Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business— Ebix, Inc., and its subsidiaries, (“Ebix” or the “Company”) is a leading international supplier of on-demand infrastructure Exchanges to the insurance, financial, and healthcare industries. In the Insurance sector, the Company’s main focus is to develop and deploy a wide variety of insurance and reinsurance exchanges on an on-demand basis, while also providing SaaS enterprise solutions in the area of CRM, front-end & back-end systems, outsourced administrative and risk compliance. The Company's products feature fully customizable and scalable on-demand software designed to streamline the way insurance professionals manage distribution, marketing, sales, customer service, and accounting activities. With a "Phygital” strategy that combines physical distribution outlets in many ASEAN countries to a Omni-channel online digital platform, the Company’s EbixCash Financial exchange portfolio encompasses leadership in areas of domestic & international money remittance, foreign exchange (Forex), travel, pre-paid & gift cards, utility payments, lending, and wealth management in India and other markets. The Company has its headquarters in Johns Creek, Georgia and also conducts operating activities in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, Brazil, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and United Arab Emirates. International revenue accounted for 60.4% , 41.8% , and 28.4% of the Company’s total revenue in 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. The Company’s revenues are derived from four product/service groups. Presented in the table below is the breakout of our revenue streams for each of those product/service groups for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . For the Year Ended December 31, (dollar amounts in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Exchanges $ 396,457 $ 259,470 $ 206,427 Broker P&C Systems 14,379 14,674 14,105 RCS 79,976 86,832 74,196 Carrier P&C Systems 7,014 2,995 3,566 Totals $ 497,826 $ 363,971 $ 298,294 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ebix and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The effect of inter-company balances and transactions has been eliminated. Use of Estimates —The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during those reporting periods. Management has made material estimates primarily with respect to revenue recognition and deferred revenue, accounts receivable, acquired intangible assets, annual impairment reviews of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, investments, contingent earnout liabilities in connection with business acquisitions, and the provision for income taxes. Actual results may be materially different from those estimates. Segment Reporting —Since the Company, from the perspective of its chief operating decision maker, allocates resources and evaluates business performance as a single entity that provides software and related services to various industries on a worldwide basis, the Company reports as a single segment. The applicable enterprise-wide disclosures are included in Note 15. Cash and Cash Equivalents —The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Such investments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company does maintain cash balances in banking institutions in excess of federally insured amounts and therefore is exposed to the related potential credit risk associated with such cash deposits. Short-term Investments —The Company’s primary short-term investments consist of certificates of deposits with established commercial banking institutions in India that have readily determinable fair values. Ebix accounts for such investments that are reasonably expected to be realized in cash, sold or consumed during the year as short-term investments that are available-for-sale. The carrying amount of investments in marketable securities approximates their fair value. The carrying value of our short-term investments was $31.2 million and $25.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Restricted Cash — The carrying value of our restricted cash was $8.3 million and $4.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The balances consist of upfront cash consideration and possible future contingent earn-out payments held in escrow accounts contingent upon acquired business' achieving the minimum specified annual net revenue thresholds, which if not achieved would result in said funds being returned to Ebix and fixed deposits pledged with banks for issuance of bank guarantees and letters of credit in our India operations. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the statement of financial position that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows: For the Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Cash and cash equivalents 147,766 63,895 114,118 Restricted cash 8,317 4,040 — Restricted cash included in other long-term assets 3,506 2,932 2,823 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows $ 159,589 $ 70,867 $ 116,941 Fiduciary Funds - Restricted —Due to the EbixHealth JV being a third party administrator (“TPA”), the Company collects premiums from insureds and, after deducting its fees, remits these premiums to insurance companies. Unremitted insurance premiums and/or claim funds established for the benefit of various carriers are held in a fiduciary capacity until disbursed by the Company. The use of premiums collected from insureds but not yet remitted to insurance companies is restricted by law in certain states. The total assets held on behalf of others, $6.5 million , are recorded as an asset and offsetting fiduciary funds - restricted liability. Fair Value Measurements —The Company follows the relevant GAAP guidance regarding the determination and measurement of the fair value of assets/liabilities in which fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction valuation hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes the following three levels of inputs that may be used in the methodology to measure fair value: • Level 1 — Quoted prices available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date; • Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date; and, • Level 3 — Unobservable inputs, which are to be used in situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability and wherein the reporting entity makes estimates and assumptions related to the pricing of the asset or liability including assumptions regarding risk. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company has the following financial instruments to which it had to consider fair values and had to make fair assessments: • Short-term investments (commercial bank certificates of deposits and mutual funds), for which the fair values are measured as a Level 1 instrument. • Contingent accrued earn-out business acquisition consideration liabilities for which fair values are measured as Level 3 instruments. These contingent consideration liabilities were recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and are remeasured periodically based on the then assessed fair value and adjusted if necessary. The increases or decreases in the fair value of contingent consideration payable can result from changes in anticipated revenue levels or changes in assumed discount periods and rates. As the fair value measure is based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market, they are categorized as Level 3. Other financial instruments not measured at fair value on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 but which require disclosure of their fair values include: cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related benefits, capital lease obligations, and debt under the credit facility with Regions Bank. The estimated fair value of such instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 reasonably approximates their carrying value as reported on the consolidated balance sheets. Additional information regarding the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis is presented in the following tables: Fair Values at Reporting Date Using* Descriptions Balance at December 31, 2018 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) Assets Commercial bank certificates of deposits ($681 thousand is recorded in the long term asset section of the consolidated balance sheets in "Other Assets") $ 26,714 $ 26,714 $ — $ — Mutual Funds 5,159 5,159 — — Total assets measured at fair value $ 31,873 $ 31,873 $ — $ — Liabilities Derivatives: Contingent accrued earn-out acquisition consideration (a) 24,976 — — 24,976 Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 24,976 $ — $ — $ 24,976 (a) The income valuation approach is applied and the valuation inputs include the contingent payment arrangement terms, projected cash flows, rate of return, and probability assessments. * During the year ended December 31, 2018 there were no transfers between fair value Levels 1, 2 or 3. Fair Values at Reporting Date Using* Descriptions Balance at December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) Assets Commercial bank certificates of deposits ($2.19 million is recorded in the long term asset section of the consolidated balance sheets in "Other Assets") $ 22,293 22,293 — — Mutual Funds ($785 thousand recorded in the long term asset section of the consolidated balance sheets in "Other Assets") $ 6,278 6,278 — — Total assets measured at fair value $ 28,571 $ 28,571 $ — $ — Liabilities Derivatives: Contingent accrued earn-out acquisition consideration (a) 37,096 — — 37,096 Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 37,096 $ — $ — $ 37,096 (a) The income valuation approach is applied and the valuation inputs include the contingent payment arrangement terms, projected cash flows, rate of return, and probability assessments. * During the year ended December 31, 2017 there were no transfers between fair value Levels 1, 2 or 3. For the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), the following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for each category therein, and gains or losses recognized during the year. Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Contingent Liability for Accrued Earn-out Acquisition Consideration Balance at December 31, 2018 Balance at December 31, 2017 (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 37,096 8,510 Total remeasurement adjustments: (Gains) or losses included in earnings ** (1,391 ) (164 ) Reductions recorded against goodwill (13,718 ) (4,007 ) Foreign currency translation adjustments *** (1,620 ) 522 Acquisitions and settlements Business acquisitions 8,440 34,156 Settlements (3,831 ) (1,921 ) Ending balance $ 24,976 $ 37,096 The amount of total (gains) or losses for the year included in earnings or changes to net assets, attributable to changes in unrealized (gains) or losses relating to assets or liabilities still held at year-end. $ (1,391 ) $ — ** recorded as a component of reported general and administrative expenses *** recorded as a component of other comprehensive income within stockholders' equity Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's contingent consideration liabilities designated as Level 3 are as follows: (in thousands) Fair Value at December 31, 2018 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Contingent acquisition consideration: (Wdev, ItzCash, Indus and Miles acquisitions) $24,976 Discounted cash flow Expected future annual revenue streams and probability of achievement (in thousands) Fair Value at December 31, 2017 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Contingent acquisition consideration: (Wdev and ItzCash acquisitions) $37,096 Discounted cash flow Expected future annual revenue streams and probability of achievement Sensitivity to Changes in Significant Unobservable Inputs As presented in the table above, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of contingent consideration related to business acquisitions are forecasts of expected future annual revenues as developed by the Company's management and the probability of achievement of those revenue forecasts. The discount rate used in these calculations is 13.5% . Significant increases (decreases) in these unobservable inputs in isolation would likely result in a significantly (lower) higher fair value measurement. Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue —The Company derives its revenues primarily from professional and support services, which includes revenue generated from subscription and transaction fees pertaining to services delivered over our exchanges or from our application service provider (“ASP”) platforms, software development projects and associated fees for consulting, implementation, training, and project management provided to customers using our systems, and risk compliance solutions ("RCS"). Sales and value-added taxes are not included in revenues, but rather are recorded as a liability until the taxes assessed are remitted to the respective taxing authorities. The Company follows the relevant technical accounting guidance regarding revenue recognition as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Company considers revenue earned and realizable when: (a) persuasive evidence of the sales arrangement exists, (b) the arrangement fee is fixed or determinable, (c) service delivery or performance has occurred, (d) customer acceptance has been received or is reasonably assured, if contractually required, and (e) collectability of the arrangement fee is probable. The Company typically uses signed contractual agreements, purchase orders, or statements of work as persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement. We apply the provisions of the relevant FASB accounting pronouncements related to all transactions involving the license of software where the software deliverables are considered more than inconsequential to the other elements in the arrangement. For contracts that contain multiple deliverables, we analyze the revenue arrangements in accordance with the appropriate authoritative guidance, which provides criteria governing how to determine whether goods or services that are delivered separately in a bundled sales arrangement should be considered as separate units of accounting for the purpose of revenue recognition. Deliverables are accounted for separately if they meet all of the following criteria: a) the delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; b) there is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value for all arrangement deliverables; and c) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered items, the delivery or performance of the undelivered items is probable and substantially controlled by the Company. Under the relevant accounting guidance, when multiple-deliverables included in an arrangement are to be separated into different units of accounting, the arrangement consideration is allocated to the identified separate units of accounting based on their relative fair values. We determine the relative selling price for a deliverable based on vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price (“VSOE”), if available, or third-party evidence ("TPE") in the alternative if available, or finally our best estimate of selling price (“BESP”), if VSOE or TPE is not available. The Company begins to recognize revenue from license fees for its exchange (SAAS) and ASP products upon granting customer access to the respective processing platform. Transaction services fee revenue for this use of our exchanges or ASP platforms is recognized as the transactions occur and is generally billed in arrears. Revenues from RCS arrangements, which include data entry and call center services, and insurance certificate creation and tracking services, are recognized as the services are performed. Revenues from RCS consulting arrangements are recognized as the services are delivered on a time and materials basis. Service fees for hosting arrangements are recognized over the requisite service period. Revenue derived from the licensing of third party software products in connection with sales of the Company’s software licenses is recognized upon delivery together with the Company’s licensed software products. Fees for training, data conversion, installation, and consulting services fees are recognized as revenue when the services are performed. Revenues for maintenance and support services are recognized ratably over the term of the support agreement. Software development arrangements involving significant customization, modification or production are accounted for in accordance with the appropriate technical accounting guidance issued by the FASB using the percentage-of-completion method. The Company recognizes revenue using periodic reported actual hours worked as a percentage of total expected hours required to complete the project arrangement and applies the percentage to the total arrangement fee. Financial exchange revenue is comprised of primarily transaction based fees, recognized at the completion of the transactions, for facilitating financial, travel, and transport transactions through our EbixCash network. Financial and insurance transaction revenue is based on a percentage of payment value processed for inward and outward remittances, foreign exchange conversions, lending and wealth management, insurance, corporate and retail gift vouchers, and consumer payments. Gift voucher revenue is recognized at full purchase value at time of sale with the corresponding cost of vouchers recorded under direct expenses. Travel revenue is typically either a fixed or percentage fee for facilitating the booking for air, hotels, trains, buses, and cabs for both corporate and private travel along with event planning. Travel revenue for the corporate MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions) packages is recognized at full purchase value at the completion of the obligation with the corresponding costs recorded under direct expenses. The transport transactions are focused on logistics for the trucking industry, bus management for local India governments, and inter-city cab management with revenue recorded at the full trip value and corresponding costs recorded as direct expenses. Deferred revenue includes payments or billings that have been received or made prior to performance and, in certain cases, cash collections and primarily pertain to maintenance and support fees, initial setup or registration fees under hosting agreements, software license fees received in advance of delivery and acceptance, and software development fees paid in advance of completion and delivery. Approximately $10.2 million and $5.2 million of deferred revenue were included in billed accounts receivable at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606") . Topic 606 outlines a single comprehensive model for companies to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers, and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net), which amends the principal-versus-agent implementation guidance and in April 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, which amends the guidance in those areas in the new revenue recognition standard. Under Topic 606, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps: • identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; • identification of the performance obligations in the contract; • determination of the transaction price; • allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and • recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. For contracts that contain multiple deliverables, we analyze the revenue arrangements in accordance with the relevant technical accounting guidance, which provides criteria governing how to determine whether goods or services that are delivered separately in a bundled sales arrangement should be considered as separate performance obligations for the purpose of revenue recognition. These types of arrangements include obligations pertaining to software licenses, system set-up, and professional services associated with product customization or modification. Delivery of the various contractual obligations typically occurs over periods of less than eighteen months. These arrangements generally do not have refund provisions or have very limited refund terms. The Company adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method and applying the new standard to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Therefore, the comparative financial information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption resulted in a decrease to retained earnings, net of tax effect, of $8.8 million for the cumulative effect of applying the Topic 606. This decrease was principally driven by the deferral of certain services revenues associated with programming, setup, and implementation activities related to our SaaS offering and changes related to costs to obtain customers, including the related amortization period. Impact of New Revenue Recognition Standard on Financial Statement Line Items The cumulative effect of applying Topic 606 to all contracts was recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as of the adoption date. As a result of applying the modified retrospective method to adopt the new revenue guidance, the following adjustments were made to accounts on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018: Impact of Change in Accounting Policy (In thousands) As Reported December 31, 2017 Adjustments Adjusted January 1, 2018 Other Current Assets 33,532 $ 898 $ 34,430 Current Assets 252,932 898 253,830 Deferred tax asset, net 43,529 2,843 46,372 Other Assets 11,720 1,502 13,222 Total Assets 1,113,013 5,243 1,118,256 Current Deferred Revenue 22,562 5,124 27,686 Current Liabilities 146,932 5,124 152,056 Long Term Deferred Revenue 1,423 8,921 10,344 Total Liabilities 579,254 14,045 593,299 Retained Earnings 510,975 (8,802 ) 502,173 The following tables present the impact of adopting Topic 606 on the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 : Impact of Change in Accounting Policy As Reported For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balances without adoption of Topic 606 Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income (In thousands) Operating Revenue $ 497,826 $ (538 ) $ 497,288 Costs of Services Provided 168,415 (134 ) 168,281 Total Operating Expenses 344,847 (134 ) 344,713 Operating Income 152,979 (404 ) 152,575 Income before income taxes 125,582 (404 ) 125,178 Income tax (expense) benefit (32,501 ) 99 (32,402 ) Net income including non-controlling interest 93,081 (305 ) 92,776 Net income attributable to Ebix, Inc. 93,139 (305 ) 92,834 Basic earnings per common share attributable to Ebix, Inc. 2.97 (0.01 ) 2.96 Diluted Earnings per common share attributable to Ebix, Inc. 2.95 (0.01 ) 2.94 As Reported December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balances without adoption of Topic 606 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (In thousands) Other current assets $ 59,274 $ (862 ) $ 58,412 Total current assets 427,380 (862 ) 426,518 Deferred tax asset, net 54,629 (1,811 ) 52,818 Other assets 26,714 (1,376 ) 25,338 Total assets 1,610,947 (4,049 ) 1,606,898 Current Deferred Revenue 35,609 (4,792 ) 30,817 Total current liabilities 317,428 (4,792 ) 312,636 Long Term Deferred Revenue 9,051 (7,530 ) 1,521 Total liabilities 1,066,510 (12,322 ) 1,054,188 Retained earnings 535,118 8,273 543,391 As Reported for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balances without adoption of Topic 606 Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (In thousands) Net income attributable to Ebix, Inc. $ 93,139 $ (305 ) $ 92,834 Other assets (8,486 ) (134 ) (8,620 ) Deferred Revenue (8,740 ) 1,723 (7,017 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 89,869 1,284 91,153 Disaggregation of Revenue The following tables present revenue disaggregated by primary geographical regions and product channels for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 : Year Ended December 31, 2018 Year Ended December 31, 2017 Year Ended December 31, 2016 in thousands United States $ 196,984 $ 211,895 $ 213,516 Canada 5,611 7,522 6,328 Latin America 19,866 21,128 8,179 Australia 35,770 34,366 31,156 Singapore* 7,674 6,330 5,848 New Zealand 2,015 1,933 1,903 India* 196,372 61,857 14,153 Europe 15,387 17,062 17,211 Indonesia* 7,482 1,055 — Philippines* 6,483 623 — United Arab Emirates* 1,042 200 — Mauritius* 3,140 $ — $ — $ 497,826 $ 363,971 $ 298,294 *India led businesses, except for portion of Singapore which is not part of EbixCash and United Arab Emirate long-lived assets pertain to intellectual property research and development activities located in Dubai which is not part of EbixCash either. Total revenue in the fourth quarter of 2018 for India led businesses was $65.9 million. The Company’s revenues are derived from four product/service groups. Presented in the table below is the breakout of our revenue streams for each of those product/service groups for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . For the Year Ended December 31, (dollar amounts in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Exchanges 396,457 259,470 206,427 Broker P&C Systems 14,379 14,674 14,105 RCS 79,976 86,832 74,196 Carrier P&C Systems 7,014 2,995 3,566 Totals $ 497,826 $ 363,971 $ 298,294 (1) Prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method. Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract The Company capitalizes certain costs in order to maintain the ability to obtain and fulfill new contracts and contract renewals. These costs are primarily related to the setup and customization of our SaaS based platforms and such costs are amortized over the benefit period. Under our treatment prior to implementing Topic 606, these costs were expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2018 the Company had $862 thousand of contract costs in “Other current assets” and $1.4 million in “Other Assets” on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Balance, beginning of period $ — Topic 606 adjustment 2,401 Adjusted beginning balance $ 2,401 Costs recognized from adjusted beginning balance (898 ) Additions, net of costs recognized 735 Balance, end of period $ 2,238 Deferred Revenue The Company records deferred revenue when it receives payments or invoices in advance of the performance of services. A significant portion of this balance relates to contracts where the customer has paid in advance for the use of our SaaS platforms over a specified period of time. This portion is recognized as the related performance obligation is fulfilled (generally less than one year). The remaining portion of the deferred revenue balance consists primarily of customer-specific customizations that are not distinct from related performance obligations that transfer over time. This portion is recognized over the expected useful life of the customizations. (In thousands) December 31, 2018 Balance, beginning of period $ 23,985 Topic 606 adjustment 14,045 Adjusted beginning balance $ 38,030 Revenue recognized from adjusted beginning balance (21,697 ) Additions from business acquisitions 16,273 Additions, net of revenue recognized and currency translation 12,054 Balance, end of period $ 44,660 Revenue Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations The following table presents our estimated revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, representing our “contractually committed” revenue as of December 31, 2018 that we will transfer from deferred revenue and recognize in future periods: Estimated Revenue (in thousands): For the year ending December 31, 2019 4,865 For the year ending December 31, 2020 3,586 For the year ending December 31, 2021 2,385 For the year ending December 31, 2022 1,180 For the year ending December 31, 2023 592 $ 12,608 Our contractually committed revenue, for purposes of the tabular presentation above, is generally limited to service customer contracts with significant programming, setup, and implementation activities related to our SaaS offerings. Our contractually committed revenue amounts generally exclude, based on the following practical expedients that we elected to apply, remaining performance obligations for: (i) contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less; and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount for which we have the right to invoice for services performed. Accounts Receivable and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable —Reported accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 include $139.2 million of trade receivables stated at invoice billed amounts and $35.1 million of unbilled receivables (net of a $7.0 million estimated allowance for doubtful accounts receivable). Reported accounts receivable at December 31, 2017 include $94.5 million of trade receivables stated at invoice billed amounts and $23.3 million of unbilled receivables (net of a $4.1 million estimated allowance for doubtful accounts receivable). The unbilled receivables pertain to certain professional service engagements and system development projects for which the timing of billing is tied to contractual milestones . The Company adheres to suc h contractually stated performance milestones and accordingly issues invoices to customers as per contract billing schedules. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable when the Company has exhausted all reasonable co llection efforts. Management specifically analyzes the aging of accounts receivable and historical bad debts, write-offs, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, current economic trends, and changes in our customer payment patterns when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. Bad debt expense was $3.6 million , $1.7 million , and $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. Costs of Services Provided —Costs of services provided consist of data processing costs, customer support costs including personnel costs to maintain our proprietary databases, costs to provide |