Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Accounts Receivable & Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly including the analysis of historical trends, customer credit worthiness and the aging of receivables. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. (b) Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined by a method that approximates the first-in, first-out method. Work in process and finished goods are valued based on underlying costs to manufacture balers which include direct materials, direct and indirect labor, and overhead. The Company reviews inventory for obsolescence on a regular basis. (c) Warranties and Service The Company typically warrants its products for one (1) year from the date of sale as to materials, three (3) years for structural damage and six (6) months as to labor, and offers services for other required repairs and maintenance. Service is rendered by repairing or replacing parts at the Company’s Jacksonville, Florida facility, by on-site service provided by Company personnel who are based in Jacksonville, Florida or by local service agents who are engaged as needed. The Company maintains an accrued liability for expected warranty claims. The warranty accrual is based on historical warranty costs, the quantity and types of balers currently under warranty, and known warranty issues. Following is a tabular reconciliation of the changes in the warranty accrual for the nine-month period ended July 31: Warranty Accrual 2021 2020 Beginning balance $ 40,000 $ 60,000 Warranty service provided (115,794 ) (86,686 ) New product warranties 101,063 46,480 Changes to pre-existing warranty accruals 14,731 20,206 Ending balance $ 40,000 $ 40,000 (d) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short term certificates of deposit, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and customer deposits, approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. (e) Advertising Expenses Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $ 108,235 96,885 (f) Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements: Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs and any not listed below were assessed and determined to be applicable or are expected to have a minimal impact on the Company’s condensed financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, |