| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds, commercial paper, and U.S. Government Treasury and Agency instruments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase.
Inventories
We use the lower of cost or market method to value our inventories, with cost being determined on a first-in, first-out basis. One of the factors we consistently evaluate in the application of this method is the extent to which products are accepted into the marketplace. By policy, we evaluate market acceptance based on known business factors and conditions by comparing forecasted customer unit demand for our products over a specific future period, or demand horizon, to quantities on hand at the end of each accounting period.
On a quarterly and annual basis, we analyze inventories on a part-by-part basis. Product life cycles and the competitive nature of the industry are factors considered in the evaluation of customer unit demand at the end of each quarterly accounting period. Inventory quantities on-hand in excess of forecasted demand is considered to have reduced market value and, therefore, the cost basis is adjusted to the lower of cost or market. Typically, market values for excess or obsolete inventories are considered to be zero. Inventory charges recorded for excess and obsolete inventory, including scrapped inventory, represented $4.8 million and $7.2 million, in fiscal year 2016 and 2015, respectively. Inventory charges in fiscal year 2016 related to a combination of quality issues and inventory exceeding demand. In fiscal year 2015, charges were primarily associated with a customer build forecast that exceeded actual market demand, resulting in excess inventory levels for certain high volume products .
Inventories were comprised of the following (in thousands):
March 26,
March 28,
2016
2015
Work in process
$ 67,827
$ 64,663
Finished goods
74,188
19,533
$ 142,015
$ 84,196
Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost, net of depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over estimated economic lives, ranging from three to 39 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life. Furniture, fixtures, machinery, and equipment are all depreciated over a useful life of three to 10 years, while buildings are depreciated over a period of up to 39 years. In general, our capitalized software is amortized over a useful life of three years, with capitalized enterprise resource planning software being amortized over a useful life of 10 years. Gains or losses related to retirements or dispositions of fixed assets are recognized in the period incurred.
Property, plant and equipment was comprised of the following (in thousands):
March 26,
March 28,
2016
2015
Land
$ 26,379
$ 26,332
Buildings
73,513
49,963
Furniture and fixtures
13,226
10,281
Leasehold improvements
2,637
2,525
Machinery and equipment
105,880
79,682
Capitalized software
25,127
25,000
Construction in progress
5,411
22,922
Total property, plant and equipment
252,173
216,705
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(89,517)
(72,359)
Property, plant and equipment, net
$ 162,656
$ 144,346
Depreciation and amortization expense on property, plant, and equipment for fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014, was $22.3 million, $15.4 million, and $12.1 million, respectively.
Goodwill and Intangibles, net
Intangible assets include purchased technology licenses and patents that are reported at cost and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, generally ranging from one to ten years. Acquired intangibles include existing technology, core technology or patents, license agreements, in-process research & development, trademarks, tradenames, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and backlog. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over lives ranging from one to fifteen years.
Goodwill is recorded at the time of an acquisition and is calculated as the difference between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to annual impairment tests. If the assumptions and estimates used to allocate the purchase price are not correct, or if business conditions change, purchase price adjustments or future asset impairment charges could be required. The value of our intangible assets, including goodwill, could be impacted by future adverse changes such as: (i) any future declines in our operating results, (ii) a decline in the valuation of technology company stocks, including the valuation of our common stock, (iii) a significant slowdown in the worldwide economy and the semiconductor industry, or (iv) any failure to meet the performance projections included in our forecasts of future operating results. The Company tests goodwill and indefinite lived intangibles for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist. Impairment evaluations involve management’s assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill and other intangible assets are impaired. If management concludes from its assessment of qualitative factors that it is more likely than not that impairment exists, then a quantitative impairment test will be performed involving management estimates of asset useful lives and future cash flows. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in these evaluations. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analyses, are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur additional impairment charges in a future period. The Company has recorded no goodwill impairments in fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014. There were no material intangible asset impairments in fiscal years 2016, 2015, or 2014.
Long-Lived Assets
We test for impairment losses on long-lived assets and definite-lived intangibles used in operations when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the assets’ carrying amounts. We measure any impairment loss by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying amount. We estimate fair value based on discounted future cash flows, quoted market prices, or independent appraisals.
Foreign Currency Translation
Prior to the fiscal year 2015 acquisition of Wolfson Microelectronics (“ Wolfson, ” the “ Acquisition ”), each Cirrus Logic legal entity was US dollar functional. Additionally, each of the acquired Wolfson legal entities were also designated as US dollar functional. These designations were determined individually by Cirrus Logic and Wolfson prior to the Acquisition. Subsequent to the integration of Wolfson, the Company reassessed the functional currencies of each legal entity based on the relevant facts and circumstances, as well as in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance contained in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830-10, “Foreign Currency Matters.” Based on its analysis and on the change in operating structure brought about by the Acquisition, the Company determined that the functional currency of some of its subsidiaries had changed from the US dollar to the local currency. The Company’s main entities, including the entities that generate the majority of sales and employ the majority of employees, remain US dollar functional. The change was effective beginning in fiscal year 2016 and had an immaterial effect on the financial statements. Beginning in fiscal year 2016 foreign currency translation gains and losses are reported as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Gain / (Loss).
Pension
Defined benefit pension plans are accounted for based upon the provisions of ASC Topic 715, “ Compensation – Retirement Benefits. ”
The funded status of the plan is recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent re-measurement of plan assets and benefit obligations, if deemed necessary, would be refle cted in the consolidated balance sheets in the subsequent interim period to reflect the overfunded or underfunded status of the plan.
The Company will engage external actuaries on at least an annual basis to provide a valuation of the plan’s assets and projected benefit obligation and to record the net periodic pension cost. On a quarterly basis, the Company will evaluate current information available to us to determine whether the plan’s assets and projected benefit obligation should be re-measured.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to material concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, marketable securities, long-term marketable securities, and trade accounts receivable. We are exposed to credit risk to the extent of the amounts recorded on the balance sheet. By policy, our cash equivalents, marketable securities, and long-term marketable securities are subject to certain nationally recognized credit standards, issuer concentrations, sovereign risk, and marketability or liquidity considerations.
In evaluating our trade receivables, we perform credit evaluations of our major customers’ financial condition and monitor closely all of our receivables to limit our financial exposure by limiting the length of time and amount of credit extended. In certain situations, we may require payment in advance or utilize letters of credit to reduce credit risk. By policy, we establish a reserve for trade accounts receivable based on the type of business in which a customer is engaged, the length of time a trade account receivable is outstanding, and other knowledge that we may possess relating to the probability that a trade receivable is at risk for non-payment.
We had two contract manufacturers, Hongfujin Precision and Protek, who represented 23 percent and 11 percent, respectively, and one direct customer, Samsung Electronics who represented 23 percent of our consolidated gross trade accounts receivable as of the end of fiscal year 2016. The same two contract manufacturers represented 26 percent and 15 percent, respectively, and Samsung Electronics represented 22 percent of our consolidated gross trade accounts receivable as of the end of fiscal year 2015. No other distributor or customer had receivable balances that represented more than 10 percent of consolidated gross trade accounts receivable as of the end of fiscal year 2016 or 2015.
Since the components we produce are largely proprietary and generally not available from second sources, we consider our end customer to be the entity specifying the use of our component in their design. These end customers may then purchase our products directly from us, from a distributor, or through a third party manufacturer contracted to produce their end product. For fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014, our ten largest end customers represented approximately 8 9 percent, 87 percent, and 88 percent, of our sales, respectively. For fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014 , w e had one end customer, Apple Inc., who purchased through multiple contract manufacturers and represented approximately 66 percent, 72 percent, and 80 percent, of the Company’s total sales, respectively. Samsung Electronics represented 15 percent of the Company’s total sales in fiscal year 2016. No other customer or distributor represented more than 10 percent of net sales in fiscal years 2016, 2015, or 2014.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery of goods has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. For our distributors we provide minimal stock rotation rights. Prior to the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, revenue was deferred at the time of shipment to our domestic distributors and certain international distributors due to the determination that the ultimate sales price to the distributor was not fixed or determinable. Upon distributor resale, the final sales price was fixed or determinable, and the Company recognized revenue for the final sales price and recorded the related cost of sales. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the distributor, as the final sales price is now fixed and determinable at the time of shipment, less an allowance for estimated returns.
Warranty Expense
We warrant our products and maintain a provision for warranty repair or replacement of shipped products. The accrual represents management’s estimate of probable returns. Our estimate is based on an analysis of our overall sales volume and historical claims experience. The estimate is re-evaluated periodically for accuracy.
Shipping Costs
Our shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales for all periods presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $1.6 million, $1.1 million, and $1.4 million, in fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the grant-date fair value of the awards and is recognized as an expense, on a ratable basis, over the vesting period, which is generally between zero and four years. Determining the amount of stock-based compensation to be recorded requires the Company to develop estimates used in calculating the grant-date fair value of stock options and performance awards (also called market stock units). The Company calculates the grant-date fair value for stock options and market stock units using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the Monte Carlo simulation, respectively. The use of valuation models requires the Company to make estimates of assumptions such as expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield, correlation of the Company’s stock price with the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (“ the Index ”) and forfeiture rates. The grant-date fair value of restricted stock units is the market value at grant date multiplied by the number of units.
Income Taxes
We are required to calculate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves calculating the actual current tax liability as well as assessing temporary differences in the recognition of income or loss for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the ability to realize its deferred tax assets based on all the facts and circumstances, including projections of future taxable income and expiration dates of carryover tax attributes.
The calculation of our tax liabilities involves assessing uncertainties with respect to the application of complex tax rules and the potential for future adjustment of our uncertain tax positions by the Internal Revenue Service or other taxing jurisdiction. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the required two-step process. The first step requires us to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that the tax position has met the threshold for recognition; therefore, we must evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step requires us to measure the tax benefit of the tax position taken, or expected to be taken, in an income tax return as the largest amount that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We reevaluate the uncertain tax positions each quarter based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, expirations of statutes of limitation, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity. A change in the recognition step or measurement step would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period.
Although we believe the measurement of our liabilities for uncertain tax positions is reasonable, we cannot assure that the final outcome of these matters will not be different than what is reflected in the historical income tax provisions and accruals. If additional taxes are assessed as a result of an audit or litigation, it could have a material effect on our income tax provision and net income in the period or periods for which that determination is made. We operate within multiple taxing jurisdictions and are subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues which may require an extended period of time to resolve and could result in additional assessments of income tax. We believe adequate provisions for income taxes have been made for all periods.
Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is based on the weighted effect of common shares issued and outstanding and is calculated by dividing net income by the basic weighted average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares used in the basic net income per share calculation, plus the equivalent number of common shares that would be issued assuming exercise or conversion of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. These potentially dilutive items consist primarily of outstanding stock options and restricted stock grants.
The following table details the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014, (in thousands, except per share amounts):
2016
2015
2014
Numerator:
Net income
$ 123,630
$ 55,178
$ 108,111
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding
63,197
62,503
62,926
Effect of dilutive securities
2,796
2,732
2,609
Weighted average diluted shares
65,993
65,235
65,535
Basic earnings per share
$ 1.96
$ 0.88
$ 1.72
Diluted earnings per share
$ 1.87
$ 0.85
$ 1.65
The weighted outstanding options excluded from our diluted calculation for the years ended March 26, 2016, March 28, 2015, and March 29, 2014 were 468 thousand, 718 thousand, and 833 thousand, respectively, as the exercise price exceeded the average market price during the period.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on investments classified as available-for-sale and actuarial gains and losses on our pension plan assets. See Note 15 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for additional discussion.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606) . The purpose of this ASU is to converge revenue recognition requirements per GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date after public comment respondents supported a proposal to delay the effective date of this ASU to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern . The amendments in this ASU provide guidance in GAAP about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The amendments are effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU and expects no material modifications to its financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs . The amendments in this update require that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability are presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability and that the amortization of debt issuance costs is reported as interest expense. ASU 2015-03 is to be applied retrospectively and represents a change in accounting principle. In August 2015, the FASB issued FASB ASU No. 2015-15, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements . ASU 2015-15 clarified the presentation and subsequent measurement of debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements. Debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement may be presented in the balance sheet as an asset and subsequently amortized ratably over the term of the arrangement regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. Both ASU 2015-03 and ASU 2015-15 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The Company is currently evaluating and plans to adopt these ASUs in the first quarter of fiscal year 2017.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-04, Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Practical Expedient for the Measurement Date of an Employer’s Defined Benefit Obligation and Plan Assets. The ASU is part of the FASB’s “Simplification Initiative” to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The FASB decided to permit entities to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations as of the month-end that is closest to their fiscal year-end. An entity is required to disclose the accounting policy election and the date used to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations in accordance with the amendments in this update. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with earlier application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the likelihood of adoption and expects no material modifications to its financial statements.
In July 2015, ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory was issued. This ASU requires companies to subsequently measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value versus the previous lower of cost or market. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years, to be applied prospectively. Early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU and expects no material modifications to its financial statements as a result.
In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments . This ASU requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, as a result of the change in provisional amounts, are to be included in the same period’s financial statements, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years and shall be applied prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of this ASU. Earlier application is permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company adopted this ASU in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, with no material impact to its financial statements as a result.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. The FASB determined that the current practice of separating deferred tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in the balance sheet resulted in little to no benefit to financial statement users. Effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods therein, this ASU will require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent. Earlier application is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period and can be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax assets and liabilities or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company early adopted this ASU on a prospective basis in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016. Prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The FASB issued this Update to increase transparency and comparability by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key leasing arrangement details . Lessees would recognize operating leases on the balance sheet under this ASU – with the lease payment recognized as a liability, measured at present value, and the right-of-use asset recognized for the lease term. A single lease cost would be recognized over the lease term. For terms less than twelve months, a lessee would be permitted to make an accounting policy election to recognize lease expense for such leases generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting . This ASU requires the following:
·
all excess tax benefits and deficiencies to be recognized as income tax expense / benefit in the income statement and presented as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows;
·
forfeitures can be calculated based on either the estimated number of awards that are expected to vest (current guidance) or when forfeitures actually occur; and
·
cash paid by an employer for directly withheld shares for tax purposes is to be classified as a financing activity within the statement of cash flows.
This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, but all of the described amendments must be adopted in the same period and any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year if adopted in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU. |
