| Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations ─ Essential Utilities, Inc. (“Essential Utilities,” the “Company,” “we,” “our”, or “us”) is the holding company for regulated utilities providing water, wastewater, or natural gas services concentrated in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, Illinois, North Carolina, New Jersey, Indiana, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky under the Aqua and Peoples brands. One of our largest operating subsidiaries is Aqua Pennsylvania, Inc., which accounted for approximately 56 % of our Regulated Water segment’s operating revenues and approximately 73 % of our Regulated Water segment’s income for 2022. As of December 31, 2022, Aqua Pennsylvania provided water or wastewater services to approximately one-half of the total number of Regulated Water customers we serve. Aqua Pennsylvania’s service territory is located in the suburban areas north and west of the City of Philadelphia and in 27 other counties in Pennsylvania. The Company’s other regulated water or wastewater utility subsidiaries provide similar services in seven additional states. Additionally, commencing on March 16, 2020 with the completion of the Peoples Gas Acquisition, the Company began to provide natural gas distribution services to customers in western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Approximately 93 % of the total number of natural gas utility customers we serve are in western Pennsylvania. In December 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its regulated natural gas utility assets in West Virginia, which serve approximately 13,000 customers. This sale is conditioned on regulatory approval and is expected to close in mid-2023. The completion of this transaction will conclude our regulated utility operations in West Virginia . Lastly, the Company’s market-based activities are conducted through Aqua Infrastructure LLC, and Aqua Resources, Inc., and certain other non-regulated subsidiaries of Peoples. Prior to our October 2020 sale of our investment in a joint venture, Aqua Infrastructure provided non-utility raw water supply services for firms in the natural gas drilling industry. Aqua Resources offers, through a third-party, water and sewer line protection solutions and repair services to households. Other non-regulated subsidiaries of Peoples provide utility service line protection services to households and operate gas marketing and production businesses. Regulation ─ Most of the operating companies that are regulated public utilities are subject to regulation by the utility commissions of the states in which they operate. The respective utility commissions have jurisdiction with respect to rates, service, accounting procedures, issuance of securities, acquisitions and other matters. Some of the operating companies that are regulated public utilities are subject to rate regulation by county or city government. Regulated public utilities follow the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) accounting guidance for regulated operations, which provides for the recognition of regulatory assets and liabilities as allowed by regulators for costs or credits that are reflected in current rates or are considered probable of being included in future rates. Costs, for which the Company has received or expects to receive prospective rate recovery, are deferred as a regulatory asset and amortized over the period of rate recovery in accordance with the FASB’s accounting guidance for regulated operations. The regulatory assets or liabilities are then relieved as the cost or credit is reflected in Company’s rates charged for utility service. If, as a result of a change in circumstances, it is determined that a regulated operating company no longer meets the criteria to apply regulatory accounting, the operating company would have to discontinue regulatory accounting and write-off the respective regulatory assets and liabilities. See Note 6 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities for further information regarding the Company’s regulatory assets. The Company makes significant judgments and estimates to record regulatory assets and liabilities. For each regulatory jurisdiction with regulated operations, the Company evaluates at the end of each reporting period, whether the regulatory assets and liabilities continue to meet the probable criteria for future recovery or refund. The evaluation considers factors such as regulatory orders or guidelines, in the same regulatory jurisdiction, of a specific matter or a similar matter, as provided to the Company in the past or to other regulated utilities. In addition, the evaluation may be impacted by changes in the regulatory environment and pending or new legislation that could impact the ability to recover costs through regulated rates. There may be multiple participants to rate or transactional regulatory proceedings who might offer different views on various aspects of such proceedings, and in these instances, may challenge the prudence of our business policies and practices, seek cost disallowances or request other relief. Use of Estimates in Preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements ─ The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Basis of Presentation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation ─ Property, plant and equipment consist primarily of utility plant. The cost of additions includes contracted cost, direct labor and fringe benefits, materials, overheads, and for additions meeting certain criteria, allowance for funds used during construction. Utility systems acquired are typically recorded at estimated original cost of utility plant when first devoted to utility service and the applicable depreciation is recorded to accumulated depreciation. Further, utility systems acquired under fair value regulations would be recorded based on the valuation of the utility plant as approved by the respective utility commission. The difference between the estimated original cost, less applicable accumulated depreciation, and the purchase price may be recorded as an acquisition adjustment within utility plant as permitted by the applicable regulatory jurisdiction. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, utility plant includes a net credit acquisition adjustment of $ 6,076 and $ 9,055 , respectively, which is generally being amortized from 10 to 53 years. Amortization of the acquisition adjustments totaled $ 2,788 in 2022, $ 2,842 in 2021, and $ 2,895 in 2020. Utility expenditures for maintenance and repairs, including major maintenance projects and minor renewals, are charged to operating expenses when incurred in accordance with the system of accounts prescribed by the utility commissions of the states in which the company operates. The cost of new units of property and betterments are capitalized. Utility expenditures for water main cleaning and relining of pipes are deferred and are presented in net property, plant and equipment in accordance with the FASB’s accounting guidance for regulated operations. As of December 31, 2022, $ 1,635 of these costs have been incurred since the last respective rate proceeding and the Company expects to recover these costs in future rates. The cost of software upgrades and enhancements are capitalized if they result in added functionality, which enables the software to perform tasks it was previously incapable of performing. Information technology costs associated with major system installations, conversions and improvements, such as software training, data conversion and business process reengineering costs, are deferred as a regulatory asset if the Company expects to recover these costs in future rates. If these costs are not deferred, then these costs are charged to operating expenses when incurred. As of December 31, 2022, $ 41,400 of these costs have been deferred since the last respective rate proceeding as a regulatory asset, and the deferral is reported as a component of net property, plant and equipment. When units of utility property are replaced, retired or abandoned, the recorded value thereof is credited to the asset account and such value, together with the net cost of removal, is charged to accumulated depreciation. To the extent the Company anticipates recovery of the cost of removal or other retirement costs through rates after the retirement costs are incurred, a regulatory asset is recorded as those costs are incurred. In some cases, the Company recovers retirement costs through rates during the life of the associated asset and before the costs are incurred. These amounts, which are not yet utilized, result in a regulatory liability being reported based on the amounts previously recovered through customer rates. The straight-line remaining life method is used to compute depreciation on utility plant. Generally, the straight-line method is used with respect to transportation and mechanical equipment, office equipment and laboratory equipment. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets - Long-lived assets of the Company, which consist primarily of utility plant in service, operating lease right-of-use assets and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment when changes in circumstances or events occur. These circumstances or events could include a decline in the market value or physical condition of a long-lived asset, an adverse change in the manner in which long-lived assets are used or planned to be used, a change in historical trends, operating cash flows associated with the long-lived assets, changes in macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, or overall financial performance. When these circumstances or events occur, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of those assets is less than their carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not (that is, the likelihood of more than 50 percent), the Company would recognize an impairment charge if it is determined that the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the sum of the undiscounted estimated cash flows. In this circumstance, the Company would recognize an impairment charge equal to the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. Fair value is estimated to be the present value of future net cash flows associated with the asset, discounted using a discount rate commensurate with the risk and remaining life of the asset. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an impairment loss to write down a portion of the operating lease right-of-use asset for office space not used in operations to fair value. Refer to Note 10 – Leases , for further details. Regulatory assets are reviewed for the continued application of the FASB accounting guidance for regulated operations. The Company’s review determines whether there have been changes in circumstances or events, such as regulatory disallowances, or abandonments, that have occurred that require adjustments to the carrying value of these assets. Adjustments to the carrying value of these assets would be made in instances where their inclusion in the rate-making process is unlikely. For utility plant in service, we would recognize an impairment loss for any amount disallowed by the respective utility commission. Allowance for Funds Used During Construction ─ The allowance for funds used during construction (“AFUDC”) represents the capitalized cost of funds used to finance the construction of utility plant. In general, AFUDC is applied to construction projects requiring more than one month to complete. No AFUDC is applied to projects funded by customer advances for construction, contributions in aid of construction, or applicable state-revolving fund loans. AFUDC includes the net cost of borrowed funds and a rate of return on other funds when used and is recovered through rates as the utility plant is depreciated. The amount of AFUDC related to equity funds in 2022 was $ 17,618 , 2021 was $ 16,282 , and 2020 was $ 8,253 . No interest was capitalized by our market-based businesses. Lease Accounting ─ The Company evaluates the contracts it enters into to determine whether such contracts contain leases. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. We enter into operating lease contracts for the right to utilize certain land, office facilities, office equipment, and vehicles from third parties. For contracts that extend for a period greater than 12 months, we recognize a right of use asset and a corresponding lease liability on our consolidated balance sheet. The present value of each lease is based on the future minimum lease payments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842 and is determined by discounting these payments using an incremental borrowing rate. Recognition of Revenues ─ The Company recognizes revenue as utility services are provided to our customers, which happens over time as the services are delivered and the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s utility revenues recognized in an accounting period includes amounts billed to customers on a cycle basis and unbilled amounts based on estimated usage from the last billing to the end of the accounting period. Unbilled amounts are calculated by deriving estimates based on average usage of the prior month. The Company’s actual results could differ from these estimates, which would result in operating revenues being adjusted in the period that the revision to our estimates are determined. Generally, payment is due within 30 days once a bill is issued to a customer. Sales tax and other taxes we collect on behalf of government authorities, concurrent with our revenue-producing activities, are primarily excluded from revenue. The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by major source and customer class for the years ended December 31,: 2022 Water Revenues Wastewater Revenues Natural Gas Revenues Other Revenues Revenues from contracts with customers: Residential $ 607,473 $ 122,612 $ 720,490 $ - Commercial 168,460 30,340 149,653 - Fire protection 38,970 - - - Industrial 32,581 1,755 5,636 - Gas transportation - - 205,825 - Other water 55,389 - - - Other wastewater - 10,676 - - Other utility - - 61,393 11,478 Revenues from contracts with customers 902,873 165,383 1,142,997 11,478 Alternative revenue program 3,309 ( 71 ) 365 - Other and eliminations - - - 61,698 Consolidated $ 906,182 $ 165,312 $ 1,143,362 $ 73,176 2021 Water Revenues Wastewater Revenues Natural Gas Revenues Other Revenues Revenues from contracts with customers: Residential $ 561,996 $ 99,931 $ 530,338 $ - Commercial 151,071 22,060 99,596 - Fire protection 35,984 - - - Industrial 30,230 1,729 3,427 - Gas transportation - - 198,195 - Other water 53,488 - - - Other wastewater - 8,860 - - Customer rate credits - - ( 5,000 ) - Other utility - - 32,812 13,358 Revenues from contracts with customers 832,769 132,580 859,368 13,358 Alternative revenue program 1,760 ( 264 ) 534 - Other and eliminations - - - 38,039 Consolidated $ 834,529 $ 132,316 $ 859,902 $ 51,397 2020 Water Revenues Wastewater Revenues Natural Gas Other Revenues Revenues from contracts with customers: Residential $ 567,486 $ 95,051 $ 314,274 $ - Commercial 143,479 19,062 50,239 - Fire protection 35,340 - - - Industrial 29,764 1,619 6,923 - Gas transportation - - 133,685 - Other water 32,372 - - - Other wastewater - 5,385 - - Customer rate credits ( 3,757 ) ( 323 ) ( 18,924 ) - Other utility - - 20,243 12,861 Revenues from contracts with customers 804,684 120,794 506,440 12,861 Alternative revenue program 87 114 124 - Other and eliminations - - - 17,594 Consolidated $ 804,771 $ 120,908 $ 506,564 $ 30,455 O n March 16, 2020, the Company completed the Peoples Gas Acquisition, which expanded the Company’s regulated utility business to include natural gas distribution. The natural gas revenues of Peoples are included for the period since the date of the acquisition. Revenues from Contracts with Customers – These revenues are composed of four main categories: water, wastewater, natural gas, and other. Water revenues represent revenues earned for supplying customers with water service. Wastewater revenues represent revenues earned for treating wastewater and releasing it into the environment. Natural gas revenues represent revenues earned for the gas commodity and delivery of natural gas to customers. Other revenues are associated fees that relate to our utility businesses but are not water, wastewater, or natural gas revenues. Refer to the description below for a discussion of the performance obligation for each of these revenue streams. Tariff Revenues – These revenues are categorized by customer class: residential, commercial, fire protection, industrial, gas transportation, other water, and other wastewater. The rates that generate these revenues are approved by the respective state utility commission, and revenues are billed cyclically and accrued for when unbilled. The regulated natural gas rates are set and adjusted for increases or decreases in our purchased gas costs through purchased gas adjustment mechanisms. Purchased gas adjustment mechanisms provide us with a means to recover purchased gas costs on an ongoing basis without filing a rate case. Other water and other wastewater revenues consists primarily of fines, penalties, surcharges, and availability lot fees. Our performance obligation for tariff revenues is to provide potable water, wastewater treatment service, or delivery and sale of natural gas to customers. This performance obligation is satisfied over time as the services are rendered. The amounts that the Company has a right to invoice for tariff revenues reflect the right to consideration from the customers in an amount that corresponds directly with the value transferred to the customer for the performance completed to date. Other Utility Revenues – Other utility revenues represent revenues earned primarily from: antenna revenues, which represents fees received from telecommunication operators that have put cellular antennas on our water towers; operation and maintenance and billing contracts, which represent fees earned from municipalities for our operation of their water or wastewater treatment services or performing billing services; and fees earned from developers for accessing our water mains, miscellaneous service revenue from gas distribution operations, gas processing and handling revenue, sales of natural gas at market-based rates and contracted fixed prices, sales of gas purchased from third parties, and other gas marketing activities. The performance obligations vary for these revenues, but all are primarily recognized over time as the service is delivered. Alternative Revenue Program: o Water / Wastewater Revenues – These revenues represent the difference between the actual billed utility volumetric water and wastewater revenues for Aqua Illinois and the revenues set in the last Aqua Illinois rate case. In accordance with the Illinois Commerce Commission, we recognize revenues based on the target amount established in the last rate case, and then record either a regulatory asset or liability based on the cumulative annual difference between the target and actual amounts billed, which results in either a payment from customers or a refund due to customers. The cumulative annual difference is either refunded to customers or collected from customers over a nine-month period. o Natural Gas Revenues – These revenues represent the weather-normalization adjustment (“WNA”) mechanism in place for our natural gas customers served in Kentucky. The WNA serves to minimize the effects of weather on the Company’s results for its residential and small commercial natural gas customers. This regulatory mechanism adjusts revenues earned for the variance between actual and normal weather and can have either positive (warmer than normal) or negative (colder than normal) effects on revenues. Customer bills are adjusted in the December through April billing months, with rates adjusted for the difference between actual revenues and revenues calculated under this mechanism billed to the customers. These revenue programs represent a contract between the utility and its regulators, not customers, and therefore are not within the scope of the FASB’s accounting guidance for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. Other and Eliminations – Other and eliminations consist of our market-based revenues, which comprises: our non-regulated natural gas operations, Aqua Infrastructure, and Aqua Resources (described below), and intercompany eliminations for revenue billed between our subsidiaries. Our non-regulated natural gas operations consist of utility service line protection solutions and repair services for households and the operation of gas marketing and production entities. Revenue is recognized and the performance obligation is satisfied over time as the service is delivered. Aqua Infrastructure is the holding company for our former 49 % investment in a joint venture that operated a private pipeline system to supply raw water to natural gas well drilling operations in the Marcellus Shale of north central Pennsylvania. Prior to our October 30, 2020 sale of our investment in the joint venture, the joint venture earned revenues through providing non-utility raw water supply services to natural gas drilling companies which enter into water supply contracts. The performance obligation was to deliver non-potable water to the joint venture’s customers. Aqua Infrastructure’s share of the revenues recognized by the joint venture was reflected, net, in equity earnings in joint venture on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Aqua Resources earned revenues by providing non-regulated water and wastewater services through an operating and maintenance contract, which concluded in 2020, and continues to earn revenue through third-party water and sewer service line protection and repair services. For the contract operations and maintenance business, the performance obligations were performing agreed upon contract services to operate the water and wastewater system. For the service line protection business, the performance obligations are allowing the use of our logo to a third-party water and sewer service line repair provider. Revenues are primarily recognized over time as service is delivered. Cash and Cash Equivalents ─ The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, which are not restricted for construction activity, to be cash equivalents. The Company had a book overdraft, which represents transactions that have not cleared the bank accounts at the end of the period, for specific disbursement cash accounts of $ 28,694 and $ 81,722 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company transfers cash on an as-needed basis to fund these items as they clear the bank in subsequent periods. The balance of the book overdraft is reported as book overdraft and the change in the book overdraft balance is reported as cash flows from financing activities, due to our ability to fund the overdraft with the Company’s credit facility. Accounts Receivable ─ Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amounts, which consists of billed and unbilled revenues. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable and is determined based on lifetime expected credit losses and the aging of account balances. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts quarterly. Account balances are written off against the allowance when it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. When utility customers request extended payment terms, credit is extended based on regulatory guidelines, and collateral is not required. Inventories – Materials and Supplies – Inventories are stated at cost. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Inventory – Gas Stored – The Company accounts for gas in storage inventory using the weighted average cost of gas method. Investment in Joint Venture – The Company used the equity method of accounting to account for our former 49 % investment in a joint venture with a firm in the natural gas industry for the construction and operation of a private pipeline system to supply raw water to natural gas well drilling operations in the Marcellus Shale in north-central Pennsylvania, which commenced operations in 2012. In 2020, the Company sold its investment in joint venture and recorded a charge of $ 3,700 associated with the sale. Our share of equity loss in the joint venture was reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income as equity loss in joint venture. During 2020, we received distributions of $ 2,137 . Assets Held for Sale ─ When the Company makes a decision to sell an asset or to stop some part of its business, the Company assesses if such assets should be classified as an asset held for sale. Assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. For long-lived assets or disposal groups that are classified as held for sale but do not meet the criteria for discontinued operations, the assets and liabilities are presented separately on the consolidated balance sheet of the initial period in which it is classified as held for sale. The major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. See “Note 3 – Assets Held for Sale and Disposition” . Goodwill ─ Goodwill represents the excess cost over the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired through acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually, or more often, if circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist. When testing goodwill for impairment, we may assess qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and entity specific events, for some or all of our reporting units to determine whether it’s more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Alternatively, based on our assessment of the qualitative factors previously noted or at our discretion, we may perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test by determining the fair value of a reporting unit. If we perform a quantitative test and determine that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we would record an impairment loss for the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the reporting unit’s carrying amount of goodwill. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (also known as a component). A component of an operating segment is a reporting unit if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available, and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. We assigned assets and liabilities to each reporting unit based on either specific identification or by using judgment for the remaining assets and liabilities that are not specific to a reporting unit. Goodwill was assigned to the reporting units based on a combination of specific identification and relative fair values. Determining the fair value of our reporting units involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions and considerable management judgment. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable at the time, but such assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty. We estimated the fair value of reporting units by weighting results from the market approach and the income approach. These valuation approaches consider a number of factors that include, but are not limited to, prospective financial information, growth rates, terminal value, discount rates, and comparable multiples from publicly traded companies in our industry. Changes in market conditions, changes in the regulatory environment, pending or new legislation that could impact the ability to recover costs through regulated rates or other factors outside of our control, could cause us to change key assumptions and our judgment about a reporting unit’s prospects. Similarly, in a specific period, a reporting unit could significantly underperform relative to its historical or projected future operating results. Either situation could result in a meaningfully different estimate of the fair value of our reporting units, and a consequent future impairment charge. In 2022, we changed the date of our annual goodwill impairment test date from July 31 to October 1, which is a change in accounting principle, that management believes is preferable as the new test date better aligns with our long-term planning and forecasting process. The change did not delay, accelerate or avoid an impairment charge nor did it change our requirement to assess goodwill on an interim date between scheduled annual testing dates if triggering events are present. To ensure that no lapse in an assessment occurred since the prior period, during the third quarter of 2022, we performed qualitative tests as of July 31, 2022, for all reporting units and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting unit’s fair values exceeded their carrying values at the time of the change in impairment test date. During the fourth quarter of 2022, as part of the annual goodwill assessment as of October 1, 2022, we elected to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment on the goodwill attributable to our Regulated Natural Gas reporting unit and a qualitative assessment for our Regulated Water and Other reporting units. Based on our analysis, we determined that no ne of the goodwill of our reporting units was impaired. The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s goodwill: Regulated Water Regulated Natural Gas Other Consolidated Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 58,659 $ 2,261,047 $ 4,841 $ 2,324,547 Goodwill acquired - - - - Measurement period purchase price allocation adjustments - 16,400 - 16,400 Reclassifications to utility plant acquisition adjustment ( 132 ) - - ( 132 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 58,527 2,277,447 4,841 2,340,815 Goodwill acquired - - - - Reclassifications to utility plant acquisition adjustment ( 23 ) - - ( 23 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 58,504 $ 2,277,447 $ 4,841 $ 2,340,792 The measurement period purchase price allocation adjustments resulted from the completion of the Peoples Gas Acquisition on March 16, 2020, which resulted in goodwill of $ 2,277,447 which was subject to adjustment over the one year measurement period that ended on March 15, 2021. Refer to Note 2 – Acquisitions for information about the goodwill attributed to our Regulated Natural Gas segment. The reclassification of goodwill to utility plant acquisition adjustment results from either a regulatory order or a mechanism approved by the applicable utility commission. A regulatory order may provide for the one-time transfer of certain acquired goodwill. The mechanism provides for the transfer over time, and the recovery through customer rates, of goodwill associated with some acquisitions upon achieving specific objectives. Intangible assets – The Company’s intangible assets consist of customer relationships for our non-regulated natural gas operations, and non-compete agreements with certain former employees of Peoples. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of fifteen years for the customer relationships and five years for the non-compete agreements. Derivative Instruments – The Company’s natural gas commodity price risk, driv |
