as a % of Loan Class (1) Commercial and industrial $— $44 $32 $— $— $21 $97 0.19 % Commercial real estate — 55 — — — — 55 0.19 Leases — — — — — — — — Total commercial — 99 32 — — 21 152 0.19 Residential mortgages 2 19 — — 3 — 24 0.08 Home equity — 1 — — 2 — 3 0.02 Automobile — — — — — — — — Education 1 — 1 — — — 2 0.02 Other retail 3 — — — — — 3 0.06 Total retail 6 20 1 — 5 — 32 0.04 Total (2) $6 $119 $33 $— $5 $21 $184 0.12 % (1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial. (2) Excludes the period-end amortized cost of $7 million relative to borrowers that had their debt discharged by means of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The following table presents the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (amounts in whole dollars) Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction (1)(5) Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months) (2)(5) Weighted-Average Payment Deferral (3)(5) Amount of Principal Forgiven (4) Commercial and industrial 4.05 % 9 $658,467 $— Commercial real estate — 14 — — Leases — — — — Residential mortgages 1.47 44 — — Home equity 2.02 139 3,863 — Automobile 2.76 23 1,005 2,702 Education 5.77 — 3,037 — Other retail 17.79 22 — 1,156,256 (1) Represents the weighted-average reduction of the loan’s interest rate. (2) Represents the weighted-average extension of a loan’s maturity date. (3) Represents the weighted-average amount of payments delayed as a result of the loan modification. (4) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs. (5) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost. The following table presents an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms. March 31, 2023 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Commercial and industrial $76 $— $— $— $21 $97 Commercial real estate 55 — — — — 55 Leases — — — — — — Total commercial 131 — — — 21 152 Residential mortgages 16 4 — 2 2 24 Home equity 1 — — — 2 3 Automobile — — — — — — Education 2 — — — — 2 Other retail 3 — — — — 3 Total retail 22 4 — 2 4 32 Total $153 $4 $— $2 $25 $184 The period-end amortized cost of loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023 that subsequently defaulted is immaterial and not presented as a result. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $12 million at March 31, 2023. Troubled Debt Restructuring Disclosures Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02 The following tables summarize loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The balances represent the post-modification outstanding amortized cost basis and may include loans that became TDRs during the period and were subsequently paid off in full, charged off, or sold prior to period end. Pre-modification balances for modified loans approximate the post-modification balances shown. Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Basis (dollars in millions) Number of Contracts Interest Rate Reduction (1) Maturity Extension (2) Other (3) Total Commercial and industrial 10 $— $24 $7 $31 Total commercial 10 — 24 7 31 Residential mortgages 1,181 22 14 214 250 Home equity 178 2 — 9 11 Automobile 165 1 — 1 2 Education 143 — — 6 6 Other retail 521 2 — — 2 Total retail 2,188 27 14 230 271 Total 2,198 $27 $38 $237 $302 (1) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is an interest rate reduction. (2) Includes modifications that consist of multiple concessions, one of which is a maturity extension (unless one of the other concessions was an interest rate reduction). (3) Includes modifications other than interest rate reductions or maturity extensions, such as lowering scheduled payments for a specified period of time, principal forgiveness, and capitalizing arrearages. Also included are the following: deferrals, trial modifications, certain bankruptcies, loans in forbearance and prepayment plans. Modifications can include the deferral of accrued interest resulting in post-modification balances being higher than pre-modification. Modified TDRs resulted in charge-offs of $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Unfunded commitments related to TDRs were $81 million at December 31, 2022. The following table provides a summary of TDRs that defaulted (became 90 days or more past due) within 12 months of their modification date: Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in millions) 2022 Commercial TDRs $— Retail TDRs (1) 15 Total $15 (1) Includes $10 million of loans fully or partially government guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Concentrations of Credit Risk The Company’s lending activity is geographically well diversified with an emphasis in our core markets located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions. Generally, loans are collateralized by assets including real estate, inventory, accounts receivable, other personal property and investment securities. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Citizens had a significant amount of loans collateralized by residential and commercial real estate. There were no significant concentration risks within the commercial or retail loan portfolios. Exposure to credit losses arising from lending transactions may fluctuate with fair values of collateral supporting loans, which may not perform according to contractual agreements. The Company’s policy is to collateralize loans to the extent necessary; however, unsecured loans are also granted on the basis of the financial strength of the applicant and the facts surrounding the transaction. |