Investments | 3. Investments (a) Unrealized Gains and Losses The following tables present the amortized cost and the fair value of AFS securities as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses (2) Fair Value ($ in millions) As of March 31, 2020 Debt securities: U.S. Government obligations $ 793.5 $ 53.0 $ (0.2 ) $ — $ 846.3 Municipal bonds 2,158.3 117.2 (2.9 ) — 2,272.6 Foreign government obligations 669.1 27.6 (0.7 ) — 696.0 U.S. corporate bonds 3,386.8 103.5 (69.1 ) (26.5 ) 3,394.7 Foreign corporate bonds 1,311.2 14.5 (32.7 ) (2.4 ) 1,290.6 Mortgage and asset-backed securities: RMBS 1,613.7 86.9 (0.2 ) (0.5 ) 1,699.9 CMBS 870.6 15.9 (43.9 ) — 842.6 Other asset-backed securities (1) 2,517.6 5.6 (226.1 ) (2.0 ) 2,295.1 Total debt securities 13,320.8 424.2 (375.8 ) (31.4 ) 13,337.8 Short-term investments 536.1 — — — 536.1 Total investments $ 13,856.9 $ 424.2 $ (375.8 ) $ (31.4 ) $ 13,873.9 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value ($ in millions) As of December 31, 2019 Debt securities: U.S. Government obligations $ 1,198.5 $ 19.3 $ (2.8 ) $ 1,215.0 Municipal bonds 2,190.5 118.7 (1.3 ) 2,307.9 Foreign government obligations 675.9 16.4 (1.6 ) 690.7 U.S. corporate bonds 3,206.2 155.1 (2.3 ) 3,359.0 Foreign corporate bonds 1,348.1 32.2 (2.9 ) 1,377.4 Mortgage and asset-backed securities: RMBS 1,785.1 56.1 (0.8 ) 1,840.4 CMBS 849.9 23.2 (1.4 ) 871.7 Other asset-backed securities (1) 2,544.5 24.8 (19.7 ) 2,549.6 Total debt securities 13,798.7 445.8 (32.8 ) 14,211.7 Short-term investments 914.8 — — 914.8 Total investments $ 14,713.5 $ 445.8 $ (32.8 ) $ 15,126.5 (1) Includes $732.3 million and $834.2 million of collateralized loan obligations as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. (2) See Note 1(c) of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding Alleghany’s adoption of new credit loss accounting guidance. (b) Contractual Maturity The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2020. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Amortized Cost Fair Value ($ in millions) As of March 31, 2020 Short-term investments due in one year or less $ 536.1 $ 536.1 Mortgage and asset-backed securities (1) 5,001.9 4,837.6 Debt securities with maturity dates: One year or less 432.8 432.3 Over one through five years 3,174.0 3,201.3 Over five through ten years 2,728.0 2,770.8 Over ten years 1,984.1 2,095.8 Total debt securities $ 13,320.8 $ 13,337.8 (1) Mortgage and asset-backed securities by their nature do not generally have single maturity dates. (c) Net Investment Income The following table presents net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 ($ in millions) Interest income $ 119.3 $ 119.2 Dividend income 10.1 9.8 Investment expenses (7.1 ) (7.5 ) Partnerships and other investment results (10.3 ) 1.5 Total $ 112.0 $ 123.0 As of March 31, 2020, non-income producing invested assets were immaterial. (d) Change in the Fair Value of Equity Securities The following table presents changes in the fair value of equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 ($ in millions) Change in the fair value of equity securities sold during the period $ (164.9 ) $ 62.1 Change in the fair value of equity securities held at the end of the period (358.1 ) 330.3 Change in the fair value of equity securities $ (523.0 ) $ 392.4 (e) Realized Gains and Losses The proceeds from sales of debt and equity securities were $2.6 billion and $2.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Realized capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 primarily reflect the sale of debt securities and, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, a $30.0 million impairment charge from a write-down of certain SORC assets arising from a significant decline in energy prices as of March 31, 2020. Realized capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 also include a $5.0 million realized gain from a reduction of certain contingent consideration liabilities at the PCT-level in connection with its acquisition of a provider of high-performance solid carbide end mills in June 2019, and a $7.1 million realized loss as a result of an early redemption of debt (see Note 11(a) of this Form 10-Q for further information on this early redemption). The following table presents amounts of gross realized capital gains and gross realized capital losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 ($ in millions) Gross realized capital gains $ 59.0 $ 12.1 Gross realized capital losses (46.0 ) (7.7 ) Net realized capital gains $ 13.0 $ 4.4 Gross realized capital losses exclude credit losses for AFS securities, as discussed below. (f) Credit quality for AFS securities Alleghany holds its debt securities as AFS and, as such, these securities are recorded at fair value. Credit losses for AFS securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded for (or as a reversal of) credit losses for AFS securities. Any portion of a decline in fair value related to a debt security that is believed to arise from factors other than credit is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income rather than charged against earnings. Alleghany continually monitors the difference between amortized cost and the estimated fair value of its debt investments. The analysis of a security’s decline in value is performed in its functional currency. Debt securities in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for credit losses if they meet any of the following criteria: (i) they are trading at a discount of at least 20 percent to amortized cost and have a credit rating below investment grade or are not rated; (ii) there has been a negative credit or news event with respect to the issuer that could indicate the existence of a credit loss; or (iii) Alleghany intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that Alleghany will sell, the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If Alleghany intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that Alleghany will sell, a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the total amount of the unrealized loss position is recognized as a credit loss in earnings. To the extent that a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position is not impaired based on the preceding, Alleghany will consider a debt security to be impaired when it believes it to be probable that Alleghany will not be able to collect the entire amortized cost basis. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of the end of each quarter, Alleghany develops a best estimate of the present value of expected cash flows. If the results of the cash flow analysis indicate that Alleghany will not recover the full amount of its amortized cost basis in the debt security, Alleghany records a credit loss in earnings equal to the difference between the present value of expected cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the debt security. If applicable, the difference between the total unrealized loss position on the debt security and the total loss recognized in earnings is the non-credit related portion, which is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. In developing the cash flow analyses for debt securities, Alleghany considers various factors for the different categories of debt securities. For municipal bonds, Alleghany takes into account the taxing power of the issuer, source of revenue, credit risk and enhancements and pre-refunding. For mortgage and asset-backed securities, Alleghany discounts its best estimate of future cash flows at an effective rate equal to the original effective yield of the security or, in the case of floating rate securities, at the current coupon. Alleghany’s models include assumptions about prepayment speeds, default and delinquency rates, underlying collateral (if any), credit ratings, credit enhancements and other observable market data. For corporate bonds, Alleghany reviews business prospects, credit ratings and available information from asset managers and rating agencies for individual securities. Credit losses for AFS securities in the first three months of 2020 reflect $ 31.4 Credit losses for AFS securities in the first three months of 2019 reflect $10.0 million of unrealized losses on debt securities, primarily related to the energy sector and the deterioration of creditworthiness of the issuers. The following table presents a rollforward of Alleghany’s allowance for credit losses for AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020: For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Allowance for Credit Losses ($ in millions) Balance as of January 1, 2020 $ — Balance as of January 1, 2020 - cumulative effect of an accounting change (1) — Provision for credit losses 31.4 Charge-offs — Recoveries — Balance as of March 31, 2020 $ 31.4 (1) See Note 1(c) of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding Alleghany’s adoption of new credit loss accounting guidance. The gross unrealized investment losses for debt securities as of March 31, 2020 were deemed to be temporary, based on, among other factors: (i) the relative magnitude to which the fair value of these investments had been below cost were not indicative of a credit loss; (ii) the absence of compelling evidence that would cause Alleghany to call into question the financial condition or near-term business prospects of the issuer of the security; and (iii) Alleghany’s ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. Alleghany’s methodology for assessing credit losses contains inherent risks and uncertainties which could include, but are not limited to, incorrect assumptions about financial condition, liquidity or future prospects, inadequacy of any underlying collateral and unfavorable changes in economic conditions or social trends, interest rates or credit ratings. Alleghany’s consolidated investment portfolio consists mainly of highly rated and liquid debt and equity securities listed on national securities exchanges. The overall credit quality of the debt securities portfolio is measured using the lowest rating of three large, reputable rating agencies. In this regard, the overall weighted-average credit quality rating of Alleghany’s debt securities portfolio as of March 31 , 20 20 and December 31, 201 9 , was AA-. Although a portion of Alleghany’s debt securities, which consist predomi nantly of municipal bonds, is insured by third-party financial guaranty insurance companies, the impact of such insurance was not significant to the debt securities ’ credit quality rating as of March 31 , 20 20 . The following table presents the ratings of Alleghany’s debt securities as of March 31, 2020 : Ratings as of March 31, 2020 AAA / Aaa AA / Aa A BBB / Baa Below BBB / Baa or Not Rated (1) Total ($ in millions) U.S. Government obligations $ — $ 846.3 $ — $ — $ — $ 846.3 Municipal bonds 184.2 1,526.5 489.4 71.6 0.9 2,272.6 Foreign government obligations 445.4 153.8 95.8 1.0 — 696.0 U.S. corporate bonds 9.0 158.0 1,586.4 1,298.2 343.1 3,394.7 Foreign corporate bonds 225.2 95.9 607.4 325.9 36.2 1,290.6 Mortgage and asset-backed securities: RMBS 2.5 1,692.3 — 1.0 4.1 1,699.9 CMBS 283.6 400.8 157.8 0.4 — 842.6 Other asset-backed securities 961.8 513.6 457.9 274.6 87.2 2,295.1 Total debt securities $ 2,111.7 $ 5,387.2 $ 3,394.7 $ 1,972.7 $ 471.5 $ 13,337.8 Percentage of debt securities, before allowance for credit losses 15.8 % 40.4 % 25.5 % 14.8 % 3.5 % 100.0 % (1) Consists of $109.3 million of securities rated BB / Ba, $187.5 million of securities rated B, $26.2 million of securities rated CCC, $0.4 million of securities rated CC, $2.1 million of securities rated below CC and $146.0 million of not rated securities. (g) Aging of Gross Unrealized Losses The following tables present gross unrealized losses and related fair values for Alleghany’s AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses ($ in millions) As of March 31, 2020 Debt securities: U.S. Government obligations $ 8.7 $ 0.2 $ — $ — $ 8.7 $ 0.2 Municipal bonds 129.4 2.9 0.1 — 129.5 2.9 Foreign government obligations 76.5 0.7 — — 76.5 0.7 U.S. corporate bonds 1,023.5 68.5 3.6 0.6 1,027.1 69.1 Foreign corporate bonds 656.5 32.6 17.4 0.1 673.9 32.7 Mortgage and asset-backed securities: RMBS 15.2 0.2 0.4 — 15.6 0.2 CMBS 436.4 43.9 0.2 — 436.6 43.9 Other asset-backed securities 1,529.0 139.5 491.3 86.6 2,020.3 226.1 Total temporarily impaired securities $ 3,875.2 $ 288.5 $ 513.0 $ 87.3 $ 4,388.2 $ 375.8 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses ($ in millions) As of December 31, 2019 Debt securities: U.S. Government obligations $ 120.3 $ 2.0 $ 99.7 $ 0.8 $ 220.0 $ 2.8 Municipal bonds 90.2 1.3 4.3 — 94.5 1.3 Foreign government obligations 198.5 1.2 33.8 0.4 232.3 1.6 U.S. corporate bonds 113.8 1.6 27.6 0.7 141.4 2.3 Foreign corporate bonds 212.0 2.3 66.9 0.6 278.9 2.9 Mortgage and asset-backed securities: RMBS 48.7 0.3 48.6 0.5 97.3 0.8 CMBS 126.8 1.4 1.2 — 128.0 1.4 Other asset-backed securities 422.9 2.7 715.9 17.0 1,138.8 19.7 Total temporarily impaired securities $ 1,333.2 $ 12.8 $ 998.0 $ 20.0 $ 2,331.2 $ 32.8 As of March 31, 2020, Alleghany held a total of 1,672 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 126 securities were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses associated with these debt securities consisted of losses related primarily to other asset-backed securities, U.S. corporate bonds and CMBS. (h) Investments in Variable Interest Entities In December 2012, TransRe obtained an ownership interest in Pillar Capital Holdings Limited (“Pillar Holdings”), a Bermuda- based insurance asset manager focused on collateralized reinsurance and catastrophe insurance-linked securities. Additionally, TransRe invested $175.0 million and AIHL invested $25.0 million in limited partnership funds managed by Pillar Holdings (the “Funds”). The objective of the Funds is to create portfolios with attractive risk-reward characteristics and low correlation with other asset classes, using the extensive reinsurance and capital market experience of the principals of Pillar Holdings. Alleghany has concluded that both Pillar Holdings and the Funds (collectively, the “Pillar Investments”) represent variable interest entities and that Alleghany is not the primary beneficiary, as it does not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact each entity’s economic performance. Therefore, the Pillar Investments are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Alleghany’s potential maximum loss in the Pillar Investments is limited to its cumulative net investment. As of March 31, 2020, Alleghany’s carrying value in the Pillar Investments, as determined under the equity method of accounting, was $194.7 million, which is reported as a component of other invested assets and is net of returns of capital received from the Pillar Investments. (i) Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans As of March 31, 2020, the carrying value of Alleghany’s commercial mortgage loan portfolio was $682.7 million, representing the unpaid principal balance on the loans, less allowance for credit losses. The estimated fair value of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio approximated carrying value as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of first mortgages on commercial properties in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. The loans earn interest at fixed- and floating-rates, and mature in two to ten years from loan origination. As of March 31, 2020, the vast majority of loans in Alleghany’s portfolio were originated in the 2016 through 2019 years. The principal amounts of the loans were no more than approximately two-thirds of the property’s appraised value at the time the loans were made and the estimated fair value of underlying collateral was approximately double that of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio carrying value as of March 31, 2020. Fair value estimates of underlying collateral are updated on a rolling basis annually, with a portion of the portfolio updated each quarter. As of March 31, 2020, there was no loan in default or in arrears. The following table presents a rollforward of Alleghany’s allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2020: For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Allowance for Credit Losses ($ in millions) Balance as of January 1, 2020 $ — Balance as of January 1, 2020 - cumulative effect of an accounting change (1) 0.8 Provision for credit losses (2) 1.2 Charge-offs — Recoveries — Balance as of March 31, 2020 $ 2.0 (1) See Note 1(c) of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding Alleghany’s adoption of new credit loss accounting guidance. (2) Primarily reflects an increase in the estimate of expected credit losses based on current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts as of March 31, 2020 arising from the Pandemic, as defined in Note 9(a) of this Form 10-Q. |