UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 |
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FORM 10-K |
(Mark One) | | |
| [X] | | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 |
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OR |
| [ ] | | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ___________to__________. |
Commission File No. 0-13295 |
CATERPILLAR FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) |
Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | 37-1105865 (IRS Employer I.D. No.) |
2120 West End Ave., Nashville, Tennessee (Address of principal executive offices) | 37203-0001 (Zip Code) |
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (615) 341-1000 |
The Registrant is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. and meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (I)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K, and is therefore filing this Form with the reduced disclosure format.
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |
| Title of each class | | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| 5.125% Medium Term Notes Series F due October, 2011 | | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None |
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [ ü ] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [ ü ]
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes [ü] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer [ ] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ü ] Smaller reporting company [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [ ü ]
As of February 21, 2008, one share of common stock of the Registrant was outstanding, which is owned by Caterpillar Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | | Page |
Part I | | Business | 1 |
| | Risk Factors | 3 |
| | Unresolved Staff Comments | 5 |
| | Properties | 5 |
| | Legal Proceedings | 5 |
| | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 5 |
| | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 6 |
| | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 15 |
| | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 16 |
| | Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 16 |
| | Controls and Procedures | 16 |
| | Other Information | 16 |
| | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 17 |
| | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 18 |
General
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation was organized in 1981 in the State of Delaware (together with its subsidiaries, "Cat Financial," "the Company," "we" or "our"). We are a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. (together with its other subsidiaries, "Caterpillar" or "Cat").
Nature of Operations
Our primary business is to provide retail financing alternatives for Caterpillar products to customers around the world. Such retail financing is primarily comprised of financing of Caterpillar equipment, machinery, and engines. In addition, we also provide financing for vehicles, power generation facilities, and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. We also provide wholesale financing to Caterpillar dealers and purchase short-term dealer receivables from Caterpillar. A significant portion of our activities is conducted in North America. However, we have additional offices and subsidiaries in Asia-Pacific, Europe and Latin America. We have more than 25 years of experience in providing financing for Caterpillar products, contributing to our knowledge of asset values, industry trends, product structuring and customer needs.
The Company’s retail leases and installment sale contracts (totaling 64 percent*) include:
· | Tax leases that are classified as either operating or finance leases for financial accounting purposes, depending on the characteristics of the lease. For tax purposes, we are considered the owner of the equipment (18 percent*). |
· | Finance (non-tax) leases, where the lessee for tax purposes is considered to be the owner of the equipment during the term of the lease, that either require or allow the customer to purchase the equipment for a fixed price at the end of the term (20 percent*). |
· | Installment sale contracts, which are equipment loans that enable customers to purchase equipment with a down payment or trade-in and structure payments over time (25 percent*). |
· | Governmental lease-purchase plans in the U.S. that offer low interest rates and flexible terms to qualified non-federal government agencies (1 percent*). |
The Company’s wholesale notes receivable, finance leases and installment sale contracts (totaling 15 percent*) include:
· | Inventory/rental programs, which provide assistance to dealers by financing their new Caterpillar inventory and rental fleets (6 percent*). |
· | Short-term dealer receivables we purchase from Caterpillar at a discount (9 percent*). |
The Company’s retail notes receivable (21 percent*) include:
· | Loans that allow customers and dealers to use their Caterpillar equipment as collateral to obtain financing. |
*Indicates the percentage of total portfolio as of December 31, 2007. We define total portfolio as total finance receivables (net of unearned income and allowance for credit losses) plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation. For more information on the above and our concentration of credit risk, please refer to Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The retail financing business is highly competitive, with financing for users of Caterpillar equipment available through a variety of sources, principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies. Cat Financial’s competitors include Wells Fargo & Company; CitiCapital, a business unit of Citigroup, Inc.; General Electric Capital Corporation; and various banks and finance companies. In addition, many of the manufacturers that compete with Caterpillar use below-market interest rate programs (subsidized by the manufacturer) to assist machine sales. We work with Caterpillar to provide a broad array of financial merchandising programs around the world to meet these competitive offers.
We continue in our efforts to respond quickly to customers and improve internal processing efficiencies. We believe our web-based Cat FinancExpressSM transaction processing and information tool, currently available in the U.S., Australia, Canada and France, is an important part of these efforts. Cat FinancExpressSM collects information on-line to provide finance quotes and credit decisions and then prints the appropriate documents, all in a reasonably short time frame.
We provide financing only when acceptable criteria are met. Credit decisions are based upon, among other things, the customer's credit history, financial strength and intended use of equipment. We typically maintain a security interest in retail financed equipment and require physical damage insurance coverage on financed equipment.
In certain instances, our operations are subject to supervision and regulation by state, federal and various foreign government authorities and may be subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, which, among other things, (i) regulate credit granting activities and the administration of loans, (ii) establish maximum interest rates, finance charges and other charges, (iii) require disclosures to customers, (iv) govern secured transactions, (v) set collection, foreclosure, repossession and other trade practices, and (vi) regulate the use and reporting of information related to a borrower's credit experience. Our ability to comply with these governmental and legal requirements and restrictions affects our operations.
We continue to finance a significant portion of Caterpillar dealers' sales and inventory of Caterpillar products, especially in our North American segment (see Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our segments and geographic areas). Our competitive position is improved by marketing programs, subsidized by Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers, which allow us to offer below-market interest rates. The amount subsidized at the outset of the transaction is recognized as revenue over the term of the financing.
We also have agreements with Caterpillar that are significant to our operation. These agreements provide for financial support, certain funding, employee benefits and corporate services, among other things. For more information on these agreements, please refer to Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Employment
As of December 31, 2007, there were 1,606 full-time employees, an increase of 4 percent from December 31, 2006.
Available Information
The Company files electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) required reports on Form 8-K, Form 10-Q and Form 10-K. The public may read and copy any materials the Company has filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished with the SEC are available free of charge through our Internet site (www.catfinancial.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after filing with the SEC. Copies may also be obtained free of charge by writing to: Legal Dept., Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, 2120 West End Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37203-0001. In addition, the public may obtain more detailed information about our parent company, Caterpillar Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, "Caterpillar" or "Cat") by visiting its Internet site (www.cat.com). None of the information contained at any time on either our Internet site or Caterpillar’s Internet site is incorporated by reference into this document.
The following discussion of risk factors contains "forward looking statements" that are subject to cautionary statement under the caption "SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995" in Item 7 of this report. The following information should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks that are currently unknown to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial may also impair our business or adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operation could be adversely affected.
Demand For Caterpillar’s Products
Our business is largely dependent upon the demand for Caterpillar’s products and customers’ willingness to enter into financing or leasing agreements. As a result, a significant decrease in demand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our primary business is to provide retail financing alternatives for Caterpillar products to customers and Caterpillar dealers. The demand for Caterpillar’s products and our products and services are influenced by a number of factors, including:
· General world economic conditions and the level of mining, construction and manufacturing activity;
· Fluctuations in demand and prices for certain commodities;
· Fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates;
· Changes and uncertainties in the monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory entities;
· The ability of Caterpillar dealers to sell Caterpillar products and their practices regarding inventory control;
· The ability of Caterpillar to compete successfully;
· Changes in pricing policies by Caterpillar or its competitors;
· Political, economic and legislative changes; and
· Natural disasters, wars, embargoes, acts of terrorism and other catastrophic events.
Any significant changes to these factors could negatively impact our results.
Marketing, Operational and Administrative Support from Caterpillar
We participate in certain marketing programs sponsored by Caterpillar that allow us to provide financing to customers at below-market interest rates through subsidies from Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers. These marketing programs provide us with a significant competitive advantage in financing Caterpillar products. Any elimination of these marketing programs could reduce the percentage of Caterpillar products financed by us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Caterpillar also provides us with other types of operational and administrative support, such as the administration of employee benefit plans, which is integral to the conduct of our business. Any changes in the levels of support from Caterpillar could also negatively impact our results.
Increases In Delinquencies, Repossessions and Net Losses
Our business is significantly influenced by the credit risk associated with our customers. The creditworthiness of each customer and the rate of delinquencies, repossessions and net losses on customer obligations are directly impacted by several factors, including, but not limited to, relevant industry and economic conditions and the availability of capital. Any increase in delinquencies, repossessions and net losses on customer obligations could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows.
In addition, although we evaluate and adjust our allowance for credit losses related to past due and non-performing receivables on a regular basis, adverse economic conditions or other factors that might cause deterioration of the financial health of our customers could change the timing and level of payments received and thus necessitate an increase in our estimated losses, which could also have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows.
Interest Rates, Foreign Currency Exchange Rates and Market Liquidity Conditions
Changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and market liquidity conditions could have a materially adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows. Because a significant amount of loans made by us are made at fixed interest rates, our business is subject to fluctuations in interest rates. Changes in market interest rates may influence our financing costs, returns on financial investments and the valuation of derivative contracts and could reduce our earnings and cash flows. In addition, since we make a significant amount of loans in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could also reduce our earnings and cash flows. We also rely on a number of diversified global debt capital markets and funding programs to provide liquidity for our global operations, including commercial paper, medium term notes, retail notes, variable denomination floating rate demand notes, asset-backed securitizations and bank loans. Significant changes in market liquidity conditions could impact our access to funding and the associated funding cost and reduce our earnings and cash flows.
Although we manage interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and market liquidity risks with a variety of techniques, including a match-funding program, the selective use of derivatives and a broadly diversified funding program, there can be no assurance that fluctuations in interest rates, currency exchange rates and market liquidity conditions will not have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows. If any of the variety of instruments and strategies we use to hedge our exposure to these various types of risk are ineffective, we may incur losses.
Equipment Financing
Declines in the residual value of equipment financed by us may reduce our earnings. We recognize the residual value of leased equipment, which is the estimated future wholesale market value of leased equipment at the time of the expiration of the lease term. We estimate the residual value of leased equipment at the inception of the lease based on a number of factors, including historical wholesale market sales prices and past remarketing experience. If estimated future market values significantly decline due to economic factors, obsolescence or other adverse circumstances, we may not realize such residual value, which could reduce our earnings, either through an increase in depreciation expense or a decrease in finance revenue.
Changes In Our Competitive Environment
The retail financing business is highly competitive, with financing for users of Caterpillar equipment available through a variety of sources, principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies. Increasing competition may adversely affect our business if we are unable to match the products and services of our competitors. Also, as noted above, any elimination of the marketing programs sponsored by Caterpillar, which allow us to provide financing at below-market interest rates, could have a materially adverse effect on our business.
None.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Nashville, Tennessee. We maintain forty-four offices in total, of which seven are located in North America (five in the U.S. and two in Canada), twenty-one are in Europe, one is in the Middle East, ten are in Asia-Pacific and five are in Latin America (see Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our segments and geographic areas). All of our offices are leased.
We are involved in unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The majority of these unresolved actions involve claims to recover collateral, claims pursuant to customer bankruptcies and the pursuit of deficiency amounts. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of our unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will neither individually nor in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.
Our stock is not publicly traded. Caterpillar Inc. is the owner of our one outstanding share. A cash dividend of $250 million and $350 million was paid to Caterpillar in 2007 and 2006, respectively. There was no cash dividend declared or paid in 2005.
OVERVIEW: 2007 VS. 2006
2007 was a record year for Cat Financial. Total revenue for 2007 was a record $2.998 billion compared to $2.763 billion in 2006. New business increased to record levels due to strong growth in Caterpillar product sales, and profit rose to a record amount despite a downturn in global credit markets and the weaker U.S. housing industry.
· | Of the $235 million increase in revenues, $128 million resulted from the impact of higher interest rates on new and existing finance receivables and $91 million resulted from the impact of continued growth of finance receivables and operating leases (earning assets). In addition, various other net revenue items increased $16 million. |
· | Pre-tax profit for 2007 was $728 million compared to $688 million in 2006, an increase of $40 million, or 6 percent, principally due to an increase of $76 million in margin (wholesale, retail finance, operating lease, and associated fee revenues less interest expense and depreciation on assets leased to others) and a $16 million increase in other net revenues. Of the increase in margin, $42 million was due to an improvement in net yield on average earning assets and $34 million resulted from the growth in average earning assets over 2006 of $882 million. These increases were offset by a $29 million increase in provision for credit losses, an $18 million increase in operating expenses, and a $5 million increase in various other expenses. |
· | New retail financing was a record $14.07 billion, an increase of $1.91 billion, or 16 percent, from 2006. The increase was the result of increased new retail financing primarily in our Europe, Diversified Services and Asia-Pacific operating segments. |
· | Wholesale finance receivables were $4.22 billion, a decrease of $1.30 billion, or 24 percent, from 2006. The decrease, primarily relating to North American Caterpillar dealer trade receivables ("NACD Receivables"), is the result of a Caterpillar initiative to reduce trade receivables and inventory. |
· | Past dues over 30 days at December 31, 2007 were 2.36 percent compared to 1.71 percent at December 31, 2006, due primarily to the softening of the U.S. housing industry. Write-offs, net of recoveries, for the year ended December 31, 2007 were $68.2 million (0.31 percent of average net retail finance receivables) compared to $46.9 million (0.24 percent of average net retail finance receivables) for the year ended December 31, 2006. |
2007 COMPARED WITH 2006
REVENUES
Retail and wholesale revenue for 2007 was $1.965 billion, an increase of $159 million from 2006. The increase was principally due to a 4 percent increase in average receivables outstanding and a 45 basis point increase in the average yield to 8.17 percent for 2007 from 7.72 percent for 2006. The yield was positively impacted from an increase in earned discounts on certain non-NACD purchased wholesale receivables due primarily to increased prepayments on current receivables and collections on past due receivables. Prepayment and past due collection activities in 2007 contributed $17 million to wholesale revenues, or 7 basis points to yield.
Operating lease revenue for 2007 was $864 million, or $58 million higher than 2006 primarily due to portfolio growth.
Other revenue for 2007 was $169 million, an increase of $18 million from 2006. The increase is largely due to the absence of a 2006 write-down of a repossessed marine vessel of $16 million. Other revenue items for the years ended December 31, included:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Currency exchange gain | | $ | 105 | | | $ | 31 | |
Net loss on undesignated foreign exchange contracts (including forward points) | | | (89 | ) | | | (20 | ) |
Finance receivable and operating lease fees (including late charges) | | | 64 | | | | 63 | |
Net gain on returned or repossessed equipment | | | 22 | | | | 14 | |
Gain on sales of receivables and securities* | | | 19 | | | | 21 | |
Service fee income on sold receivables | | | 13 | | | | 14 | |
Miscellaneous other revenue, net | | | 12 | | | | 13 | |
Income related to retained interests in securitized retail receivables | | | 10 | | | | 17 | |
Partnership/dividend income | | | 7 | | | | 4 | |
Net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives | | | 6 | | | | (6 | ) |
Total other revenue | | $ | 169 | | | $ | 151 | |
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*See Note 1(K) and Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on gain on sale of receivables and securities.
EXPENSES
Interest expense for 2007 was $1.132 billion, an increase of $103 million from 2006. This increase was primarily due to the increase in the average cost of borrowing to 4.90 percent for 2007, up from 4.61 percent for 2006, and the impact of a 3.07 percent increase in average debt levels to fund growth in finance receivables and operating leases.
Depreciation expense on equipment leased to others was $671 million, up $40 million over 2006 due to portfolio growth.
General, operating and administrative expenses were $355 million during 2007 compared to $337 million in 2006. The increase primarily resulted from an increase in labor costs.
The provision for credit losses increased from $68 million in 2006 to $97 million in 2007, primarily as a result of the softening of the U.S. housing industry. The allowance for credit losses was 1.39 percent of finance receivables (excluding the Notes receivable from Caterpillar), net of unearned income, as of December 31, 2007, compared to 1.33 percent as of December 31, 2006. The increase in the allowance as a percentage of finance receivables is primarily due to the decrease in wholesale receivables (which historically experience very low credit losses) relative to the overall portfolio. This decrease is primarily due to a Caterpillar initiative to reduce trade receivables and inventory.
The effective tax rate increased from 31 percent in 2006 to 32 percent for 2007. The increase from 2006 was primarily due to reduced tax benefits related to the U.S. domestic production activities deduction.
PROFIT
As a result of the performance discussed above, Cat Financial had profit of $494 million for 2007, up $21 million, or 4 percent, from 2006.
ASSETS
Total assets were $29.429 billion as of December 31, 2007, an increase of $2.093 billion, or 7.7 percent, over December 31, 2006, principally due to growth in retail finance receivables.
During 2007, we financed record new retail business of $14.074 billion, a 16 percent increase over the $12.164 billion in 2006. This increase of $1.910 billion was related to increased new retail financing primarily in our Europe, Diversified Services, and Asia-Pacific operating segments.
Total Off-Balance Sheet Managed Assets
We manage and service receivables and leases that have been transferred through securitization or sale. These transactions provide a source of liquidity and allow us to mitigate the concentration of credit risk with certain customers. These receivables/leases are not available to pay our creditors.
Off-balance sheet managed assets as of December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Securitized Retail Installment Sale Contracts and Finance Leases | | | | | | |
Installment sale contracts securitized | | $ | 1,105 | | | $ | 1,174 | |
Finance leases securitized | | | 54 | | | | 53 | |
Less: Retained interests (included in Other assets) | | | (49 | ) | | | (68 | ) |
Off-balance sheet securitized retail receivables | | | 1,110 | | | | 1,159 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Sales of Interests in Wholesale Receivables | | | | | | | | |
Wholesale receivables | | | 240 | | | | 240 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other Managed Assets | | | | | | | | |
Retail finance leases | | | 155 | | | | 90 | |
Retail installment sale contracts | | | 122 | | | | 111 | |
Operating leases | | | 128 | | | | 119 | |
Retail notes receivable | | | 36 | | | | 42 | |
Other managed receivables/leases | | | 441 | | | | 362 | |
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Total off-balance sheet managed assets | | $ | 1,791 | | | $ | 1,761 | |
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TOTAL PAST DUE FINANCE AND RENTS RECEIVABLES
Finance receivables (excluding Notes receivable from Caterpillar) plus rents receivable for operating leases (included in Other assets) that were past due over 30 days were 2.36 percent of the aggregate total of these receivables as of December 31, 2007, compared to 1.71 percent as of December 31, 2006, primarily due to the softening of the U.S. housing industry.
2006 COMPARED WITH 2005
REVENUES
Retail and wholesale revenue for 2006 was $1.806 billion, an increase of $380 million from 2005. The increase was principally due to a 10 percent increase in the average receivable outstanding and a 96 basis point increase in the average yield to 7.72 percent for 2006 from 6.76 percent for 2005.
Operating lease revenue for 2006 was $806 million, or $34 million higher than 2005 primarily due to the impact of higher interest rates.
Other revenue for 2006 was $151 million, a decrease of $5 million from 2005. The decrease was primarily due to a write-down of a repossessed marine vessel of $16 million in 2006 compared to $7 million in 2005. Other revenue items for the years ended December 31, included:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Finance receivable and operating lease fees (including late charges) | | $ | 63 | | | $ | 61 | |
Currency exchange gain/(loss) | | | 31 | | | | (45 | ) |
Net (loss)/gain on undesignated foreign exchange contracts (including forward points) | | | (20 | ) | | | 58 | |
Gain on sales of receivables and securities* | | | 21 | | | | 19 | |
Income related to retained interests in securitized retail receivables | | | 17 | | | | 16 | |
Net gain on returned or repossessed equipment | | | 14 | | | | 22 | |
Service fee income on sold receivables | | | 14 | | | | 13 | |
Miscellaneous other revenue, net | | | 13 | | | | 3 | |
Partnership/dividend income | | | 4 | | | | 8 | |
Net (loss)/gain from interest rate derivatives | | | (6 | ) | | | 1 | |
Total other revenue | | $ | 151 | | | $ | 156 | |
| | | |
*See Note 1(K) and Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on gain on sale of receivables.
EXPENSES
Interest expense for 2006 was $1.029 billion, an increase of $246 million from 2005. This increase was primarily due to the increase in the average cost of funds of 82 basis points, to 4.61 percent for 2006 from 3.79 percent for 2005, and the impact of an 8.18 percent increase in average debt levels to fund growth in finance receivables and operating leases. The increase in the average cost of funds was a result of the increase in interest rates during the year.
Depreciation expense on equipment leased to others was $631 million, up $16 million over 2005 due to the increase in equipment on operating leases discussed in the Revenues section above.
General, operating and administrative expenses were $337 million during 2006 compared to $312 million in 2005. The increase primarily resulted from increased labor expense and other costs to support growth in earning assets.
The provision for credit losses decreased from $92 million in 2005 to $68 million in 2006, primarily as a result of the reduction of growth of Caterpillar Financial’s portfolio of earning assets. The allowance for credit losses was 1.33 percent of finance receivables (excluding the Notes receivable from Caterpillar), net of unearned income, as of December 31, 2006, compared to 1.35 percent as of December 31, 2005.
The effective tax rate decreased from 32 percent in 2005 to 31 percent for 2006. The decrease from 2005 was primarily due to tax deduction benefits related to the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 and the geographic mix of profits.
PROFIT
As a result of the performance discussed above, Cat Financial had profit of $473 million for 2006, up $109 million or 30 percent from 2005.
ASSETS
Total assets were $27.336 billion as of December 31, 2006, an increase of $1.437 billion or 5.6 percent over December 31, 2005, principally due to growth in retail and wholesale finance receivables.
During 2006, we financed record new retail business of $12.164 billion, a 4 percent increase over the $11.660 billion in 2005. This increase of $504 million was related to increased new retail financing primarily in our Diversified Services, North America and Europe operating segments.
Total Off-Balance Sheet Managed Assets
We manage and service receivables and leases that have been transferred through securitization or sale. These transactions provide a source of liquidity and allow us to mitigate the concentration of credit risk with certain customers. These receivables/leases are not available to pay our creditors.
Off-balance sheet managed assets as of December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Securitized Retail Installment Sale Contracts and Finance Leases | | | | | | |
Installment sale contracts securitized | | $ | 1,174 | | | $ | 934 | |
Finance leases securitized | | | 53 | | | | 46 | |
Less: Retained interests (included in Other assets) | | | (68 | ) | | | (72 | ) |
Off-balance sheet securitized retail receivables | | | 1,159 | | | | 908 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Sales of Interests in Wholesale Receivables | | | | | | | | |
Wholesale receivables | | | 240 | | | | 240 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other Managed Assets | | | | | | | | |
Retail finance leases | | | 90 | | | | 75 | |
Retail installment sale contracts | | | 111 | | | | 49 | |
Operating leases | | | 119 | | | | 76 | |
Retail notes receivable | | | 42 | | | | 37 | |
Other managed receivables/leases | | | 362 | | | | 237 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total off-balance sheet managed assets | | $ | 1,761 | | | $ | 1,385 | |
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TOTAL PAST DUE FINANCE AND RENTS RECEIVABLES
Finance receivables (excluding Notes receivable from Caterpillar) plus rents receivable for operating leases (included in Other assets) that were past due over 30 days were 1.71 percent of the aggregate total of these receivables as of December 31, 2006, compared to 1.42 percent as of December 31, 2005, primarily due to the softening of the U.S. housing industry.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The most significant estimates include those related to the residual values for leased assets and for our allowance for credit losses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Residual Value
The residual value, which is based upon the estimated wholesale market value of leased equipment at the time of the expiration of the lease, represents a careful analysis of historical wholesale market sales prices, projected forward on a level trend line without consideration for inflation or possible future pricing action. At the inception of the lease, residual values are derived from consideration of the following critical factors: market size and demand, any known significant market/product trends, total expected hours of usage, machine configuration, application, location, model changes, quantities and past re-marketing experience, third-party residual guarantees and contractual customer purchase options. Many of these factors are gathered in an application survey that is completed prior to quotation. The lease agreement also clearly defines applicable return conditions and remedies for non-compliance, to ensure that the leased equipment will be in good operating condition upon return. Model changes and updates, as well as market strength and product acceptance, are monitored and residual adjustments are made to residual values in accordance with the significance of any such changes. Remarketing sales staff works closely with customers and dealers to manage the sale of lease returns and the recovery of residual exposure.
During the term of the leases, residual amounts are monitored. If estimated market values reflect a non-temporary impairment due to economic factors, obsolescence or other adverse circumstances, the residuals are adjusted to the lower estimated values by a charge to earnings. For equipment on operating leases, the charge is recognized through depreciation expense. For finance leases, it is recognized through a reduction of finance revenue.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Management’s ongoing evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses considers both impaired and unimpaired finance receivables and takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions. In estimating probable losses, we review accounts that are past due, non-performing, in bankruptcy or otherwise identified as at-risk for potential credit loss. Accounts are identified as at-risk for potential credit loss using information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings as well as general information regarding industry trends and the general economic environment.
The allowance for credit losses attributable to specific accounts is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of collateral. In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral and factor in credit enhancements such as additional collateral and third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts is a general allowance based upon the risk in the portfolio primarily using probabilities of default and an estimate of associated losses. In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in previous analysis including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.
While management believes it has exercised prudent judgment and applied reasonable assumptions, which have resulted in an allowance presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, there can be no assurance that in the future, changes in economic conditions or other factors might cause changes in the financial health of our customers, which could change the timing and level of payments received, and thus result in losses greater than the estimated losses or necessitate a change to our estimated losses.
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY
Capital resources and liquidity provide Cat Financial with the ability to meet its financial obligations on a timely basis. Maintaining and managing adequate capital and liquidity resources includes management of funding sources and their utilization based on current, future and contingent needs. We do not generate material funding through structured finance transactions.
BORROWINGS
Borrowings consist primarily of medium-term notes, commercial paper, variable denomination floating rate demand notes, and bank borrowings, the combination of which is used to manage interest rate risk and funding requirements. We also utilize additional funding sources including securitizations of retail installment contracts and finance leases, and wholesale receivable commercial paper conduits. (Please refer to Notes 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.)
Total borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2007, were $24.636 billion, an increase of $1.592 billion over December 31, 2006, due to financing a higher amount of assets. Outstanding borrowings as of December 31, consisted of:
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Medium-term notes, net of unamortized discount | | $ | 17,322 | | | $ | 16,894 | |
Commercial paper, net of unamortized discount | | | 4,935 | | | | 4,557 | |
Variable denomination floating rate demand notes | | | 699 | | | | 590 | |
Bank borrowings – long-term | | | 615 | | | | 425 | |
Bank borrowings – short-term | | | 550 | | | | 251 | |
Notes payable to Caterpillar | | | 275 | | | | 87 | |
Deposit obligation | | | 232 | | | | 232 | |
Loans from a company-owned partnership | | | 8 | | | | 8 | |
Total outstanding borrowings | | $ | 24,636 | | | $ | 23,044 | |
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Medium-term notes
We regularly issue medium-term unsecured notes through securities dealers or underwriters in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Australia and Japan to both retail and institutional investors. These notes are offered in several currencies and with a variety of maturities. These notes are senior obligations of the Company.
Commercial paper
We issue unsecured commercial paper in the U.S., Europe and other international capital markets. These short-term promissory notes are issued on a discounted basis and are payable at maturity.
Revolving credit facilities
We have three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $6.55 billion available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial to support commercial paper programs. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised at anytime, the portion of the credit facilities allocated to Cat Financial was $5.55 billion at December 31, 2007. During 2007, the five-year facility of $1.62 billion, which was scheduled to expire in September 2010, was extended and will expire September 2012. The five-year facility of $2.98 billion has not changed, and will expire September 2011. The 364-day facility was increased from $1.85 billion to $1.95 billion and will expire in September 2008. The facility expiring in September 2008 has a provision that allows Caterpillar or Cat Financial to obtain a one-year loan in September 2008 that would mature in September 2009. Each of these facilities includes one or more sub-facilities that allow one or more specified subsidiaries of Cat Financial to borrow in certain non-U.S. dollar currencies. The overall increase of $100 million to the global credit facilities was initiated in order to support the growth in Caterpillar total sales and revenues. At December 31, 2007, there were no borrowings under these lines, and we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
Our Australian subsidiary has an A$50 million (USD equivalent $44 million) credit facility with one bank to support its commercial paper program.
Variable denomination floating rate demand notes
We obtain funding from the sale of variable denomination floating rate demand notes, which may be redeemed at any time at the option of the holder without any material restriction. We do not hold reserves to fund the payment of the demand notes. The notes are offered on a continuous basis by prospectus only.
Bank borrowings
Credit lines with banks total $2.18 billion and will be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date. They are used by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements and are generally guaranteed by Cat Financial. At December 31, 2007, we had $1.17 billion outstanding against these credit lines compared to $673 million as of December 31, 2006.
Deposit obligation
A deposit obligation of $232 million has a corresponding security deposit, which is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2007, and December 31, 2006. This deposit obligation and corresponding security deposit relates to a financing arrangement, which provides us a return. This arrangement requires that we commit to a certain long-term obligation and provide a security deposit, which will fulfill this obligation when it becomes due.
Variable amount lending agreements with Caterpillar
Under these agreements, we may borrow up to $1.9 billion from Caterpillar, and Caterpillar may borrow up to $1.2 billion from us. The agreements are in effect for indefinite periods of time and may be changed or terminated by either party with 30 days notice. We had notes payable of $275 million and notes receivable of $74 million outstanding as of December 31, 2007, compared to notes payable of $87 million and notes receivable of $75 million as of December 31, 2006.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We lease all of our facilities. In addition, we currently have guarantees with third parties. Please refer to Notes 11 and 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sales of finance receivables
To maintain an alternative funding source, we periodically (generally once a year) sell certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases. In each of these transactions, the applicable finance receivables are sold to a special purpose entity (SPE). The SPEs, typically trusts, are considered to be qualifying special-purpose entities (QSPEs) and thus, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 140 (SFAS 140), "Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities," are not consolidated. The QSPEs issue debt to pay for the finance receivables they acquire from Cat Financial. The primary source for repayment of the debt is the cash flows generated from the finance receivables owned by the QSPEs. The assets of the QSPEs are legally isolated and are not available to pay the creditors of Cat Financial or any other affiliate of Cat Financial. For bankruptcy analysis purposes, Cat Financial has sold the finance receivables to the QSPEs in a true sale and the QSPEs are separate legal entities. The investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to us for failure of debtors to pay when due. The QSPEs held total assets of $1.159 billion related to these securitizations as of December 31, 2007 ($1.227 billion as of December 31, 2006). We use QSPEs in a manner consistent with conventional practices in the securitization industry to isolate these finance receivables, which are secured by new and used equipment, for the benefit of securitization investors. Our sensitivity analysis indicated that the impact of a 20 percent adverse change in individual assumptions used to calculate the fair value of all our retained interests as of December 31, 2007, would be $2 million or less ($3 million or less as of December 31, 2006).
The use of the QSPEs enables us to access the U.S. securitization market for the sale of these types of financial assets. The amounts of funding from securitizations reflect such factors as capital market accessibility, relative costs of funding sources and assets available for securitization. In 2007, we had cash proceeds from initial sales of these receivables of $650 million ($947 million in 2006) and recognized a pre-tax gain of $4 million ($7 million in 2006). The fair value of the retained interests in all securitizations of retail finance receivables outstanding, totaling $49 million as of December 31, 2007 ($68 million in 2006), are included in Other assets.
In addition, we have sold interests in wholesale receivables to third-party commercial paper conduits. As of December 31, 2007 and 2006 the outstanding principal balance of the NACD Receivables sold to the conduits was $240 million. In accordance with SFAS 140, these transfers to the third-party commercial paper conduits are accounted for as sales. See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
We also sell individual loans and leases where the purchasers have limited or no recourse to us (See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to one limited indemnity related to the sale of certain retail leases). In 2007, we received $245 million ($174 million in 2006) of proceeds from the sale of such contracts.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
We have committed cash outflow related to long-term debt, operating lease agreements and purchase obligations. Minimum payments for these obligations are:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2008 | | | 2009 | | | 2010 | | | 2011 | | | 2012 | | | After 2012 | | | Total | |
Long-term debt | | $ | 4,947 | | | $ | 4,777 | | | $ | 2,956 | | | $ | 672 | | | $ | 1,515 | | | $ | 3,310 | | | $ | 18,177 | |
Operating leases | | | 13 | | | | 11 | | | | 9 | | | | 9 | | | | 8 | | | | 68 | | | | 118 | |
Purchase obligations* | | | 33 | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | 33 | |
Interest payable on long-term debt | | | 758 | | | | 468 | | | | 339 | | | | 264 | | | | 215 | | | | 913 | | | | 2,957 | |
Total contractual obligations | | $ | 5,751 | | | $ | 5,256 | | | $ | 3,304 | | | $ | 945 | | | $ | 1,738 | | | $ | 4,291 | | | $ | 21,285 | |
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*Represents contractual obligations for contracted services at December 31, 2007. These represent short-term obligations made in the ordinary course of business.
These contractual obligations do not include unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers and customers discussed in Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
We adopted FIN 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes," as of January 1, 2007. As of adoption, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, was $30 million. However, the net obligation to taxing authorities under FIN 48 was $22 million. The difference relates primarily to outstanding refund claims. The timing of payments will depend on the progress of examinations with tax authorities. We do not expect a significant tax payment related to these obligations within the next year. The liability at December 31, 2007 was not materially different from the liability at the date of adoption. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to income taxes.
CASH FLOWS
Operating cash flow for 2007 was $857 million compared with $800 million for 2006. Net cash used in investing activities increased $4 million compared to 2006. This moderate increase is due to continued retail portfolio growth, partially offset by the decrease in NACD receivable purchases from Caterpillar. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2007 was $211 million compared with $271 million for 2006.
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995
Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact results. The words "believes," "expects," "estimates," "anticipates," "will be," "should" and similar words or expressions identify forward-looking statements made on behalf of Cat Financial. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. We are under no obligation to (and expressly disclaim any obligation to) update or alter said forward-looking statements whether as a result of such changes, new information, future events or otherwise. These risks and uncertainties include factors that affect international businesses generally, as well as matters specific to Cat Financial and the markets it serves. For a further discussion of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, please see Part I. Item1A. Risk Factors in this Form 10-K and information contained in other reports that we file from time to time with the SEC.
We use derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposure that we encounter as a part of our normal business. Our Risk Management Policy prevents us from using these instruments for speculative purposes.
Interest rate derivatives
We have a match funding policy whereby the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of our debt portfolio is matched to the interest rate profile of our earning asset portfolio (finance receivables and operating leases) within certain parameters. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate swap agreements to modify the debt structure. Match funding assists us in maintaining our interest rate spreads, regardless of the direction interest rates move.
In order to properly manage our sensitivity to changes in interest rates, we measure the potential impact of different interest rate assumptions on pre-tax earnings. All on-balance sheet positions, including derivative financial instruments, are included in the analysis. The primary assumptions used in the analysis are that there are no new fixed rate assets or liabilities, the proportion of fixed rate debt to fixed rate assets remains unchanged and the level of floating rate assets and debt remain constant. An analysis of the December 31, 2007 balance sheet, using these assumptions, estimates the impact of a 100 basis point immediate and sustained parallel rise in interest rates to be a $19 million and $27 million decrease to pre-tax earnings for 2007 and 2006, respectively.
This analysis does not necessarily represent our current outlook of future market interest rate movement, nor does it consider any actions management could undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of our analysis.
Foreign currency derivatives
Since our policy for our operations is to hedge the foreign exchange risk when the currency of our debt does not match the currency of our portfolio and other receivables, a 10 percent change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other currencies would not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Neither our policy, nor the effect of a 10 percent change in the value of the U.S. dollar, has changed from that reported at December 31, 2006.
Fair value of retained interests
We do not have a material market risk related to our retained interests in securitization transactions. For more information, refer to Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding sensitivity analysis.
Information required by Item 8 is included following the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
None.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2007.
Management’s Report on Internal Control
The management of Cat Financial is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment we concluded that, as of December 31, 2007, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Their report appears immediately following Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no significant change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
None.
As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc., our principal accountant fees and services are subject to Caterpillar Inc.’s Audit Committee pre-approval policies and procedures described in its Proxy Statement. This Proxy Statement can be located at Caterpillar Inc.’s Internet site (www.cat.com), under About Cat, Investor Information, SEC filings. Other than these policies and procedures, the information contained at that Internet site is not incorporated by reference in this filing. During 2007, all services provided by the external auditor were pre-approved by Caterpillar’s Audit Committee in accordance with such policy.
Fees paid to Cat Financial auditor’s firm were comprised of the following:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Audit fees | | $ | 3.6 | | | $ | 3.4 | |
Audit-related fees (1) | | | .4 | | | | .4 | |
Tax fees (2) | | | .6 | | | | .2 | |
All other fees (3) | | | .1 | | | | .1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 4.7 | | | $ | 4.1 | |
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(1) "Audit-related fees" principally include agreed upon procedures for securitizations and accounting consultations.
(2) "Tax fees" include, among other things, statutory tax return preparation and review and advising on the impact of changes in local
tax laws.
(3) "All other fees" principally include translation services and attendance at training classes/seminars.
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report.
· | Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |
· | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
· Report of Independent Auditors
· Consolidated Statements of Profit
· Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
· Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder’s Equity
· Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
· Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(b) Exhibits
3.1 | Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10 for the year ended December 31, 1984, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
3.2 | Bylaws of the Company, as amended (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended June 30, 2005, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.1 | Indenture, dated as of April 15, 1985, between the Company and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as Trustee, including form of Debt Security [see Table of Contents to Indenture] (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, Commission File No. 33-2246). |
4.2 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 22, 1986, amending the Indenture dated as of April 15, 1985, between the Company and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended June 30, 1986, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.3 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 15, 1987, amending the Indenture dated as of April 15, 1985, between the Company and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 24, 1987, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.4 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 2, 1989, amending the Indenture dated as of April 15, 1985, between the Company and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated October 16, 1989, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.5 | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 1, 1990, amending the Indenture dated April 15, 1985, between the Company and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated October 29, 1990, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.6 | Indenture, dated as of July 15, 1991, between the Company and Continental Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated July 25, 1991, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.7 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 1, 2005, amending the Indenture dated as of July 15, 1991, between the Company and U.S. Bank, National Association (as successor to the former Trustee)(incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to Amendment No. 5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed October 20, 2005, Commission File No. 333-114075). |
4.8 | Support Agreement, dated as of December 21, 1984, between the Company and Caterpillar (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s amended Form 10, for the year ended December 31, 1984, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
4.9 | First Amendment to the Support Agreement dated June 14, 1995, between the Company and Caterpillar (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 14, 1995, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
10.1 | Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of June 21, 1984, between the Company and Caterpillar (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s amended Form 10, for the year ended December 31, 1984, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
10.2 | Credit Agreement, dated as of September 21, 2006, among the Company, Caterpillar, Caterpillar International Finance plc, Caterpillar Finance Corporation, certain other financial institutions named therein, and Citibank International plc, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., ABN AMRO Bank N.V., Bank of America, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc., Société Générale and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 27, 2006, Commission File No. 0-11241). |
10.3 | Japan Local Currency Addendum to the Five Year Credit Agreement dated September 21, 2006, among the Company, Caterpillar, Caterpillar Finance Corporation, the Japan Local Currency Banks named therein, Citibank, N.A., and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 27, 2006, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
10.4 | Local Currency Addendum to the Five Year Credit Agreement dated September 21, 2006, among the Company, Caterpillar, Caterpillar International Finance p.l.c., the Local Currency Banks named therein, Citibank, N.A. and Citibank International plc (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 27, 2006, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
10.5 | Credit Agreement, dated as of September 20, 2007, among the Company, Caterpillar, Caterpillar Finance Corporation, certain other financial institutions named therein and Citibank, N.A., The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd., ABN AMRO Bank N.V., Bank of America, N.A., Barclays Bank plc, J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc., Société Générale and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 20, 2007, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
10.6 | Japan Local Currency Addendum to the Five Year Credit Agreement dated September 20, 2007, among the Company, Caterpillar, Caterpillar Finance Corporation, the Japan Local Currency Banks named therein, Citibank, N.A., and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 20, 2007, Commission File No. 0-13295). |
12 | Statement Setting Forth Computation of Ratio of Profit to Fixed Charges of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation and subsidiaries. The ratios were 1.63, 1.66 and 1.67 for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. |
23 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |
| Certification of Kent M. Adams, President, Director and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
31.2 | Certification of James A. Duensing, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| Certifications of Kent M. Adams, President, Director and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, and James A. Duensing, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| | Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation |
| | (Registrant) |
Dated: February 22, 2008 | By: | /s/ Michael G. Sposato |
| | Michael G. Sposato, Secretary |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Date | Signature | Title |
February 22, 2008 | /s/ Kent M. Adams Kent M. Adams | President, Director, and Chief Executive Officer |
| | |
February 22, 2008 | /s/ Edward J. Rapp Edward J. Rapp | Director |
| | |
February 22, 2008 | /s/ James A. Duensing James A. Duensing | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |
| | |
February 22, 2008 | /s/ Steven R. Elsesser Steven R. Elsesser | Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) |
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Cat Financial is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment we concluded that, as of December 31, 2007, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Their report appears immediately following Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholder of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation:
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position and the related consolidated statements of profit, changes in stockholder's equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2007, 2006, and 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Peoria, Illinois
February 21, 2008
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT
For the Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in Millions)
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Wholesale finance | | $ | 430 | | | $ | 491 | | | $ | 353 | |
Retail finance | | | 1,535 | | | | 1,315 | | | | 1,073 | |
Operating lease | | | 864 | | | | 806 | | | | 772 | |
Other | | | 169 | | | | 151 | | | | 156 | |
Total revenues | | | 2,998 | | | | 2,763 | | | | 2,354 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest | | | 1,132 | | | | 1,029 | | | | 783 | |
Depreciation on equipment leased to others | | | 671 | | | | 631 | | | | 615 | |
General, operating, and administrative | | | 355 | | | | 337 | | | | 312 | |
Provision for credit losses | | | 97 | | | | 68 | | | | 92 | |
Other | | | 15 | | | | 10 | | | | 15 | |
Total expenses | | | 2,270 | | | | 2,075 | | | | 1,817 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Profit before income taxes | | | 728 | | | | 688 | | | | 537 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Provision for income taxes (Note 12) | | | 234 | | | | 215 | | | | 173 | |
Profit | | $ | 494 | | | $ | 473 | | | $ | 364 | |
|
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
At December 31,
(Dollars in Millions, except share data)
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 185 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 87 | |
Finance receivables (Notes 2 and 3) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retail notes receivable | | | 5,887 | | | | 5,021 | | | | 4,916 | |
Wholesale notes receivable | | | 3,570 | | | | 5,098 | �� | | | 5,328 | |
Notes receivable from Caterpillar (Note 14) | | | 74 | | | | 75 | | | | 88 | |
Finance leases and installment sale contracts - Retail | | | 17,287 | | | | 15,269 | | | | 13,348 | |
Finance leases and installment sale contracts - Wholesale | | | 649 | | | | 420 | | | | 353 | |
| | | 27,467 | | | | 25,883 | | | | 24,033 | |
Less: Unearned income | | | (2,022 | ) | | | (1,874 | ) | | | (1,549 | ) |
Less: Allowance for credit losses | | | (353 | ) | | | (319 | ) | | | (302 | ) |
Total net finance receivables | | | 25,092 | | | | 23,690 | | | | 22,182 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Equipment on operating leases, | | | | | | | | | | | | |
less accumulated depreciation (Note 5) | | | 2,989 | | | | 2,562 | | | | 2,631 | |
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | | | 69 | | | | 40 | | | | 33 | |
Other assets | | | 1,094 | | | | 908 | | | | 966 | |
Total assets | | $ | 29,429 | | | $ | 27,336 | | | $ | 25,899 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities and stockholder’s equity: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Payable to dealers and others | | $ | 310 | | | $ | 286 | | | $ | 221 | |
Payable to Caterpillar – other (Note 14) | | | 33 | | | | 34 | | | | 25 | |
Accrued expenses | | | 263 | | | | 257 | | | | 283 | |
Income taxes payable | | | 81 | | | | 98 | | | | 69 | |
Payable to Caterpillar – borrowings (Note 14) | | | 275 | | | | 87 | | | | 199 | |
Short-term borrowings (Note 8) | | | 6,184 | | | | 5,398 | | | | 4,997 | |
Current maturities of long-term debt (Note 9) | | | 4,947 | | | | 4,038 | | | | 4,153 | |
Long-term debt (Note 9) | | | 13,230 | | | | 13,521 | | | | 12,611 | |
Deferred income taxes and other liabilities (Note 12) | | | 435 | | | | 379 | | | | 375 | |
Total liabilities | | | 25,758 | | | | 24,098 | | | | 22,933 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 11) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Common stock - $1 par value | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Authorized: 2,000 shares; Issued and | | | | | | | | | | | | |
outstanding: one share (at paid-in amount) | | | 745 | | | | 745 | | | | 745 | |
Retained earnings | | | 2,418 | | | | 2,177 | | | | 2,054 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | | | 508 | | | | 316 | | | | 167 | |
Total stockholder’s equity | | | 3,671 | | | | 3,238 | | | | 2,966 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholder’s equity | | $ | 29,429 | | | $ | 27,336 | | | $ | 25,899 | |
|
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in Millions)
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Common stock – one share (at paid-in amount): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at beginning of year | | $ | 745 | | | | | | $ | 745 | | | | | | $ | 745 | | | | |
Balance at year-end | | | 745 | | | | | | | 745 | | | | | | | 745 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retained earnings: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at beginning of year | | | 2,177 | | | | | | | 2,054 | | | | | | | 1,690 | | | | |
Adjustment to adopt FIN 48 | | | (3 | ) | | | | | | - | | | | | | | - | | | | |
Profit | | | 494 | | | $ | 494 | | | | 473 | | | $ | 473 | | | | 364 | | | $ | 364 | |
Dividend paid to Cat Inc. | | | (250 | ) | | | | | | | (350 | ) | | | | | | | - | | | | | |
Balance at year-end | | | 2,418 | | | | | | | | 2,177 | | | | | | | | 2,054 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated other comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at beginning of year | | | 295 | | | | | | | | 141 | | | | | | | | 278 | | | | | |
Aggregate adjustment for year | | | 222 | | | | 222 | | | | 154 | | | | 154 | | | | (137 | ) | | | (137 | ) |
Balance at year-end | | | 517 | | | | | | | | 295 | | | | | | | | 141 | | | | | |
Interest rate derivative instruments (net of tax) (Notes 1G and 10) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at beginning of year net of tax of: 2007 - $9; 2006 - $13; 2005 - $1 | | | 16 | | | | | | | | 22 | | | | | | | | - | | | | | |
Net gains/(losses) deferred during year net of tax of: 2007 - $7 ; 2006 - $5; 2005 - $8 | | | (11 | ) | | | (11 | ) | | | 6 | | | | 6 | | | | 14 | | | | 14 | |
Net (gains)/losses reclassed to earnings during year net of tax of: 2007 - $10; 2006 - $9; 2005 - $4 | | | (16 | ) | | | (16 | ) | | | (12 | ) | | | (12 | ) | | | 8 | | | | 8 | |
Balance at year-end net of tax of: 2007 - $8; 2006 - $9; 2005 - $13 | | | (11 | ) | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | 22 | | | | | |
Other instruments (net of tax) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at beginning of year | | | 5 | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | |
Aggregate adjustment for year | | | (3 | ) | | | (3 | ) | | | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | (3 | ) | | | (3 | ) |
Balance at year-end | | | 2 | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | |
Total accumulated other comprehensive income | | | 508 | | | | | | | | 316 | | | | | | | | 167 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | | | | | | $ | 686 | | | | | | | $ | 622 | | | | | | | $ | 246 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholder's equity | | $ | 3,671 | | | | | | | $ | 3,238 | | | | | | | $ | 2,966 | | | | | |
|
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in Millions)
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | | | | | |
Profit | | $ | 494 | | | $ | 473 | | | $ | 364 | |
Adjustments for non-cash items: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 702 | | | | 654 | | | | 636 | |
Amortization of receivables purchase discount | | | (327 | ) | | | (386 | ) | | | (260 | ) |
Provision for credit losses | | | 97 | | | | 68 | | | | 92 | |
Gain on sales of receivables and securities | | | (19 | ) | | | (21 | ) | | | (19 | ) |
Other, net | | | (20 | ) | | | (20 | ) | | | (85 | ) |
Changes in assets and liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Receivables from others | | | (95 | ) | | | 5 | | | | 12 | |
Other receivables/payables with Caterpillar | | | (30 | ) | | | (5 | ) | | | - | |
Payable to dealers and others | | | 9 | | | | 59 | | | | 3 | |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities, net | | | 60 | | | | (55 | ) | | | 149 | |
Income taxes payable | | | (18 | ) | | | 26 | | | | 47 | |
Other assets, net | | | 4 | | | | 2 | | | | (3 | ) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | | 857 | | | | 800 | | | | 936 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Expenditures for equipment on operating leases and for non-leased equipment | | | (1,366 | ) | | | (1,152 | ) | | | (1,297 | ) |
Proceeds from disposals of equipment | | | 775 | | | | 818 | | | | 763 | |
Additions to finance receivables | | | (36,251 | ) | | | (35,561 | ) | | | (33,961 | ) |
Collections of finance receivables | | | 33,456 | | | | 32,670 | | | | 29,449 | |
Proceeds from sales of receivables | | | 2,378 | | | | 2,110 | | | | 1,430 | |
Net change in Notes receivable from Caterpillar | | | 2 | | | | 14 | | | | 24 | |
Other, net | | | (23 | ) | | | 76 | | | | 22 | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | (1,029 | ) | | | (1,025 | ) | | | (3,570 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Payable to Caterpillar – borrowings and other | | | 177 | | | | (123 | ) | | | (111 | ) |
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months) | | | 10,815 | | | | 9,814 | | | | 14,000 | |
Payments on debt issued (original maturities greater than three months) | | | (10,285 | ) | | | (9,531 | ) | | | (10,960 | ) |
Short-term borrowings, net (original maturities three months or less) | | | (256 | ) | | | 457 | | | | (298 | ) |
Dividend paid to Cat Inc. | | | (250 | ) | | | (350 | ) | | | - | |
Other | | | 10 | | | | 4 | | | | - | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | | 211 | | | | 271 | | | | 2,631 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | | | 10 | | | | 3 | | | | (8 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | | 49 | | | | 49 | | | | (11 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | | | 136 | | | | 87 | | | | 98 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | | $ | 185 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 87 | |
Cash paid for interest on both short-term and long-term borrowings | | $ | 1,127 | | | $ | 1,009 | | | $ | 753 | |
Cash paid for taxes | | $ | 228 | | | $ | 197 | | | $ | 144 | |
|
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
All short-term investments, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months, are considered to be cash equivalents.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A. Nature of operations
Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, a Delaware corporation organized in 1981 (together with its subsidiaries, "Cat Financial," "the Company," "we," and "our"), is a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. (together with its other subsidiaries, "Caterpillar" or "Cat"). Our primary business is to provide retail financing alternatives for Caterpillar products to customers around the world. Such retail financing is primarily comprised of financing of Caterpillar equipment, machinery, and engines. In addition, we also provide financing for vehicles, power generation facilities, and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. We also provide wholesale financing to Caterpillar dealers and purchase short-term dealer receivables from Caterpillar.
B. Basis of consolidation
The financial statements include the accounts of Cat Financial. Investments in companies that are owned 20 percent to 50 percent or are less than 20 percent owned and for which we have significant influence are accounted for by the equity method. Investments in companies that are less than 20 percent owned and for which we do not have significant influence are accounted for by the cost method. We consolidate all variable interest entities where we are the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances have been eliminated. The assets of Cat Financial are not available to pay creditors of any of its affiliates.
Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
C. Recognition of earned income
· | Retail finance revenue on finance leases and installment sale contracts is recognized over the term of the contract at a constant rate of return on the scheduled outstanding principal balance. Revenue on retail notes is recognized based on the daily balance of retail receivables outstanding and the applicable interest rate. |
· | Operating lease revenue is recorded on a straight-line basis in the period earned over the life of the contract. |
· | Wholesale revenue on installment sale contracts and finance leases related to financing dealer inventory and rental fleets is recognized over the term of the contract at a constant rate of return on the scheduled outstanding principal balance. Revenue on wholesale notes is recognized based on the daily balance of wholesale receivables outstanding and the applicable effective interest rate. |
· | Loan origination and commitment fees are deferred and then amortized to revenue using the interest method over the life of the finance receivables. |
Recognition of income is suspended when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the receivable becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired finance receivables are first recorded against the receivable and then to any unrecognized income. A finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or finance lease.
D. Depreciation
Depreciation for equipment on operating leases is recognized using the straight-line method over the lease term, typically one to seven years. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term.
E. Residual values
The residuals for leases classified as operating leases, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 13 (SFAS 13), "Accounting for Leases," are included in Equipment on operating leases. The residuals for leases classified as capital leases, in accordance with SFAS 13, are included in Finance leases and installment sale contracts.
During the term of the leases, residual amounts are monitored. If estimated market values significantly decline due to economic factors, obsolescence or other adverse circumstances, the residuals are adjusted to the lower estimated values by a charge to earnings. For equipment on operating leases, the charge is recognized through depreciation expense. For finance leases, it is recognized through a reduction of finance revenue.
F. Amortization
Debt issuance costs are capitalized and amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the debt issue.
G. Derivative financial instruments
Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our Risk Management Policy (Policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposure. Our Policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward and option contracts and interest rate swaps. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our financial officers. Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Caterpillar Board of Directors at least annually.
All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at their fair value. All derivatives in a net receivable position are included in Other assets, and those in a net liability position are included in Accrued expenses. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized liability ("fair value" hedge); (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow to be paid ("cash flow" hedge); or (3) an "undesignated" instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in other comprehensive income until earnings are affected by the forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow and are then reported in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific liabilities on the Consolidated Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.
We also formally assess, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133 (SFAS 133), "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities". Please refer to Note 10 for more information on derivatives, including the methods used to account for them.
H. Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses is evaluated on a regular basis and adjusted based upon management's best estimate of probable losses inherent in our finance receivables. Uncollectible receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when the underlying collateral is repossessed or when we determine that it is probable that the receivable balance is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.
I. Income taxes
The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach for accounting for income taxes in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 (SFAS 109), "Accounting for Income Taxes." Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. A current liability is recognized for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are adjusted for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.
We have a tax sharing agreement with Caterpillar under which we combine our tax position with that of Caterpillar's when appropriate. When we combine our tax positions under this agreement, we pay to or receive from Caterpillar our allocated share of income taxes or credits.
J. Foreign currency translation
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries (the majority of which use the local currency as their functional currency) are translated at current exchange rates. The effects of translation adjustments are reported as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive income entitled "Foreign currency translation adjustment." Gains and losses resulting from the translation of foreign currency amounts to functional currency are included in Other revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Profit.
K. Sales and servicing of finance receivables
We periodically sell certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases as part of our asset-backed securitization program. When retail finance receivables are securitized, we retain interests in the receivables in the form of interest-only strips, servicing rights, cash reserve accounts and subordinated certificates. The retained interests are recorded in Other assets at fair value. We estimate fair value based on the present value of future expected cash flows using key assumptions for credit losses, pre-payment speeds and discount rates. Gains or losses are recorded in Other revenue at the time of sale and are based on the estimated fair value of the assets sold and retained and liabilities incurred, net of transaction costs.
In addition, we have sold interests in wholesale receivables to third-party commercial paper conduits, where we retain the remaining interests in the receivables and servicing rights. The carrying value of the remaining interests approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these receivables and is included in Wholesale notes receivable. Gains or losses included in Other revenue are principally the difference between the unearned discount on the sold portion, less the related costs.
We also sell individual loans and leases to third parties to mitigate the concentration of credit risk with certain customers. We generally retain servicing rights related to the sold assets.
Please refer to Note 4 for more information on sales and servicing of finance receivables.
L. Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements
The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. The more significant estimates are the allowance for credit losses and residual values for leased assets. Other significant estimates are the assumptions used to determine the fair value of derivatives and retained interests in securitizations. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
M. New accounting pronouncements
SFAS 155 – In February 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 155 (SFAS 155), "Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments – an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140." SFAS 155 allows financial instruments that have embedded derivatives to be accounted for as a whole, eliminating the need to separate the derivative from its host, if the holder elects to account for the whole instrument on a fair value basis. This new accounting standard was effective January 1, 2007. The adoption of SFAS 155 did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
SFAS 156 – In March 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 156 (SFAS 156), "Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assets - an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140." SFAS 156 requires that all separately recognized servicing rights be initially measured at fair value, if practicable. In addition, this Statement permits an entity to choose between two measurement methods (amortization method or fair value measurement method) for each class of separately recognized servicing assets and liabilities. This new accounting standard was effective January 1, 2007. The adoption of SFAS 156 did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
FIN 48 – In July 2006, the FASB issued FIN 48, "Accounting For Uncertainty In Income Taxes - an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109," to create a single model to address accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. FIN 48 clarifies that a tax position must be more likely than not of being sustained before being recognized in the financial statements. As required, we adopted the provisions of FIN 48 as of January 1, 2007. The following table summarizes the effect of the initial adoption of FIN 48. See Note 12 for additional information.
Initial adoption of FIN 48 | January 1, 2007 Prior to FIN 48 Adjustment | FIN 48 Adjustment | | | January 1, 2007 Post FIN 48 Adjustment | |
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income taxes payable | $ | 98 | | $ | 15 | | | $ | 113 | | |
Deferred income taxes and other liabilities | | 379 | | | (12 | ) | | | 367 | | |
Retained earnings | | 2,177 | | | (3 | ) | | | 2,174 | | |
|
SFAS 157 – In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (SFAS 157), "Fair Value Measurements." SFAS 157 provides a common definition of fair value and a framework for measuring assets and liabilities at fair values when a particular standard prescribes it. In addition, the Statement expands disclosures about fair value measurements. In February 2008, the FASB issued final Staff Positions that will (1) defer the effective date of this Statement for one year for certain nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities and (2) remove certain leasing transactions from the scope of the Statement. We will apply this new accounting standard to all other fair value measurements effective January 1, 2008. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements.
SFAS 158 – In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158 (SFAS 158), "Employers' Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans – an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R)." SFAS 158 requires recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans on the balance sheet. Under SFAS 158, gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts under SFAS 87 and SFAS 106 that have not yet been recognized through net periodic benefit cost are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax effects, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic cost. Also, the measurement date – the date at which the benefit obligation and plan assets are measured – is required to be the company's fiscal year-end. As required by SFAS 158, we adopted the balance sheet recognition provisions at December 31, 2006, and will adopt the year-end measurement date in 2008. The adoption of SFAS 158 is currently expected not to have a material impact to our Statement of Financial Position since Cat Financial is considered a participant in the Caterpillar retirement plan for which we are charged a share of plan expenses, but are not required to record assets or liabilities of the plan.
SFAS 159 – In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159 (SFAS 159), "The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Including an Amendment of SFAS No. 115." SFAS 159 will create a fair value option under which an entity may irrevocably elect fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain financial assets and liabilities on a contract by contract basis, with changes in fair values recognized in earnings as these changes occur. SFAS 159 will become effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We will adopt this new accounting standard on January 1, 2008. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements.
SFAS 141R & SFAS 160 – In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 (revised 2007) (SFAS 141R), "Business Combinations," and No. 160 (SFAS 160), "Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, an amendment of ARB No. 51". SFAS 141R requires the acquiring entity in a business combination to recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Further, SFAS 141R also changes the accounting for acquired in-process research and development assets, contingent consideration, partial acquisitions and transaction costs. Under SFAS 160, all entities are required to report noncontrolling (minority) interests in subsidiaries as equity in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, transactions between an entity and noncontrolling interests will be treated as equity transactions. SFAS 141R and SFAS 160 will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We will adopt these new accounting standards on January 1, 2009. We are currently reviewing the impact of SFAS 141R and SFAS 160 on our financial statements and expect to complete this evaluation in 2008.
NOTE 2 – RECEIVABLES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The contractual maturities and future scheduled payments of outstanding receivables, as of December 31, 2007, were:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts due in | | Retail Installment Sale Contracts | | | Wholesale Installment Sale Contracts | | | Retail Finance Leases | | | Wholesale Finance Leases | | | Retail Notes | | | Wholesale Notes | | | Total | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2008 | | $ | 3,313 | | | $ | 147 | | | $ | 2,938 | | | $ | 173 | | | $ | 1,829 | | | $ | 3,247 | | | $ | 11,647 | |
2009 | | | 2,310 | | | | 19 | | | | 2,231 | | | | 78 | | | | 1,186 | | | | 191 | | | | 6,015 | |
2010 | | | 1,434 | | | | 16 | | | | 1,395 | | | | 32 | | | | 841 | | | | 113 | | | | 3,831 | |
2011 | | | 712 | | | | 11 | | | | 692 | | | | 6 | | | | 531 | | | | 13 | | | | 1,965 | |
2012 | | | 265 | | | | 4 | | | | 269 | | | | 1 | | | | 524 | | | | 5 | | | | 1,068 | |
Thereafter | | | 113 | | | | - | | | | 231 | | | | - | | | | 976 | | | | 1 | | | | 1,321 | |
| | | 8,147 | | | | 197 | | | | 7,756 | | | | 290 | | | | 5,887 | | | | 3,570 | | | | 25,847 | |
Residual value | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,384 | | | | 162 | | | | - | | | | - | | | | 1,546 | |
Less: Unearned income | | | (821 | ) | | | (7 | ) | | | (938 | ) | | | (21 | ) | | | (110 | ) | | | (125 | ) | | | (2,022 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 7,326 | | | $ | 190 | | | $ | 8,202 | | | $ | 431 | | | $ | 5,777 | | | $ | 3,445 | | | $ | 25,371 | |
Add: Notes receivable from Caterpillar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 74 | |
Less: Allowance for credit losses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (353 | ) |
Total net finance receivables | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 25,092 | |
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Receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity, and we also sell receivables. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections.
Impaired loans or finance leases
A loan or finance lease is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or finance lease.
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Impaired loans/finance leases for which there is a related allowance for credit losses (related allowance of $35 million, $26 million and $20 million, respectively) | | $ | 166 | | | $ | 133 | | | $ | 98 | |
Impaired loans/finance leases for which there is no related allowance for credit losses (due to sufficient collateral value) | | | 53 | | | | 60 | | | | 73 | |
Total investment in impaired loans/finance leases as of December 31, | | $ | 219 | | | $ | 193 | | | $ | 171 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Average investment in impaired loans/finance leases | | $ | 200 | | | $ | 168 | | | $ | 233 | |
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Non-accrual and past due loans or leases
We consider an account past due if any portion of an installment is due and unpaid for more than 30 days. Recognition of income is suspended and the account is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the receivable becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed.
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Investment in loans/leases on non-accrual status as of December 31, | | $ | 232 | | | $ | 190 | | | $ | 175 | |
Investment in loans/leases past due over 90 days and still accruing | | $ | 47 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 31 | |
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In estimating the allowance for credit losses, we review accounts that are past due, non-performing, or in bankruptcy.
Allowance for credit losses activity for the year ended December 31,
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Balance at beginning of year | | $ | 319 | | | $ | 302 | | | $ | 278 | |
Provision for credit losses | | | 97 | | | | 68 | | | | 92 | |
Receivables written off | | | (91 | ) | | | (63 | ) | | | (62 | ) |
Recoveries on receivables previously written off | | | 23 | | | | 16 | | | | 17 | |
Adjustment due to securitization of receivables | | | (9 | ) | | | (13 | ) | | | (12 | ) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | | | 14 | | | | 9 | | | | (11 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | $ | 353 | | | $ | 319 | | | $ | 302 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Allowance for credit losses as a percent of finance receivables (excluding Notes receivable from Caterpillar), net of unearned income | | | 1.39 | % | | | 1.33 | % | | | 1.35 | % |
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The components of finance leases as of December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Total minimum lease payments receivable | | $ | 8,046 | | | $ | 6,757 | | | $ | 5,627 | |
Estimated residual value of leased assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Guaranteed | | | 799 | | | | 572 | | | | 466 | |
Unguaranted | | | 747 | | | | 676 | | | | 557 | |
| | | 9,592 | | | | 8,005 | | | | 6,650 | |
Less: Unearned income | | | (959 | ) | | | (820 | ) | | | (641 | ) |
Net finance leases | | $ | 8,633 | | | $ | 7,185 | | | $ | 6,009 | |
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NOTE 4 – SALES AND SERVICING OF FINANCE RECEIVABLES
We sell certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases as part of our asset-backed securitization program. In addition, we have sold interests in wholesale receivables to third-party commercial paper conduits. These transactions provide a source of liquidity and allow for better management of our balance sheet capacity. Included in our other managed assets are individual loans and leases that have been sold to third parties to mitigate the concentration of credit risk with certain customers. None of the receivables that are directly or indirectly sold to third parties in any of the foregoing transactions are available to pay our creditors.
Securitized Retail Installment Sales Contracts and Finance Leases
During 2007, 2006 and 2005, we sold certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases to special purpose entities (SPEs) as part of our asset-backed securitization program. The SPEs, typically trusts, are considered to be qualifying special-purpose entities (QSPEs) and thus, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 140 (SFAS 140), "Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities," are not consolidated. The QSPEs issue debt to pay for the finance receivables they acquire from Cat Financial. The primary source for repayment of the debt is the cash flows generated from the finance receivables owned by the QSPEs. The assets of the QSPEs are legally isolated and are not available to pay the creditors of Cat Financial or any other affiliate of Cat Financial. For bankruptcy analysis purposes, Cat Financial has sold the finance receivables to the QSPEs in a true sale and the QSPEs are separate legal entities. The investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to Cat Financial's other assets for failure of debtors to pay when due.
We retain interests in the retail finance receivables that are sold through our asset-backed securitization program. Our retained interests are generally subordinate to the investors’ interests and are included in Other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Retained interests include subordinated certificates with an initial fair value of zero in 2007 ($4 million in 2006 and $8 million in 2005), an interest in future cash flows (excess) with an initial fair value of $2 million in 2007 ($3 million in 2006 and $1 million in 2005), and reserve accounts with an initial fair value of $9 million ($10 million in 2006 and $12 million in 2005). A net gain of $4 million was recognized on the 2007 transaction ($7 million in 2006 and $12 million in 2005). Significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the retained interests at the time of the transaction were:
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Discount rate | | | 8.4 | % | | | 11.2 | % | | | 10.8 | % |
Weighted-average prepayment rate | | | 14.0 | % | | | 14.0 | % | | | 14.0 | % |
Expected credit losses | | | 1.0 | % | | | 1.0 | % | | | 1.0 | % |
These assumptions are based on our historical experience, market trends and anticipated performance relative to the particular assets securitized.
During 2007, 2006 and 2005, we also retained servicing responsibilities and received a fee of approximately one percent of the remaining value of the finance receivables for our servicing responsibilities. We generally do not record a servicing asset or liability since the servicing fee is considered fair market compensation.
As of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, the fair value of the retained interests in all securitizations of retail finance receivables outstanding totaled $49 million, $68 million and $72 million, respectively. Key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the retained interests as of such dates were:
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Cash flow weighted-average discount rates on retained interests | | | 10.1 | % | | | 7.3 | % | | | 10.7 | % |
Weighted-average maturity in months | | | 30 | | | | 31 | | | | 30 | |
Weighted-average prepayment rate | | | 14.0 | % | | | 14.0 | % | | | 14.0 | % |
Weighted-average expected credit losses | | | 1.1 | % | | | 1.0 | % | | | 1.0 | % |
To estimate the impact on income due to changes to the key economic assumptions used to estimate the fair value of residual cash flows in retained interests from retail finance receivable securitizations, we compute a "shocked" fair value of retained interests. The difference between the current fair value and the "shocked" fair value is an estimate of our sensitivity to a change in the assumptions. We determine the "shocked" fair value by applying 10 percent and 20 percent adverse changes to individual assumptions used to calculate the fair value. This estimate does not adjust for other variations that may occur should one of the assumptions actually change. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of our estimate. Our sensitivity analysis indicated that the impact of a 20 percent adverse change in individual assumptions used to calculate the fair value of all our retained interests as of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 would be $2 million or less, $3 million or less, and $2 million or less, respectively. |
Characteristics of securitized retail receivables
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Total securitized principal balance at December 31, | | $ | 1,159 | | | $ | 1,227 | | | $ | 980 | |
Average securitized principal balance for the year ended December 31, | | $ | 1,064 | | | $ | 1,162 | | | $ | 1,085 | |
Loans > 30 days past due at year ended December 31, | | $ | 65 | | | $ | 34 | | | $ | 23 | |
Net credit losses during the year | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | 3 | |
Cash flows from retail securitizations
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Cash proceeds from initial sales of receivables | | $ | 650 | | | $ | 947 | | | $ | 829 | |
Servicing fees received | | $ | 11 | | | $ | 12 | | | $ | 11 | |
Other cash flows received on retained interests | | $ | 35 | | | $ | 41 | | | $ | 38 | |
Sale of Interests in Wholesale Receivables
We periodically purchase North American Caterpillar dealer trade receivables ("NACD Receivables") at a discount. The discount is an estimate of the amount of financing revenue that would be earned at a market rate on the NACD Receivables over their expected life. Cat Financial has sold interests in the NACD Receivables to third-party commercial paper conduits. In accordance with SFAS 140, the transfers to the conduits are accounted for as sales. The gain, included in Other revenue, is principally the difference between the unearned discount on the NACD Receivables sold to the third-party commercial paper conduits less the related costs incurred over their remaining term. Expected credit losses are assumed to be zero because dealer receivables have historically had no losses and none are expected in the future. We receive an annual servicing fee of approximately 0.5 percent of the average outstanding principal balance of the interests in the NACD Receivables sold to the third-party commercial paper conduits. We generally do not record a servicing asset or liability since the servicing fee is considered fair market compensation. During 2007, 2006 and 2005, we recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of wholesale receivables of $9 million, $4 million and $2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, the outstanding principal balance of the NACD Receivables sold to the conduits was $240 million.
The NACD Receivables not sold to the third-party commercial paper conduits as of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, of $1.233 billion, $2.718 billion and $3.028 billion, respectively, are included in Wholesale notes receivable in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The discount on these NACD Receivables is amortized on an effective yield basis over the life of the NACD Receivables and recognized as Wholesale finance revenue. Because the receivables are short-term in nature, the carrying amount approximates the fair value.
The cash collections from the NACD Receivables are first applied to satisfy any obligations of Cat Financial to the third-party commercial paper conduits. The third-party commercial paper conduits have no recourse to our assets, other than the NACD Receivables held by Cat Financial.
In addition to the NACD Receivables, we purchase other trade receivables from Caterpillar entities at a discount. The discount is an estimate of the amount of financing revenue that would be earned at a market rate on these trade receivables over their expected life. The discount is amortized into revenue on an effective yield basis over the life of the receivables and recognized as Wholesale finance revenue. Amortized discounts for the NACD and other trade receivables were $327 million, $386 million and $260 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, collection of the discount is included in investing activities as the receivables are collected.
Other managed assets
We also sell individual leases and finance receivables to third-parties with limited or no recourse to us in order to reduce our concentration of credit risk related to certain customers. In accordance with SFAS 140, the transfers to the third parties are accounted for as sales. In 2007, 2006 and 2005, we received $245 million, $174 million and $127 million, respectively, of proceeds from the sale of such contracts. We maintain servicing for these third-party assets, which totaled $441 million, $362 million and $237 million as of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. Since we do not receive a servicing fee for these assets, a servicing liability is recorded. As of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 this liability was not significant.
Total off-balance sheet managed assets as of December 31,
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Securitized Retail Installment Sale Contracts and Finance Leases | | | | | | | | | |
Installment sale contracts securitized | | $ | 1,105 | | | $ | 1,174 | | | $ | 934 | |
Finance leases securitized | | | 54 | | | | 53 | | | | 46 | |
Less: Retained interests (included in Other assets) | | | (49 | ) | | | (68 | ) | | | (72 | ) |
Off-balance sheet securitized retail receivables | | | 1,110 | | | | 1,159 | | | | 908 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sales of Interests in Wholesale Receivables | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Wholesale receivables | | | 240 | | | | 240 | | | | 240 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other Managed Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retail finance leases | | | 155 | | | | 90 | | | | 75 | |
Retail installment sale contracts | | | 122 | | | | 111 | | | | 49 | |
Operating leases | | | 128 | | | | 119 | | | | 76 | |
Retail notes receivable | | | 36 | | | | 42 | | | | 37 | |
Other managed receivables/leases | | | 441 | | | | 362 | | | | 237 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total off-balance sheet managed assets | | $ | 1,791 | | | $ | 1,761 | | | $ | 1,385 | |
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NOTE 5 – EQUIPMENT ON OPERATING LEASES
Components of equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation as of December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Equipment on operating leases, at cost | | $ | 4,466 | | | $ | 3,833 | | | $ | 3,789 | |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | | | (1,477 | ) | | | (1,271 | ) | | | (1,158 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Equipment on operating leases, net | | $ | 2,989 | | | $ | 2,562 | | | $ | 2,631 | |
At December 31, 2007, scheduled minimum rental payments for operating leases were as follows:
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Thereafter | Total |
$735 | $511 | $309 | $161 | $57 | $20 | $1,793 |
NOTE 6 – CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK
Our portfolio is primarily comprised of receivables under installment sale contracts, receivables arising from leasing transactions, notes receivable and wholesale financing. Percentages of the total value of our portfolio (total net finance receivables, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation) represented by each financing plan as of December 31, were as follows:
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Retail Financing: | | | | | | | | | |
Installment sale contracts | | | 25 | % | | | 25 | % | | | 25 | % |
Tax leases (operating or finance) | | | 18 | % | | | 17 | % | | | 17 | % |
Customer loans | | | 18 | % | | | 16 | % | | | 16 | % |
Finance (non-tax) leases | | | 20 | % | | | 17 | % | | | 15 | % |
Dealer loans | | | 3 | % | | | 3 | % | | | 4 | % |
Government lease-purchase contracts | | | 1 | % | | | 1 | % | | | 1 | % |
Wholesale financing | | | 15 | % | | | 21 | % | | | 22 | % |
Receivables from customers in construction-related industries made up approximately 40 percent of our portfolio as of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005. Approximately 56 percent of construction-related receivables relates to customers in North America. No single customer or dealer represented a significant concentration of credit risk. We typically maintain a security interest in retail financed equipment and require physical damage insurance coverage on all financed equipment. See Note 16 for further information concerning business segments.
Regarding our derivative instruments, collateral is not generally required of the counterparties or of our Company. We do not anticipate non-performance by us or any of the counterparties. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties is limited to only those gains that we have recorded, but have not yet received cash payment. As of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, the exposure to credit loss was $98 million, $62 million and $96 million, respectively. See Note 10 for information concerning derivatives.
Revolving credit facilities
We participate in three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $6.55 billion available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial (along with specified subsidiaries of Cat Financial in connection with certain sub-facilities). These credit facilities are used to support commercial paper programs. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised at anytime, the portion of the credit facilities allocated to Cat Financial was $5.55 billion at December 31, 2007. During 2007, the five-year facility of $1.62 billion, which was scheduled to expire in September 2010, was extended and will expire September 2012. The five-year facility of $2.98 billion has not changed, and will expire September 2011. The 364-day facility was increased from $1.85 billion to $1.95 billion and will expire in September 2008. The facility expiring in September 2008 has a provision that allows Caterpillar or Cat Financial to obtain a one-year loan in September 2008 that would mature in September 2009. At December 31, 2007, there were no borrowings under these lines, and we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
Our Australian subsidiary has an A$50 million (USD equivalent $44 million) credit facility with one bank to support its commercial paper program.
Variable denomination floating rate demand notes
We obtain funding from the sale of variable denomination floating rate demand notes, which may be redeemed at any time at the option of the holder without any material restriction. We do not hold reserves to fund the payment of the demand notes. The notes are offered on a continuous basis by prospectus only.
Commercial paper
We issue unsecured commercial paper in the U.S., Europe and other international capital markets. These short-term promissory notes are issued on a discounted basis and are payable at maturity.
Bank borrowings
Credit lines with banks total $2.18 billion and will be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date. They are used by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements and are generally guaranteed by Cat Financial. At December 31, 2007, we had $1.17 billion outstanding against these credit lines compared to $673 million as of December 31, 2006.
Deposit obligation
A deposit obligation of $232 million has a corresponding security deposit, which is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006. This deposit obligation and corresponding security deposit relates to a financing arrangement, which provides us a return. This arrangement requires that we commit to a certain long-term obligation and provide a security deposit, which will fulfill this obligation when it becomes due.
Variable amount lending agreements with Caterpillar
Under these agreements, we may borrow up to $1.9 billion from Caterpillar, and Caterpillar may borrow up to $1.2 billion from us. The agreements are in effect for indefinite periods of time and may be changed or terminated by either party with 30 days notice. We had notes payable of $275 million and notes receivable of $74 million outstanding as of December 31, 2007, compared to notes payable of $87 million and notes receivable of $75 million as of December 31, 2006. |
NOTE 8 – SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
Short-term borrowings outstanding as of December 31, were comprised of the following:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
| | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | | | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | | | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commercial paper, net | | $ | 4,935 | | | | 4.3 | % | | $ | 4,557 | | | | 4.4 | % | | $ | 4,235 | | | | 3.4 | % |
Variable denomination floating rate demand notes | | | 699 | | | | 5.1 | % | | | 590 | | | | 5.4 | % | | | 505 | | | | 4.2 | % |
Bank borrowings | | | 550 | | | | 7.4 | % | | | 251 | | | | 6.0 | % | | | 257 | | | | 6.8 | % |
Total | | $ | 6,184 | | | | | | | $ | 5,398 | | | | | | | $ | 4,997 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
During 2007, we issued $3.763 billion of medium-term notes, of which $2.041 billion were at fixed interest rates and $1.722 billion were at floating interest rates, primarily indexed to LIBOR. At December 31, 2007, the outstanding medium-term notes had remaining maturities ranging up to 20 years.
Long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, were comprised of the following:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
| | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | | | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | | | Balance | | | Avg. Rate | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medium-term notes | | $ | 17,325 | | | | 4.7 | % | | $ | 16,899 | | | | 4.6 | % | | $ | 16,186 | | | | 4.1 | % |
Unamortized discount | | | (3 | ) | | | | | | | (5 | ) | | | | | | | (6 | ) | | | | |
Medium-term notes, net | | | 17,322 | | | | | | | | 16,894 | | | | | | | | 16,180 | | | | | |
Bank borrowings | | | 615 | | | | 8.0 | % | | | 425 | | | | 8.9 | % | | | 344 | | | | 8.7 | % |
Loans from a company-owned partnership | | | 8 | | | | 7.0 | % | | | 8 | | | | 7.0 | % | | | 8 | | | | 7.0 | % |
Deposit obligation 1 | | | 232 | | | | | | | | 232 | | | | | | | | 232 | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 18,177 | | | | | | | $ | 17,559 | | | | | | | $ | 16,764 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1 The deposit obligation has a corresponding security deposit, which is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. This deposit obligation and corresponding security deposit relate to a financing arrangement, which provides us a return. This arrangement requires that we commit to a certain long-term obligation and provide a security deposit, which will fulfill this obligation when it becomes due.
Long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2007, matures as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | | |
2008 | | $ | 4,947 | |
2009 | | | 4,777 | |
2010 | | | 2,956 | |
2011 | | | 672 | |
2012 | | | 1,515 | |
Thereafter | | | 3,310 | |
Total | | $ | 18,177 | |
| | | | |
The above table includes $1.469 billion of medium-term notes that may be called by us at some point in the future at par value.
NOTE 10 – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Our earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our Risk Management Policy ("Policy") allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposure. Our Policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward contracts and interest rate swaps. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction, and control of our senior financial officers. Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Caterpillar Inc. Board of Directors at least annually.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
In managing foreign currency risk, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions. Our Policy allows the use of foreign currency forward and option contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our receivables and debt. Due to the long-term nature of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries, all such foreign currency forward contracts are undesignated. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings as a part of Other revenues.
Other revenue included (losses)/gains of ($89) million, ($20) million and $58 million on the undesignated contracts for 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The gains and losses on undesignated contracts substantially offset the balance sheet remeasurement gains and losses.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate movements create a degree of risk to our operations by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate swap agreements to manage our exposure to interest rate changes and, in some cases, to lower the cost of borrowed funds.
We have a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of our debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This match-funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move. Our Policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating (fair value hedges), floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges) to meet our match-funding objective. To support hedge accounting, we designate fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of the fair value of our fixed rate debt at the inception of the swap contract, and we designate floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of the variability of future cash flows at the inception of the swap contract.
Fair value hedges
We liquidated fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps during 2006, 2005 and 2004, which resulted in deferred net gains that are being amortized to earnings ratably over the remaining life of the hedged debt. The unamortized balance of $5 million as of December 31, 2007 will be amortized into Interest expense over the next seven years.
Gains/(losses) on designated fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps included in current earnings as of December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Gain/(loss) on designated interest rate derivatives—included in Other revenues | | $ | 103 | | | $ | (44 | ) | | $ | (71 | ) |
(Loss)/gain on hedged debt—included in Other revenues | | $ | (103 | ) | | $ | 44 | | | $ | 71 | |
Amortization of the net gain on liquidated swaps – included in Interest expense | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 5 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flow hedges
As of December 31, 2007, $2 million, net of tax, of deferred net losses included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income), related to our floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, is expected to be reclassified to Interest expense over the next twelve months.
We liquidated floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps during 2007 that resulted in deferred net gains that are being amortized to earnings ratably over the remaining life of the hedged debt. The unamortized balance of $1 million as of December 31, 2007 will be amortized into Interest expense over the next twelve months.
NOTE 11 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
We have guaranteed to repurchase loans of certain Caterpillar dealers from third-party lenders in the event of default. These guarantees arose in conjunction with our relationship with third-party dealers who sell Caterpillar equipment. These guarantees generally have one-year terms and are secured, primarily by dealer assets.
We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery.
We have also provided a limited indemnity to a third-party bank, which was $30 million at December 31, 2007, resulting from the assignment of certain leases to that bank. The indemnity is for the remote chance that the insurers of these leases would become insolvent. The indemnity expires December 15, 2012, and is unsecured.
No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees or the limited indemnity. At December 31, 2007, the recorded liability for these guarantees was $7 million, compared to $9 million as of December 31, 2006, and $9 million as of December 31, 2005. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amount that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees and the limited indemnity are as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Guarantees with Caterpillar dealers | | $ | 250 | | | $ | 362 | | | $ | 434 | |
Guarantees with Customers | | | 46 | | | | 37 | | | | 37 | |
Limited Indemnity | | | 30 | | | | 35 | | | | 40 | |
Guarantees – other | | | - | | | | 3 | | | | 3 | |
Total guarantees | | $ | 326 | | | $ | 437 | | | $ | 514 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
We are party to agreements in the normal course of business with selected customers and Caterpillar dealers in which we commit to provide a set dollar amount of financing on a pre-approved basis. We also provide lines of credit to selected customers and Caterpillar dealers, of which a portion remains unused as of the end of the period. Commitments and lines of credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. It has been our experience that not all commitments and lines of credit will be used. Management applies the same credit policies when making commitments and granting lines of credit as it does for any other financing. We do not require collateral for these commitments/lines, but if credit is extended, collateral may be required upon funding. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers as of December 31, 2007, was $8.341 billion compared to $6.587 billion as of December 31, 2006, and $4.729 billion as of December 31, 2005. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for customers as of December 31, 2007, was $3.001 billion compared to $2.279 billion as of December 31, 2006, and $1.972 billion as of December 31, 2005.
We are party to various litigation matters and claims, and while the results cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the final outcome of such matters and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, profit or liquidity.
The components of Profit before income taxes for the years ended December 31, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
U.S. | | $ | 413 | | | $ | 417 | | | $ | 322 | |
Non-U.S. | | | 315 | | | | 271 | | | | 215 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 728 | | | $ | 688 | | | $ | 537 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Profit before income taxes, as shown above, is based on the location of the entity to which such earnings are attributable. However, since such earnings may be subject to taxation in more than one country, the income tax provision shown below as U.S. or non-U.S. may not correspond to the earnings shown above.
The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows for the years ended December 31:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | |
Current tax provision: | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
U.S. federal | | $ | 93 | | | $ | 153 | | | $ | 132 | |
Non-U.S. | | | 106 | | | | 65 | | | | 61 | |
State (U.S.) | | | 6 | | | | 6 | | | | (1 | ) |
| | | 205 | | | | 224 | | | | 192 | |
Deferred tax provision (credit): | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. federal | | | 50 | | | | (20 | ) | | | (24 | ) |
Non-U.S. | | | (23 | ) | | | 10 | | | | 4 | |
State (U.S.) | | | 2 | | | | 1 | | | | 1 | |
| | | 29 | | | | (9 | ) | | | (19 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total provision for income taxes | | $ | 234 | | | $ | 215 | | | $ | 173 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Current tax provision is the amount of income taxes reported or expected to be reported on our tax returns. Under our tax sharing agreement with Caterpillar, we have paid to or received from Caterpillar, our allocated share of income taxes or credits each quarter.
The actual provision for income taxes differs from the provision for income taxes that would result from applying the U.S. statutory rate to profit before income taxes for the years ended December 31, for the reasons set forth in the following reconciliation:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Taxes computed at U.S. statutory rates | | $ | 257 | | | $ | 242 | | | $ | 189 | |
(Decreases) increases in taxes resulting from: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subsidiaries' results subject to tax rates other than U.S. statutory rates | | | (29 | ) | | | (22 | ) | | | (11 | ) |
Other, net | | | 6 | | | | (5 | ) | | | (5 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Provision for income taxes | | $ | 234 | | | $ | 215 | | | $ | 173 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
We have recorded income tax expense at U.S. tax rates on all profits, except for undistributed profits of non-U.S. companies, which are considered indefinitely reinvested. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to indefinitely reinvested profits is not feasible.
Differences between accounting rules and tax laws cause differences between the bases of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. The tax effects of these differences, to the extent they are temporary, are recorded as deferred tax assets and liabilities netted by tax jurisdiction and taxpayer. Our consolidated deferred taxes consisted of the following components as of December 31:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | |
Deferred tax assets: | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Allowance for credit losses | | $ | 88 | | | $ | 70 | | | $ | 77 | |
Foreign tax credit carryforwards | | | 6 | | | | 36 | | | | 27 | |
Net operating loss carryforwards | | | 24 | | | | 26 | | | | 25 | |
| | | 118 | | | | 132 | | | | 129 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deferred tax liabilities - primarily lease basis differences | | | (435 | ) | | | (412 | ) | | | (407 | ) |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | | | (4 | ) | | | (6 | ) | | | (7 | ) |
Deferred U.S. tax on previously taxed foreign income | | | - | | | | (2 | ) | | | (9 | ) |
Deferred gains on derivative instruments | | | 7 | | | | (12 | ) | | | (16 | ) |
| | | (432 | ) | | | (432 | ) | | | (439 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deferred taxes – net | | $ | (314 | ) | | $ | (300 | ) | | $ | (310 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2007, amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions were:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | |
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 - 2022 | Unlimited | Total |
$- | $- | $1 | $1 | $8 | $61 | $71 |
Valuation allowances totaling $1 million have been recorded at certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that have not yet demonstrated consistent and/or sustainable profitability to support the recognition of net deferred tax assets.
As of December 31, 2007, amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various U.S. state taxing jurisdictions were:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | |
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012-2027 | Total |
$3 | $- | $- | $25 | $69 | $97 |
The gross deferred tax asset associated with these NOL carryforwards is $8 million as of December 31, 2007, partially offset by a valuation allowance of $3 million. The valuation allowance arises as a result of the uncertainty whether the carryforwards will be used.
In some U.S. state tax jurisdictions, Cat Financial joins with Caterpillar in filing combined returns. In other U.S. state income tax jurisdictions, Cat Financial files on a separate, stand alone basis.
We adopted FIN 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" as of January 1, 2007. As of adoption, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, was $30 million.
Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits(1): (Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | |
Balance at beginning of year | | $ | 30 | |
Reductions for tax positions related to prior year | | | (14 | ) |
Balance at end of year | | $ | 16 | |
| | | | |
(1) Foreign currency translation amounts are included within each line as applicable. | | | | |
At adoption, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $5 million. That amount did not change during 2007.
We classify interest and penalties on tax uncertainties as a component of the provision for income taxes. The total amount of interest and penalties accrued as of adoption was $3 million. The corresponding amount at December 31, 2007 was $5 million.
It is expected that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next 12 months. However, we do not expect the change to have a significant impact on our results of operations or financial position.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has completed its field examination of our U.S. tax returns for 1992 to 2004 as part of the overall Caterpillar examination. For tax years 1992 to 1994, Caterpillar expects to litigate issues unrelated to us. Caterpillar also expects the appeals process for tax years 1995 to 1999 will be settled within the next 12 months. Caterpillar has also entered into the appeals process for tax years 2000 to 2004. The ultimate disposition of all matters related to each of the aforementioned audit cycles is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
In our major non-U.S. jurisdictions, tax years are typically subject to examination for three to six years.
NOTE 13 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
We use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:
Assets and liabilities other than those listed below– carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.
Finance receivables, net- fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates for new receivables with similar remaining maturities. Historical bad debts experience is also considered.
Long-term debt- fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using our current borrowing rates for similar types and maturities of debt, except for floating rate notes for which the carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value. Our deposit obligation carrying value approximated fair value.
Interest rate swaps- fair value is estimated based upon the amount we would receive or pay to terminate the agreements as of December 31.
Foreign currency forward contracts- fair value of forward contracts was determined by discounting the future cash flow resulting from the differential between the contract price and the forward rate.
Guarantees - fair value is estimated based upon the premium we would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arm’s-length transaction with an unrelated party.
The estimated fair values of financial instruments as of December 31, are as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
| | Carrying Amount | | | Fair Value | | | Carrying Amount | | | Fair Value | | | Carrying Amount | | | Fair Value | |
Finance receivables, net (excluding tax leases (1)) | | $ | 22,417 | | | $ | 22,366 | | | $ | 21,565 | | | $ | 21,530 | | | $ | 20,374 | | | $ | 20,366 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | | $ | (18,177 | ) | | $ | (18,322 | ) | | $ | (17,559 | ) | | $ | (17,441 | ) | | $ | (16,764 | ) | | $ | (16,821 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate swaps: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
In a net receivable position | | $ | 75 | | | $ | 75 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 94 | | | $ | 94 | |
In a net payable position | | $ | (46 | ) | | $ | (46 | ) | | $ | (98 | ) | | $ | (98 | ) | | $ | (113 | ) | | $ | (113 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward exchange contracts: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
In a net gain position | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | |
In a net loss position | | $ | (27 | ) | | $ | (27 | ) | | $ | (6 | ) | | $ | (6 | ) | | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | (5 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Guarantees | | $ | (7 | ) | | $ | (7 | ) | | $ | (9 | ) | | $ | (9 | ) | | $ | (9 | ) | | $ | (10 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) Represents tax finance leases with a net carrying value of $2.601 billion, $2.050 billion and $1.719 billion as of December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.
NOTE 14 – TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES
We have a Support Agreement with Caterpillar, which provides that Caterpillar will (1) remain, directly or indirectly, our sole owner; (2) cause us to maintain a net worth of at least $20 million; and (3) ensure that we maintain a ratio of profit before income taxes and interest expense to interest expense (as defined by the Support Agreement) of not less than 1.15 to 1. In 2007, 2006 and 2005, Caterpillar did not make any significant capital contributions. Although this agreement can be modified or terminated by either party, any modification or termination which would adversely affect holders of our debt is required to be approved by holders of 66-2/3 percent of the aggregate outstanding debt. Caterpillar's obligation under this agreement is not directly enforceable by any of our creditors and does not constitute a guarantee of any of our obligations. There was a cash dividend in the amount of $250 million paid to Caterpillar in 2007. There was a cash dividend in the amount of $350 million paid to Caterpillar in 2006. No cash dividends were declared or paid in 2005.
The rates/prices for our transactions with Caterpillar are set based on arms-length transactions.
We have variable amount lending agreements with Caterpillar. Under these agreements, we may borrow up to $1.9 billion from Caterpillar, and Caterpillar may borrow up to $1.2 billion from us. The agreements are in effect for indefinite periods of time and may be changed or terminated by either party with 30 days notice. Information concerning these agreements is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Notes payable as of December 31, | | $ | 275 | | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 199 | |
Notes receivable as of December 31, | | $ | 74 | | | $ | 75 | | | $ | 88 | |
Interest expensed | | $ | 5 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 18 | |
Interest earned | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | 10 | |
We have agreements with Caterpillar to purchase, at a discount, certain receivables generated by sales of products to Caterpillar dealers and customers. Under these programs, we use a portion of collections each week to purchase additional receivables. Information pertaining to these purchases is as below:
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Purchases made | | $ | 20,822 | | | $ | 23,998 | | | $ | 21,326 | |
Discounts earned | | $ | 327 | | | $ | 386 | | | $ | 260 | |
Servicing fees paid, net | | $ | - | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | |
Balance as of December 31, | | $ | 2,559 | | | $ | 4,227 | | | $ | 4,191 | |
Effective interest rate for receivable purchases as of December 31, | | | 7.83 | % | | | 8.17 | % | | | 7.03 | % |
We participate in certain marketing programs sponsored by Caterpillar by providing financing to customers at rates below standard rates. Under these programs, Caterpillar subsidizes an amount at the outset of the transaction, which we then recognize as revenue over the term of the financing. During 2007, we received $336 million relative to such programs, compared with $314 million in 2006 and $294 million in 2005.
We participate in various benefit plans, which are administered by Caterpillar. These plans include employee medical plans and postretirement benefit plans. We reimburse Caterpillar for these charges, which amounted to $24 million in 2007, $21 million in 2006 and $24 million in 2005. In addition, we participate in the Caterpillar stock incentive plans. Effective January 1, 2006, Caterpillar expensed the cost related to stock options and allocated Cat Financial $5 million and $4 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. In addition, Caterpillar provides operational and administrative support, which is integral to the conduct of our business. These operational and support charges for which we reimburse Caterpillar amounted to $23 million in 2007, $24 million in 2006 and $21 million in 2005.
We provide administrative support services to certain Caterpillar subsidiaries. Caterpillar reimburses us for these charges, which amounted to $11 million in 2007, $12 million in 2006 and $8 million in 2005.
We have a tax sharing agreement with Caterpillar under which we combine our tax position with Caterpillar’s when appropriate. When we combine our tax positions under this agreement, we pay to or receive from Caterpillar our allocated share of income taxes or credits.
We lease our offices and other property through operating leases. Rental expense is charged to operations as incurred. Total rental expense for operating leases was $18 million for 2007, $19 million for 2006 and $18 million for 2005. At December 31, 2007, minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are:
(Millions of dollars) | | | |
2008 | | $ | 13 | |
2009 | | | 11 | |
2010 | | | 9 | |
2011 | | | 9 | |
2012 | | | 8 | |
Thereafter | | | 68 | |
Total | | $ | 118 | |
| | | | |
NOTE 16 – SEGMENT INFORMATION
Our segment data is based on disclosure requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 131, which requires that financial information be reported on the basis that is used internally for measuring segment performance. Internally, we report information for operating segments based on management responsibility. Our five operating segments offer primarily the same types of services within each of the respective segments. The five operating segments are as follows:
● | North America: We have offices in the United States and Canada that serve local dealers and customers. |
| |
● | Europe: We have offices in Europe to serve European dealers and customers. This segment also includes our office in Russia, which serves dealers and customers in the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Dubai, which primarily serves dealers and customers in the Middle East. |
| |
● | Diversified Services: Included is our Global Accounts Division, which primarily provides cross-border financing to customers in countries in which we have no local presence; Marine Services Division, which primarily finances marine vessels with Caterpillar engines for all countries; and our offices in Latin America that serve local dealers and customers. |
| |
● | Asia-Pacific: We have offices in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan and Southeast Asia that serve local dealers and customers. This segment also provides project financing in various countries. |
| |
● | Cat Power Finance: This segment primarily provides debt financing for Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems, as well as non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems, for all countries. |
On January 1, 2007, $1.772 billion of Inter-segment assets were reclassified to the North America segment as follows: from the Diversified Services segment in the amount of $1.381 billion, from the Power Finance segment in the amount of $387 million, from the Europe segment in the amount of $3 million and from the Asia-Pacific segment in the amount of $1 million. In addition, assets in the amount of $189 million were transferred to the Asia-Pacific segment from the North America segment. These reclassifications were made in order to maintain alignment with management responsibility. Prior year data has been reclassified to conform to the new structure.
During the third quarter 2007, $255 million of assets were reclassified to the North America segment from the Diversified Services segment. These reclassifications were made in order to maintain alignment with management responsibility. Prior year data has been reclassified to conform to the new structure.
Debt and other expenses are allocated from the North America segment to other segments based on their respective portfolios. The related interest expense is calculated based on the amount of allocated debt and the rates associated with that debt. The provision for credit losses included in each segment's profit is based on each segment's share of the Company's allowance for credit losses. Inter-segment revenues result from lending activities between segments, and are based on the amount of the respective Inter-segment loans and the rates associated with those loans.
The financial data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Inter-segment amounts, reflected in the tables, result principally from lending activities between segments. A smaller amount results from charges between segments for services provided.
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2007 | | North America | | | Europe | | | Asia- Pacific | | | Diversified Services | | | Cat Power Finance | | | Total | |
External revenue | | $ | 1,806 | | | | 442 | | | | 255 | | | | 400 | | | | 95 | | | $ | 2,998 | |
Inter-segment revenue | | $ | 82 | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | $ | 82 | |
Profit | | $ | 238 | | | | 86 | | | | 36 | | | | 91 | | | | 43 | | | $ | 494 | |
Interest expense | | $ | 734 | | | | 156 | | | | 99 | | | | 195 | | | | 30 | | | $ | 1,214 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense | | $ | 517 | | | | 106 | | | | 42 | | | | 35 | | | | 2 | | | $ | 702 | |
Provision for income taxes | | $ | 150 | | | | 14 | | | | 21 | | | | 39 | | | | 10 | | | $ | 234 | |
Assets as of December 31, | | $ | 18,632 | | | | 6,273 | | | | 3,174 | | | | 4,242 | | | | 814 | | | $ | 33,135 | |
Expenditures for equipment on operating leases and for non-leased equipment | | $ | 907 | | | | 269 | | | | 117 | | | | 71 | | | | 2 | | | $ | 1,366 | |
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2006 | | North America | | | Europe | | | Asia- Pacific | | | Diversified Services | | | Cat Power Finance | | | Total | |
External revenue | | $ | 1,770 | | | | 355 | | | | 232 | | | | 323 | | | | 83 | | | $ | 2,763 | |
Inter-segment revenue | | $ | 53 | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | $ | 53 | |
Profit | | $ | 274 | | | | 78 | | | | 44 | | | | 53 | | | | 24 | | | $ | 473 | |
Interest expense | | $ | 695 | | | | 99 | | | | 92 | | | | 162 | | | | 34 | | | $ | 1,082 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense | | $ | 478 | | | | 91 | | | | 43 | | | | 40 | | | | 2 | | | $ | 654 | |
Provision for income taxes | | $ | 145 | | | | 24 | | | | 15 | | | | 23 | | | | 8 | | | $ | 215 | |
Assets as of December 31, | | $ | 17,956 | | | | 4,860 | | | | 2,405 | | | | 3,631 | | | | 926 | | | $ | 29,778 | |
Expenditures for equipment on operating leases and for non-leased equipment | | $ | 818 | | | | 155 | | | | 87 | | | | 89 | | | | 3 | | | $ | 1,152 | |
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2005 | | North America | | | Europe | | | Asia- Pacific | | | Diversified Services | | | Cat Power Finance | | | Total | |
External revenue | | $ | 1,442 | | | | 345 | | | | 202 | | | | 276 | | | | 89 | | | $ | 2,354 | |
Inter-segment revenue | | $ | 34 | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | $ | 34 | |
Profit | | $ | 222 | | | | 59 | | | | 31 | | | | 23 | | | | 29 | | | $ | 364 | |
Interest expense | | $ | 494 | | | | 92 | | | | 72 | | | | 127 | | | | 32 | | | $ | 817 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense | | $ | 441 | | | | 98 | | | | 52 | | | | 41 | | | | 4 | | | $ | 636 | |
Provision for income taxes | | $ | 124 | | | | 20 | | | | 12 | | | | 8 | | | | 9 | | | $ | 173 | |
Assets as of December 31, | | $ | 16,987 | | | | 4,271 | | | | 2,263 | | | | 3,333 | | | | 990 | | | $ | 27,844 | |
Expenditures for equipment on operating leases and for non-leased equipment | | $ | 865 | | | | 158 | | | | 167 | | | | 99 | | | | 8 | | | $ | 1,297 | |
Reconciliation:
Interest expense | | | | | | | | | |
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Interest expense from segments | | $ | 1,214 | | | $ | 1,082 | | | $ | 817 | |
Less: Inter-segment interest expense | | | (82 | ) | | | (53 | ) | | | (34 | ) |
Total | | $ | 1,132 | | | $ | 1,029 | | | $ | 783 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | | | | | | | | | |
(Millions of dollars) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Assets from segments | | $ | 33,135 | | | $ | 29,778 | | | $ | 27,844 | |
Less: Investment in subsidiaries | | | (1,011 | ) | | | (967 | ) | | | (936 | ) |
Less: Inter-segment balances | | | (2,695 | ) | | | (1,475 | ) | | | (1,009 | ) |
Total | | $ | 29,429 | | | $ | 27,336 | | | $ | 25,899 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Inside and outside the United States:
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Inside U.S. | | $ | 1,833 | | | $ | 1,831 | | | $ | 1,491 | |
Inside Canada | | | 358 | | | | 298 | | | | 250 | |
Outside U.S. and Canada | | | 807 | | | | 634 | | | | 613 | |
Total | | $ | 2,998 | | | $ | 2,763 | | | $ | 2,354 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Equipment on Operating Leases and Non-Leased Equipment (included in Other Assets), Net | | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2005 | |
Inside U.S. | | $ | 1,453 | | | $ | 1,538 | | | $ | 1,569 | |
Inside Canada | | | 901 | | | | 603 | | | | 587 | |
Outside U.S. and Canada | | | 763 | | | | 563 | | | | 598 | |
Total | | $ | 3,117 | | | $ | 2,704 | | | $ | 2,754 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
NOTE 17 – SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
(Millions of dollars) | | | | | | | | | | |
2007 | | | First quarter | | | Second quarter | | | Third quarter | | | Fourth quarter | |
Total revenues | | | $ | 713 | | | $ | 747 | | | $ | 758 | | | $ | 780 | |
Profit before taxes | | | $ | 182 | | | $ | 187 | | | $ | 187 | | | $ | 172 | |
Profit | | | $ | 125 | | | $ | 123 | | | $ | 133 | | | $ | 113 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2006 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | | | $ | 657 | | | $ | 676 | | | $ | 723 | | | $ | 707 | |
Profit before taxes | | | $ | 173 | | | $ | 155 | | | $ | 192 | | | $ | 168 | |
Profit | | | $ | 118 | | | $ | 106 | | | $ | 132 | | | $ | 117 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2005 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | | | $ | 543 | | | $ | 587 | | | $ | 596 | | | $ | 628 | |
Profit before taxes | | | $ | 124 | | | $ | 138 | | | $ | 130 | | | $ | 145 | |
Profit | | | $ | 83 | | | $ | 90 | | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 104 | |