Summary of Accounting Policies | Note 1—Summary of Accounting Policies Nature of Business Carlisle Companies Incorporated, its wholly owned subsidiaries and their divisions or subsidiaries, referred to herein as the "Company" or "Carlisle," is a global diversified company that designs, manufactures, and markets a wide range of products that serve a broad range of niche markets including commercial roofing, energy, agriculture, mining, construction, aerospace and defense electronics, medical technology, transportation, general industrial, protective coating, wood, auto refinishing, foodservice, and healthcare and sanitary maintenance. The Company markets its products as a component supplier to original equipment manufacturers, distributors, as well as directly to end-users. Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. The Company's fiscal year-end is December 31. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("United States" or "U.S.") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash Equivalents Debt securities with a maturity of three months or less when acquired are considered cash equivalents. Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, goods have been shipped (or services have been rendered), the customer takes ownership and assumes risk of loss, collection is probable, and the sales price is fixed or determinable. Provisions for rights of return, discounts, and rebates to customers and other adjustments are provided for at the time of sale as a deduction to revenue. Costs related to standard warranties are estimated at the time of sale and recorded as a component of Cost of goods sold. Shipping and Handling Costs Costs incurred to physically transfer product to customer locations are recorded as a component of cost of goods sold. Charges passed on to customers are recorded into net sales. Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivables are stated at net realizable value. The Company performs ongoing evaluations of its customers' current creditworthiness, as determined by the review of their credit information to determine if events have occurred subsequent to the recognition of the revenue and related receivable that provides evidence that such receivable will be realized at an amount less than that recognized at the time of sale. Estimates of net realizable value are based on historical losses, adjusting for current economic conditions and, in some cases, evaluating specific customer accounts for risk of loss. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $4.7 million at December 31, 2015, $4.8 million at December 31, 2014, and $3.3 million at December 31, 2013. Changes in economic conditions in specific markets in which the Company operates could have an effect on reserve balances required and on the ability to recognize revenue until cash is collected or collectability is probable. The following is activity in the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31: (in millions) 2015 2014 2013 Balance at January 1 $ $ $ Provision charged to expense Provision charged to other accounts ) Amounts written off, net of recoveries ) ) ) Balance at December 31 $ $ $ Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market with cost determined primarily on an average cost basis. Cost of inventories includes direct as well as certain indirect costs associated with the acquisition and production process. These costs include raw materials, direct and indirect labor, and manufacturing overhead. Manufacturing overhead includes materials, depreciation and amortization related to property, plant, and equipment and other intangible assets used directly and indirectly in the acquisition and production of inventory, and costs related to the Company's distribution network such as inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, internal transfer costs, and other such costs associated with preparing the Company's products for sale. Deferred Revenue and Extended Product Warranty The Company offers extended warranty contracts on sales of certain products; the most significant being those offered on its installed roofing systems within the Construction Materials segment. The lives of these warranties range from five to thirty years. All revenue for the sale of these contracts is deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contracts. Current costs of services performed under these contracts are expensed as incurred and included in Cost of good sold. The Company also records a reserve within Accrued expenses if the total expected costs of providing services at a product line level exceed unearned revenues. Total expected costs of providing extended product warranty services are actuarially determined using standard quantitative measures based on historical claims experience and management judgment. See Note 14 for additional information regarding deferred revenue and extended product warranties. Property, Plant, and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost including interest costs associated with qualifying capital additions. Costs allocated to property, plant, and equipment of acquired companies are based on estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Depreciation is principally computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation includes the amortization of capital leases. Asset lives are 20 to 40 years for buildings, five to 15 years for machinery and equipment, and three to ten years for leasehold improvements. Valuation of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets or asset groups, including amortizable intangible assets, are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. For purposes of testing for impairment, the Company groups its long-lived assets classified as held and used at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows from other assets and liabilities. The Company's asset groupings vary based on the related business in which the long-lived asset is employed and the interrelationship between those long-lived assets in producing net cash flows; for example, multiple manufacturing facilities may work in concert with one another or may work on a stand-alone basis to produce net cash flows. The Company utilizes its long-lived assets in multiple industries and economic environments and its asset groupings reflect these various factors. The Company monitors the operating and cash flow results of its long-lived assets or asset groups classified as held and used to identify whether events and circumstances indicate the remaining useful lives of those assets should be adjusted, or if the carrying value of those assets or asset groups may not be recoverable. In the event indicators of impairment are identified, undiscounted estimated future cash flows are compared to the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group. If the undiscounted estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, the Company determines the fair value of the asset or asset group and records an impairment charge in current earnings to the extent carrying value exceeds fair value. Fair values may be determined based on estimated discounted cash flows, by prices for like or similar assets in similar markets, or a combination of both. Long-lived assets or asset groups that are part of a disposal group that meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale are not assessed for impairment but rather if fair value, less cost to sell, of the disposal group is less than its carrying value a loss is recorded against the disposal group. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Intangible assets are recognized and recorded at their acquisition-date fair values. Intangible assets that are subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Definite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of acquired customer relationships and patents, non-compete agreements and intellectual property. The Company determines the useful life of its customer relationship intangible assets based on multiple factors including the size and make-up of the acquired customer base, the expected dissipation of those customers over time, the Company's own experience in the particular industry, the impact of known trends such as technological obsolescence, product demand, or other factors, and the period over which expected cash flows are used to measure the fair value of the intangible asset at acquisition. The Company periodically re-assesses the useful lives of its customer relationship intangible assets when events or circumstances indicate that useful lives have significantly changed from the previous estimate. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested annually, or more often if impairment indicators are present, for impairment via a one-step process by comparing the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the intangible asset's carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded in current earnings for the difference. The Company estimates the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets based on the income approach utilizing the discounted cash flow method. The Company's annual testing date for indefinite-lived intangible assets is October 1. The Company periodically re-assesses indefinite-lived intangible assets as to whether their useful lives can be determined and if so, begins amortizing any applicable intangible asset. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested annually, or more often if impairment indicators are present, for impairment at a reporting unit level. The Company's annual testing date for goodwill is October 1. The Company has determined that its operating segments are its reporting units. See Note 10 for additional information regarding goodwill and other intangible assets. Lease Arrangements The Company is a party to various lease arrangements that include scheduled rent increases, rent holidays, or may provide for contingent rentals or incentive payments to be made to the Company as part of the terms of the lease. Scheduled rent increases and rent holidays are included in the determination of minimum lease payments when assessing lease classification and, along with any lease incentives, are included in rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Scheduled rent increases that are dependent upon a change in an index or rate such as the consumer price index or prime rate are included in the determination of rental expense at the time the rate or index changes. Contingent rentals are excluded from the determination of minimum lease payments when assessing lease classification and are included in the determination of rent expense when the event that will require additional rents is considered probable. See Note 11 for additional information regarding rent expense. Contingencies and Insurance Recoveries The Company is exposed to losses related to various potential claims related to its employee obligations and other matters in the normal course of business, including litigation. The Company records a liability related to such potential claims, both those reported to the Company and incurred but not yet reported, when probable and reasonably estimable and with respect to workers' compensation obligations. The Company utilizes actuarial models to estimate the ultimate total cost of such claims, primarily based on historical loss experience and expectations about future costs of providing workers compensation benefits. As part of its risk management strategy, the Company maintains occurrence-based insurance contracts related to certain contingent losses primarily workers' compensation, medical and dental, general liability, property, and product liability claims up to applicable retention limits. The Company records a recovery under these insurance contracts when such recovery is deemed probable. See Note 11 for additional information regarding contingencies and insurance recoveries. Pension and Other Post Retirement Benefits The Company maintains defined benefit pension plans for certain employees. Additionally, the Company has a limited number of post-retirement benefit programs that provide certain retirees with life insurance, medical and prescription drug coverage. The annual net periodic expense and benefit obligations related to these plans are determined on an actuarial basis annually on December 31, unless a remeasurement event occurs in an interim period. This determination requires assumptions to be made concerning general economic conditions (particularly interest rates), expected return on plan assets, increases to compensation levels, and health care cost trends. These assumptions are reviewed periodically by management in consultation with its independent actuary. Changes in the assumptions to reflect actual experience can result in a change in the net periodic expense and accrued benefit obligations. The defined benefit pension plans' assets are measured at fair value annually on December 31, unless a remeasurement event occurs in an interim period. The Company uses the market related valuation method to determine the value of plan assets for purposes of determining the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic benefit cost. The market related valuation method recognizes the change of the fair value of the plan assets over five years. If actual experience differs from these long-term assumptions, the difference is recorded as an unrecognized actuarial gain (loss) and then amortized into earnings over a period of time based on the average future service period, which may cause the expense related to providing these benefits to increase or decrease. See Note 13 for additional information regarding these plans and the associated plan assets. Income Taxes Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes , which includes an estimate of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company's financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. See Note 6 for additional information regarding income taxes. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the fair-value method. Accordingly, equity classified stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which generally matches the stated vesting period of the award, but may also be shorter if the employee is retirement-eligible and under the award's terms may fully-vest upon retirement from the Company. The Company recognizes expense for awards that have graded vesting features under the graded vesting method, which considers each separately vesting tranche as though they were, in substance, multiple awards. See Note 5 for additional information regarding stock-based compensation. Foreign Currency Matters The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries outside the United States is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the subsidiary operates. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rate in effect at each balance sheet date. Income statement accounts are translated at the average rate of exchange prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments arising from the use of differing exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of shareholders' equity in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions and from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities and associated income statement activity of foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar and the records are maintained in the local currency are included in Other (income) expense, net. New Accounting Standards Adopted In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes ("ASU 2015-17"). ASU 2015-17 requires entities to present deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in a classified balance sheet instead of separating into current and noncurrent amounts. ASU 2105-17 is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, on a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for all companies in any interim or annual period. ASU 2015-17 was early adopted as of December 31, 2015 on a prospective basis and prior periods have not been restated. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated results of operations, net assets, or cash flows. See Note 6 for additional information regarding deferred tax assets and liabilities. New Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ASU 2014-09 outlines a single, comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance issued by the FASB, including industry specific guidance. ASU 2014-09 provides accounting guidance for all revenue arising from contracts with customers and affects all entities that enter into contracts with customers to provide goods and services. The guidance also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain nonfinancial assets, such as property and equipment, including real estate. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The new standard must be adopted using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented in the period of adoption or a modified retrospective approach. ASU 2014-09 also requires entities to disclose both quantitative and qualitative information to enable users of the financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We have not yet determined the impact of adopting the standard on our financial statements nor have we determined whether we will utilize the full retrospective or the modified retrospective approach. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"). ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-03 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. The provisions of ASU 2015-03 are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements ("ASU 2015-15"). ASU 2015-15 expands guidance provided in ASU 2015-03 and states that presentation of costs associated with securing a revolving line of credit as an asset is permitted, regardless of whether a balance is outstanding. ASU 2015-15 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. The provisions of ASU 2015-15 are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Customer's Accounting For Fees Paid In A Cloud Computing Arrangement ("ASU 2015-05"), which provides guidance for a customer's accounting for cloud computing costs. ASU 2015-05 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. The provisions of ASU 2015-05 are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory ("ASU 2015-11"), which applies to inventory valued at first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average cost. ASU 2015-11 requires inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, rather than at the lower of cost or market. ASU 2015-11 is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company reports inventory on an average-cost basis and thus will be required to adopt the standard; however, the provisions of ASU 2015-11 are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments ("ASU 2015-16"). ASU 2015-16 eliminates the requirement to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments. The new guidance requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. In addition, separate presentation on the face of the income statement or disclosure in the notes is required regarding the portion of the adjustment recorded in the current period earnings, by line item, that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 is to be applied prospectively for measurement period adjustments that occur after the effective date. ASU 2015-16 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. Since it is prospective, the impact of ASU 2015-16 on the Company's financial condition and earnings will depend upon the nature of any measurement period adjustments identified in future periods. |