Investments | NOTE 3. INVESTMENTS The following tables set forth our Company’s investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and include OTTI securities recognized within AOCI: December 31, 2015 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Amortized amounts in thousands Fair Value Gains Losses Cost Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury bonds, agency bonds and foreign government bonds $ 252,882 $ 2,273 $ (9,214 ) $ 259,823 States, municipalities and political subdivisions 576,859 21,233 (781 ) 556,407 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Agency mortgage-backed securities 379,269 5,573 (2,082 ) 375,778 Residential mortgage obligations 30,465 694 (82 ) 29,853 Asset-backed securities 225,012 85 (1,624 ) 226,551 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 189,713 3,119 (1,864 ) 188,458 Subtotal $ 824,459 $ 9,471 $ (5,652 ) $ 820,640 Corporate bonds 760,010 7,373 (10,738 ) 763,375 Total fixed maturities $ 2,414,210 $ 40,350 $ (26,385 ) $ 2,400,245 Equity securities 305,271 26,341 (3,013 ) 281,943 Short-term investments 217,745 2 — 217,743 Total investments $ 2,937,226 $ 66,693 $ (29,398 ) $ 2,899,931 December 31, 2014 Gross Gross Unrealized Unrealized Amortized amounts in thousands Fair Value Gains Losses Cost Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury bonds, agency bonds and foreign government bonds $ 397,923 $ 3,431 $ (5,965 ) $ 400,457 States, municipalities and political subdivisions 541,007 19,204 (558 ) 522,361 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Agency mortgage-backed securities 364,622 8,476 (998 ) 357,144 Residential mortgage obligations 34,087 1,153 (138 ) 33,072 Asset-backed securities 206,413 380 (964 ) 206,997 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 206,318 6,630 (98 ) 199,786 Subtotal $ 811,440 $ 16,639 $ (2,198 ) $ 796,999 Corporate bonds 615,564 13,048 (1,626 ) 604,142 Total fixed maturities $ 2,365,934 $ 52,322 $ (10,347 ) $ 2,323,959 Equity securities 184,295 30,756 (1,304 ) 154,843 Short-term investments 179,506 — (21 ) 179,527 Total investments $ 2,729,735 $ 83,078 $ (11,672 ) $ 2,658,329 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our Company did not have a concentration of greater than 5% of invested assets in a single non-U.S. government-backed issuer. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, fixed maturities for which non-credit OTTI was previously recognized and included in AOCI are now in an unrealized gains position of $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The fair value of our Company’s investment portfolio may fluctuate significantly in response to various factors such as changes in interest rates, investment quality ratings, equity prices, foreign exchange rates and credit spreads. Our Company does not have the intent to sell nor is it more likely than not that it will have to sell fixed maturities in unrealized loss positions that are not other-than-temporarily impaired before recovery. For structured securities, default probability and severity assumptions differ based on property type, vintage and the stress of the collateral. Our Company does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that our Company will not be required to sell, these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. For equity securities, our Company also considers our intent to hold securities as part of the process of evaluating whether a decline in fair value represents an other-than-temporary decline in value. Our Company may realize investment losses to the extent our liquidity needs require the disposition of fixed maturity securities in unfavorable interest rate, liquidity or credit spread environments. Significant changes in the factors our Company considers when evaluating investments for impairment losses could result in a significant change in impairment losses reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The contractual maturity dates for fixed maturities categorized by the number of years until maturity as of December 31, 2015 are shown in the following table: December 31, 2015 Amortized amounts in thousands Fair Value Cost Due in one year or less $ 79,279 $ 81,819 Due after one year through five years 766,001 767,634 Due after five years through ten years 323,003 320,503 Due after ten years 421,468 409,648 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 824,459 820,641 Total $ 2,414,210 $ 2,400,245 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Prepayment assumptions associated with the mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are reviewed on a periodic basis. When changes in prepayment assumptions are deemed necessary as the result of actual prepayments differing from anticipated prepayments, securities are revalued based upon the new prepayment assumptions utilizing the retrospective accounting method. Due to the periodic repayment of principal, the mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are estimated to have an effective maturity of approximately 4.6 years. The following tables summarize all securities in a gross unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, showing the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by the length of time those securities have continuously been in a gross unrealized loss position: December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months Total Gross Gross Gross Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized amounts in thousands Value (Losses) Value (Losses) Value (Losses) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury bonds, agency bonds and foreign government bonds $ 142,233 $ (3,032 ) $ 22,230 $ (6,182 ) $ 164,463 $ (9,214 ) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 50,577 (549 ) 4,808 (232 ) 55,385 (781 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Agency mortgage-backed securities 164,817 (1,315 ) 29,862 (767 ) 194,679 (2,082 ) Residential mortgage obligations 3,910 (5 ) 1,684 (77 ) 5,594 (82 ) Asset-backed securities 112,479 (663 ) 81,477 (961 ) 193,956 (1,624 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 83,024 (1,826 ) 3,065 (38 ) 86,089 (1,864 ) Subtotal $ 364,230 $ (3,809 ) $ 116,088 $ (1,843 ) $ 480,318 $ (5,652 ) Corporate bonds 395,399 (10,114 ) 13,849 (624 ) 409,248 (10,738 ) Total fixed maturities $ 952,439 $ (17,504 ) $ 156,975 $ (8,881 ) $ 1,109,414 $ (26,385 ) Equity securities 58,531 (3,013 ) — — 58,531 (3,013 ) Total fixed maturities and equity securities $ 1,010,970 $ (20,517 ) $ 156,975 $ (8,881 ) $ 1,167,945 $ (29,398 ) December 31, 2014 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months Total Gross Gross Gross Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized amounts in thousands Value (Losses) Value (Losses) Value (Losses) Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury bonds, agency bonds and foreign government bonds $ 87,915 $ (1,061 ) $ 117,683 $ (4,904 ) $ 205,598 $ (5,965 ) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 16,349 (60 ) 37,340 (498 ) 53,689 (558 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities: Agency mortgage-backed securities 18,881 (80 ) 58,301 (918 ) 77,182 (998 ) Residential mortgage obligations 5,625 (50 ) 1,728 (88 ) 7,353 (138 ) Asset-backed securities 110,275 (539 ) 34,530 (425 ) 144,805 (964 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 19,741 (71 ) 1,391 (27 ) 21,132 (98 ) Subtotal $ 154,522 $ (740 ) $ 95,950 $ (1,458 ) $ 250,472 $ (2,198 ) Corporate bonds 190,461 (871 ) 31,126 (755 ) 221,587 (1,626 ) Total fixed maturities $ 449,247 $ (2,732 ) $ 282,099 $ (7,615 ) $ 731,346 $ (10,347 ) Equity securities 19,690 (1,297 ) 238 (7 ) 19,928 (1,304 ) Total fixed maturities and equity securities $ 468,937 $ (4,029 ) $ 282,337 $ (7,622 ) $ 751,274 $ (11,651 ) At December 31, 2015, there were 368 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position, and there were 57 equity securities in an unrealized loss position. In the above table, the gross unrealized loss for the greater than 12 months category consists primarily of agency and foreign government bonds mostly due to an unfavorable foreign exchange movement in our Canadian portfolio. The gross unrealized loss for the less than 12 months category consists primarily of corporate bonds in the energy sector which have been impacted by recent declines in the oil market. To a lesser extent, losses on equity securities in the less than 12 month category have been impacted by recent volatility in the equity markets coupled with the timing of the purchases of certain equity securities. At December 31, 2014, there were 259 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position, and there were 15 equity securities in an unrealized loss position. The gross unrealized loss for the greater than 12 months category consists primarily of Treasury and agency bonds, due to an increase in interest rates and unfavorable foreign exchange movement. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the largest unrealized loss by a non-government backed issuer in the investment portfolio was $2.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Our Company analyzes impaired securities quarterly to determine if any are other-than-temporary. The above securities with unrealized losses have been determined to be temporarily impaired based on our evaluation. For fixed maturities, when assessing whether the amortized cost basis of the security will be recovered, our Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected in relation to the current book value. Any shortfalls of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis is considered the credit loss portion of OTTI losses and is recognized in earnings. All non-credit losses are recognized as changes in OTTI losses within AOCI. To determine whether the unrealized loss on structured securities is other-than-temporary, our Company analyzes the projections provided by our investment managers with respect to an expected principal loss under a range of scenarios and utilizes the most likely outcomes. The analysis relies on actual collateral performance measures such as default rate, prepayment rate and loss severity. These assumptions are applied throughout the remaining term of the deal, incorporating the transaction structure and priority of payments, to generate loss adjusted cash flows. Results of the analysis will indicate whether the security is expected ultimately to incur a loss or whether there is a material impact on yield due to either a projected loss or a change in cash flow timing. A break-even default rate is also calculated. A comparison of the break-even default rate to the actual default rate provides an indication of the level of cushion or coverage to the first dollar principal loss. The analysis applies the stated assumptions throughout the remaining term of the transaction to forecast cash flows, which are then applied through the transaction structure to determine whether there is a loss to the security. For securities in which a tranche loss is present and the net present value of loss adjusted cash flows is less than book value, impairment is recognized. The output data also includes a number of additional metrics such as average life remaining, original and current credit support, over 60 day delinquency and security rating. The significant inputs used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings were actual delinquency rates, default probability assumptions, severity assumptions and prepayment assumptions. Projected losses are a function of both loss severity and probability of default. Default probability and severity assumptions differ based on property type, vintage and the stress of the collateral. Our Company does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell, these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. For equity securities, in general, our Company focuses our attention on those securities with a fair value less than 80% of their cost for six or more consecutive months. If warranted as the result of conditions relating to a particular security, our Company will focus on a significant decline in fair value regardless of the time period involved. Factors considered in evaluating potential impairment include, but are not limited to, the current fair value as compared to cost of the security, the length of time the investment has been below cost and by how much the investment is below cost. If an equity security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the cost is written down to fair value with the loss recognized in earnings. Our Company’s ability to hold securities is supported by sufficient cash flow from our operations and from maturities within our investment portfolio in order to meet our claims payments and other disbursement obligations arising from our underwriting operations without selling such investments. With respect to securities where the decline in value is determined to be temporary and the security's value is not written down, a subsequent decision may be made to sell that security and realize a loss. Subsequent decisions on security sales are made within the context of overall risk monitoring, changing information and market conditions. Our Company had three credit related OTTI losses totalling $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 from our equity portfolio. Our Company did not have any credit related OTTI losses during the year ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized OTTI credit related losses of $2.4 million related to three equity securities and one municipal bond. The following table summarizes the cumulative amounts related to our Company’s credit loss portion of the OTTI losses on fixed maturities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Our Company does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis and for which the non-credit loss portion is included in AOCI. Years Ended December 31, amounts in thousands 2015 2014 2013 Beginning balance $ 2,361 $ 5,154 $ 3,332 Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities not previously impaired — — 1,822 Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired — — — Reductions for credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities sold during the period — (2,793 ) — Ending balance $ 2,361 $ 2,361 $ 5,154 Our Company’s Net investment income was derived from the following sources: Years Ended December 31, amounts in thousands 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturities $ 61,572 $ 57,219 $ 53,898 Equity securities 9,813 9,036 4,835 Short-term investments 683 911 774 Total investment income $ 72,068 $ 67,166 $ 59,507 Investment expenses (3,350 ) (2,998 ) (3,256 ) Net investment income $ 68,718 $ 64,168 $ 56,251 Realized gains and losses, excluding net OTTI losses recognized in earnings, for the periods indicated, were as follows: Years Ended December 31, amounts in thousands 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturities: Gains $ 4,756 $ 8,326 $ 8,539 Losses (5,926 ) (2,610 ) (2,797 ) Fixed maturities, net $ (1,170 ) $ 5,716 $ 5,742 Short-term: Gains $ 130 $ — $ — Losses (383 ) — — Short-term, net $ (253 ) $ — $ — Equity securities: Gains $ 14,331 $ 9,447 $ 17,955 Losses (4,535 ) (2,351 ) (758 ) Equity securities, net $ 9,796 $ 7,096 $ 17,197 Net realized gains (losses) $ 8,373 $ 12,812 $ 22,939 |