CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | NOTE 4 - CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Allowance for Credit Losses The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL and considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default. For a detailed discussion of the ACL reserve methodology and estimation techniques as of December 31, 2023, see Note 6 in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the ACL reserve methodology during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024: Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (dollars in millions) Commercial Retail Total Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period $1,250 $848 $2,098 Charge-offs (102) (129) (231) Recoveries 17 33 50 Net charge-offs (85) (96) (181) Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases 69 100 169 Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period 1,234 852 2,086 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period 175 45 220 Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments 16 (14) 2 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period 191 31 222 Total allowance for credit losses, end of period $1,425 $883 $2,308 During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net charge-offs of $181 million and a provision for expected credit losses of $171 million resulted in an decrease of $10 million to the ACL. As of March 31, 2024, the ACL accounts for an economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period with peak unemployment of approximately 4.9% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.3%. This forecast reflects a mild recession over the two-year reasonable and supportable period. The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Commercial Retail Total Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period $1,060 $923 $1,983 Charge-offs (59) (112) (171) Recoveries 7 31 38 Net charge-offs (52) (81) (133) Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases 103 64 167 Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period 1,111 906 2,017 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period 207 50 257 Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments 8 (7) 1 Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period 215 43 258 Total allowance for credit losses, end of period $1,326 $949 $2,275 Credit Quality Indicators The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year. Citizens defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. Renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date, except for renewals of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, which are presented in the original vintage. Citizens utilizes internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on these ratings see Note 6 in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of March 31, 2024: Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior to 2020 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial Pass $1,261 $3,535 $5,966 $5,103 $1,280 $2,843 $20,606 $49 $40,643 Special Mention — 56 219 353 66 106 312 — 1,112 Substandard Accrual — 22 187 305 188 387 802 11 1,902 Nonaccrual — 5 67 31 6 112 66 7 294 Total commercial and industrial 1,261 3,618 6,439 5,792 1,540 3,448 21,786 67 43,951 Commercial real estate Pass 466 1,555 5,966 6,009 2,258 5,626 1,621 3 23,504 Special Mention — 6 915 502 370 452 129 — 2,374 Substandard Accrual — 49 284 271 368 1,330 95 — 2,397 Nonaccrual — — 78 34 12 470 3 — 597 Total commercial real estate 466 1,610 7,243 6,816 3,008 7,878 1,848 3 28,872 Total commercial Pass 1,727 5,090 11,932 11,112 3,538 8,469 22,227 52 64,147 Special Mention — 62 1,134 855 436 558 441 — 3,486 Substandard Accrual — 71 471 576 556 1,717 897 11 4,299 Nonaccrual — 5 145 65 18 582 69 7 891 Total commercial $1,727 $5,228 $13,682 $12,608 $4,548 $11,326 $23,634 $70 $72,823 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2023: Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial Pass $3,694 $6,512 $5,331 $1,445 $1,147 $2,299 $21,033 $53 $41,514 Special Mention 59 221 355 30 50 113 368 — 1,196 Substandard Accrual 8 189 337 218 125 287 792 11 1,967 Nonaccrual 1 72 54 4 5 102 53 6 297 Total commercial and industrial 3,762 6,994 6,077 1,697 1,327 2,801 22,246 70 44,974 Commercial real estate Pass 1,906 5,791 6,062 2,555 2,294 3,895 1,975 8 24,486 Special Mention — 713 539 222 183 260 75 — 1,992 Substandard Accrual — 277 203 469 528 939 100 — 2,516 Nonaccrual 1 66 2 23 144 238 3 — 477 Total commercial real estate 1,907 6,847 6,806 3,269 3,149 5,332 2,153 8 29,471 Total commercial Pass 5,600 12,303 11,393 4,000 3,441 6,194 23,008 61 66,000 Special Mention 59 934 894 252 233 373 443 — 3,188 Substandard Accrual 8 466 540 687 653 1,226 892 11 4,483 Nonaccrual 2 138 56 27 149 340 56 6 774 Total commercial $5,669 $13,841 $12,883 $4,966 $4,476 $8,133 $24,399 $78 $74,445 For retail loans, Citizens utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of March 31, 2024: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior to 2020 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Residential mortgages 800+ $152 $1,165 $3,188 $5,210 $3,050 $4,217 $— $— $16,982 740-799 299 1,099 1,827 2,421 1,420 2,111 — — 9,177 680-739 92 317 630 754 462 1,071 — — 3,326 620-679 5 57 116 168 90 557 — — 993 <620 — 18 55 118 87 736 — — 1,014 No FICO available (1) — — — 2 1 17 — — 20 Total residential mortgages 548 2,656 5,816 8,673 5,110 8,709 — — 31,512 Home equity 800+ — — 4 4 1 89 4,938 212 5,248 740-799 — 1 2 2 1 76 4,822 239 5,143 680-739 — — 1 1 2 92 2,822 192 3,110 620-679 — — 2 1 2 76 731 144 956 <620 — — 3 2 1 79 331 240 656 Total home equity — 1 12 10 7 412 13,644 1,027 15,113 Automobile 800+ — 73 483 936 309 155 — — 1,956 740-799 — 123 609 919 322 166 — — 2,139 680-739 — 134 520 627 215 122 — — 1,618 620-679 — 83 287 309 98 72 — — 849 <620 — 46 224 274 91 80 — — 715 Total automobile — 459 2,123 3,065 1,035 595 — — 7,277 Education 800+ 55 373 673 1,630 1,376 1,699 — — 5,806 740-799 69 413 658 961 784 968 — — 3,853 680-739 22 175 267 305 254 405 — — 1,428 620-679 6 50 64 68 57 130 — — 375 <620 1 8 20 26 24 68 — — 147 No FICO available (1) 2 1 — — — 34 — — 37 Total education 155 1,020 1,682 2,990 2,495 3,304 — — 11,646 Other retail 800+ 38 151 56 30 27 24 483 — 809 740-799 55 211 70 35 35 29 924 1 1,360 680-739 46 177 61 30 30 21 925 2 1,292 620-679 24 99 40 18 14 7 397 2 601 <620 3 40 35 15 11 4 247 1 356 No FICO available (1) 4 3 — — 2 — 390 — 399 Total other retail 170 681 262 128 119 85 3,366 6 4,817 Total retail 800+ 245 1,762 4,404 7,810 4,763 6,184 5,421 212 30,801 740-799 423 1,847 3,166 4,338 2,562 3,350 5,746 240 21,672 680-739 160 803 1,479 1,717 963 1,711 3,747 194 10,774 620-679 35 289 509 564 261 842 1,128 146 3,774 <620 4 112 337 435 214 967 578 241 2,888 No FICO available (1) 6 4 — 2 3 51 390 — 456 Total retail $873 $4,817 $9,895 $14,866 $8,766 $13,105 $17,010 $1,033 $70,365 (1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2023: Term Loans by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Residential mortgages 800+ $889 $3,067 $5,172 $3,117 $1,131 $3,125 $— $— $16,501 740-799 1,333 1,940 2,560 1,411 592 1,625 — — 9,461 680-739 367 631 758 466 266 873 — — 3,361 620-679 54 135 165 90 121 445 — — 1,010 <620 9 48 104 95 161 561 — — 978 No FICO available (1) 1 — 2 1 3 14 — — 21 Total residential mortgages 2,653 5,821 8,761 5,180 2,274 6,643 — — 31,332 Home equity 800+ — 4 4 1 4 91 5,078 222 5,404 740-799 — 1 2 1 3 82 4,708 241 5,038 680-739 1 1 1 2 5 93 2,693 202 2,998 620-679 — 1 1 2 8 77 718 137 944 <620 — 2 1 1 10 80 332 230 656 Total home equity 1 9 9 7 30 423 13,529 1,032 15,040 Automobile 800+ 81 539 1,062 368 162 47 — — 2,259 740-799 134 671 1,038 375 165 52 — — 2,435 680-739 147 577 708 252 118 39 — — 1,841 620-679 94 316 345 112 65 26 — — 958 <620 44 232 291 100 66 32 — — 765 Total automobile 500 2,335 3,444 1,207 576 196 — — 8,258 Education 800+ 296 671 1,637 1,418 600 1,185 — — 5,807 740-799 368 694 1,050 850 369 678 — — 4,009 680-739 143 289 333 273 134 298 — — 1,470 620-679 30 65 68 58 32 107 — — 360 <620 5 18 25 23 15 55 — — 141 No FICO available (1) 10 — 1 — — 36 — — 47 Total education 852 1,737 3,114 2,622 1,150 2,359 — — 11,834 Other retail 800+ 183 70 38 35 16 18 500 — 860 740-799 258 87 46 45 21 19 963 1 1,440 680-739 214 76 39 39 18 11 973 2 1,372 620-679 118 48 23 19 6 4 419 2 639 <620 31 35 18 14 4 2 251 2 357 No FICO available (1) 7 1 — 1 — — 373 — 382 Total other retail 811 317 164 153 65 54 3,479 7 5,050 Total retail 800+ 1,449 4,351 7,913 4,939 1,913 4,466 5,578 222 30,831 740-799 2,093 3,393 4,696 2,682 1,150 2,456 5,671 242 22,383 680-739 872 1,574 1,839 1,032 541 1,314 3,666 204 11,042 620-679 296 565 602 281 232 659 1,137 139 3,911 <620 89 335 439 233 256 730 583 232 2,897 No FICO available (1) 18 1 3 2 3 50 373 — 450 Total retail $4,817 $10,219 $15,492 $9,169 $4,095 $9,675 $17,008 $1,039 $71,514 (1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes). The following tables present gross charge-offs by vintage date for the Company’s loan and lease portfolios: Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior to 2020 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial $— $5 $1 $4 $— $1 $3 $— $14 Commercial real estate — — — — 59 29 — — 88 Total commercial — 5 1 4 59 30 3 — 102 Residential mortgages — — — — — 2 — — 2 Home equity — — — — — 1 2 1 4 Automobile — 2 9 11 3 3 — — 28 Education — — 1 6 7 18 — — 32 Other retail 4 9 4 3 — 4 39 — 63 Total retail 4 11 14 20 10 28 41 1 129 Total loans and leases $4 $16 $15 $24 $69 $58 $44 $1 $231 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year Revolving Loans (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior to 2019 Within the Revolving Period Converted to Term Total Commercial and industrial $— $— $27 $4 $— $— $24 $— $55 Commercial real estate — — — — 1 3 — — 4 Total commercial — — 27 4 1 3 24 — 59 Residential mortgages — — — — — 1 — — 1 Home equity — — — — — 1 1 — 2 Automobile — 7 11 4 4 4 — — 30 Education — 2 3 4 3 11 — — 23 Other retail 5 15 4 3 3 3 23 — 56 Total retail 5 24 18 11 10 20 24 — 112 Total loans and leases $5 $24 $45 $15 $11 $23 $48 $— $171 Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing and nonaccrual loans and leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023: March 31, 2024 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Nonaccrual with no related ACL Commercial and industrial $43,530 $76 $28 $23 $294 $43,951 $25 Commercial real estate 27,938 291 7 39 597 28,872 54 Total commercial 71,468 367 35 62 891 72,823 79 Residential mortgages 30,742 271 116 209 174 31,512 136 Home equity 14,720 79 26 — 288 15,113 192 Automobile 7,085 115 30 — 47 7,277 6 Education 11,556 40 19 2 29 11,646 4 Other retail 4,677 43 30 27 40 4,817 1 Total retail 68,780 548 221 238 578 70,365 339 Total $140,248 $915 $256 $300 $1,469 $143,188 $418 Guaranteed residential mortgages (1) $714 $116 $59 $202 $— $1,091 $— December 31, 2023 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Nonaccrual with no related ACL Commercial and industrial $44,591 $62 $18 $6 $297 $44,974 $30 Commercial real estate 28,745 150 59 40 477 29,471 71 Total commercial 73,336 212 77 46 774 74,445 101 Residential mortgages 30,499 282 118 256 177 31,332 144 Home equity 14,640 82 33 — 285 15,040 198 Automobile 8,005 144 48 — 61 8,258 7 Education 11,732 49 23 2 28 11,834 3 Other retail 4,899 49 34 29 39 5,050 — Total retail 69,775 606 256 287 590 71,514 352 Total $143,111 $818 $333 $333 $1,364 $145,959 $453 Guaranteed residential mortgages (1) $675 $128 $76 $243 $— $1,122 $— (1) Guaranteed residential mortgages represent loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA, and are included in the amounts presented for Residential mortgages. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $542 million and $556 million, respectively, and collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $339 million and $233 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $328 million and $336 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The Company offers loan modifications to retail and commercial borrowers as a result of its loss mitigation activities that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Payment delays consist of modifications that result in a delay of contractual amounts due greater than three months over a rolling 12-month period. Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and generally include a payment delay, term extension and/or interest rate reduction. The Company does not typically offer principal forgiveness for commercial loans. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs, which are summarized below. • Forbearance programs provide borrowers experiencing some form of hardship a period of time during which their contractual payment obligations are suspended, resulting in a payment delay and/or term extension. • Other repayment plans are offered due to hardship and include an interest rate reduction and/or term extension designed to enable the borrower to return the loan to current status in an expeditious manner. • Settlement agreements may be executed with borrowers experiencing a long-term hardship or who are delinquent, resulting in principal forgiveness. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the settlement agreement, the unpaid principal amount is forgiven resulting in a charge-off of the outstanding principal balance. • Certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments may result in any one of the four modification types or some combination thereof. The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (dollars in millions) Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Payment Delay Principal Forgiveness Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension Term Extension and Payment Delay Total Total as a % of Loan Class (1) Commercial and industrial $— $85 $65 $— $1 $32 $183 0.42 % Commercial real estate — 443 24 — 40 1 508 1.76 Total commercial — 528 89 — 41 33 691 0.95 Residential mortgages 1 37 5 — 3 — 46 0.15 Home equity 1 1 — — 4 — 6 0.04 Automobile — — — — — — — — Education 3 — 18 — — — 21 0.18 Other retail 5 — — — — — 5 0.10 Total retail 10 38 23 — 7 — 78 0.11 Total (2) $10 $566 $112 $— $48 $33 $769 0.54 % Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Payment Delay Principal Forgiveness Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension Term Extension and Payment Delay Total Total as a % of Loan Class (1) Commercial and industrial $— $44 $32 $— $— $21 $97 0.19 % Commercial real estate — 55 — — — — 55 0.19 Total commercial — 99 32 — — 21 152 0.19 Residential mortgages 2 19 — — 3 — 24 0.08 Home equity — 1 — — 2 — 3 0.02 Automobile — — — — — — — — Education 1 — 1 — — — 2 0.02 Other retail 3 — — — — — 3 0.06 Total retail 6 20 1 — 5 — 32 0.04 Total (2) $6 $119 $33 $— $5 $21 $184 0.12 % (1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial. (2) Excludes borrowers that had their debt discharged by means of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing. The following tables present the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (dollars in millions) Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction (1) Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months) (1) Weighted-Average Payment Deferral (1) Amount of Principal Forgiven (2) Commercial and industrial 4.49 % 9 $1 $— Commercial real estate 0.53 16 1 — Residential mortgages 2.01 88 — — Home equity 3.16 88 — — Automobile — — — — Education 4.31 — — — Other retail 19.80 — — 2 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction (1) Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months) (1) Weighted-Average Payment Deferral (1) Amount of Principal Forgiven (2) Commercial and industrial 4.05 % 9 $1 $— Commercial real estate — 14 — — Residential mortgages 1.47 44 — — Home equity 2.02 139 — — Automobile 2.76 23 — — Education 5.77 — — — Other retail 17.79 22 — 1 (1) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost. (2) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs. The following tables present an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the twelve month period ending March 31, 2024 and the three month period ending March 31, 2023, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms. March 31, 2024 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Commercial and industrial $223 $1 $5 $— $144 $373 Commercial real estate 667 38 5 33 136 879 Total commercial 890 39 10 33 280 1,252 Residential mortgages 71 17 — 22 15 125 Home equity 5 — — — 10 15 Automobile — — — — — — Education 51 1 — — 6 58 Other retail 10 1 1 — 1 13 Total retail 137 19 1 22 32 211 Total $1,027 $58 $11 $55 $312 $1,463 March 31, 2023 Days Past Due and Accruing (dollars in millions) Current 30-59 60-89 90+ Nonaccrual Total Commercial and industrial $76 $— $— $— $21 $97 Commercial real estate 55 — — — — 55 Total commercial 131 — — — 21 152 Residential mortgages 16 4 — 2 2 24 Home equity 1 — — — 2 3 Automobile — — — — — — Education 2 — — — — 2 Other retail 3 — — — — 3 Total retail 22 4 — 2 4 32 Total $153 $4 $— $2 $25 $184 The following table presents the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the period presented and were modified within the previous 12 months preceding the default, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The period-end amortized cost of loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023 that subsequently defaulted is immaterial and not presented as a result. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs at the time of default. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (dollars in millions) Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Total Commercial and industrial $— $34 $34 Commercial real estate — 38 38 Total commercial — 72 72 Residential mortgages — 6 6 Home equity — — — Automobile — — — Education 2 — 2 Other retail — — — Total retail 2 6 8 Total $2 $78 $80 Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 were $32 million at March 31, 2024. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $221 million at December 31, 2023. Concentrations of Credit Risk The Company’s lending activity is geographically well diversified with an emphasis in our core markets located in the New England, Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions. Generally, loans are collateralized by assets including real estate, inventory, accounts receivable, other personal property and investment securities. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no material concentration risks within the commercial or retail loan portfolios. Exposure to credit losses arising from lending transactions may fluctuate with fair values of collateral supporting loans, which may not perform according to contractual agreements. The Company’s policy is to collateralize loans to the extent necessary; however, unsecured loans are also granted on the basis of the financial strength of the applicant, the facts surrounding the transaction and the strength of the Company’s enterprise value. |