Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Pension Plans The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering certain U.S. and non-U.S. employees. In the third quarter of 2022, we took actions to settle pension plan liabilities related to the U.S. Pension Plus Plan, leading to charges totaling $49.1 million. This led to a reduction of unfunded pension liabilities of $6.2 million. This was a qualified defined benefit pension plan that was previously terminated in the third quarter of 2021, and prior to that point was closed to new participants and had frozen accrual of benefits. The December 31, 2022 benefit obligations for remaining U.S. pension and postretirement plans were calculated using the Pri-2012 mortality table with MP-2021 generational projection. For U.S. pension funding purposes, the Company uses the plan’s IRS-basis current liability as its funding target, which is determined based on mandated assumptions. Benefit accruals under the U.S. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”), which is an unfunded plan, have been frozen. The eligibility, benefit formulas, and contribution requirements for plans outside of the U.S. vary by location. Benefits under the Company's pension plan in Switzerland utilize a cash balance interest crediting rate for determination of plan liabilities. As of December 31, 2022, the benefit obligation for that plan amounted to $2.9 million. In addition to providing pension benefits, the Company provides various medical, dental, and life insurance benefits for certain retired United States employees. U.S. employees hired prior to 2005 may become eligible for these benefits if they reach normal retirement age while working for the Company. Benefits provided under this plan are subject to change. Retirees share in the cost of these benefits. Any new employees hired after January 2005 who wish to be covered under this plan will be responsible for the full cost of such benefits. In September 2008, we changed the cost-sharing arrangement under this program such that increases in health care costs are the responsibility of plan participants. In August 2013, we reduced the life insurance benefit for retirees and eliminated the benefit for active employees. The Company also provides certain postretirement life insurance benefits to retired employees in Canada. As of December 31, 2022, the accrued postretirement liability was $34.8 million in the U.S. and $0.8 million in Canada. The Company accrues the cost of providing postretirement benefits during the active service period of the employees. The Company currently funds the plans as claims are paid. Accounting guidance requires the recognition of the funded status of each defined benefit and other postretirement benefit plan. Each overfunded plan is recognized as an asset and each underfunded plan is recognized as a liability. Company pension plan data for U.S. and non-U.S. plans has been combined for both 2022 and 2021, except where indicated below. The Company’s pension and postretirement benefit costs and benefit obligations are based on actuarial valuations that are affected by many assumptions, the most significant of which are the assumed discount rate, expected rate of return on pension plan assets, and mortality. Each of the assumptions is reviewed and updated annually, as appropriate. The assumed rates of return for pension plan assets are determined for each major asset category based on historical rates of return for assets in that category and expectations of future rates of return based, in part, on simulated future capital market performance. The assumed discount rate is based on yields from a portfolio of currently available high-quality fixed-income investments with durations matching the expected future payments, based on the demographics of the plan participants and the plan provisions. Gains and losses arise from changes in the assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations, and experience different from what had been assumed, including asset returns different than what had been expected. The Company amortizes gains and losses in excess of a “corridor” over the average future service of the plan’s current participants. The corridor is defined as 10 percent of the greater of the plan’s projected benefit obligation or market-related value of plan assets. The market-related value of plan assets is also used to determine the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic cost. The Company’s market-related value for its U.S. plan is measured by first determining the absolute difference between the actual and the expected return on the plan assets. The absolute difference in excess of 5 percent of the expected return is added to the market-related value over two years; the remainder is added to the market-related value immediately. To the extent the Company’s unrecognized net losses and unrecognized prior service costs, including the amount recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income, are not reduced by future favorable plan experience, they will be recognized as a component of the net periodic cost in future years. The following table sets forth the plan benefit obligations: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 230,790 $ 44,884 $ 245,800 $ 47,977 Service cost 1,371 114 2,192 132 Interest cost 4,917 1,221 5,467 1,103 Plan participants' contributions 132 — 175 — Actuarial (gain)/loss (46,995) (6,658) (7,163) (995) Benefits paid (7,946) (3,234) (9,399) (3,338) Settlements and curtailments (90,568) — (3,694) — Plan amendments and other (25) (605) (122) — Foreign currency changes (7,946) (64) (2,466) 5 Benefit obligation, end of year $ 83,730 $ 35,658 $ 230,790 $ 44,884 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 78,153 $ — $ 223,320 $ — Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations, end of year: Discount rate — U.S. plan 5.49 % 5.55 % 2.63 % 2.83 % Discount rate — non-U.S. plans 5.15 % 5.20 % 2.41 % 3.05 % Cash balance interest crediting rate - Switzerland pension plan 2.15 % — 0.25 % — Compensation increase — U.S. plan N/A N/A — — Compensation increase — non-U.S. plans 3.08 % 2.75 % 2.70 % 2.75 % During 2022, pension benefit obligations decrease d by $147 million, $91.6 million of which was related to the US Pension Plus plan settlement, and $47.0 million of which was driven by net actuarial gains, principally resulting from higher discount rates, in addition to employer contributions of $7.9 million. Other postretirement benefit obligations decreased by $9.2 million in 2022, primarily driven by net actuarial gains and payments made by the Company to participants of the plan . During 2021, pension benefit obligations decreased by $15.0 million, $7.2 million of which was driven by net actuarial gains, principally resulting from higher discount rates, in addition to employer contributions of $9.4 million. Other postretirement benefit obligations decreased by $3.1 million in 2021, primarily driven by payments made by the Company to participants of the plans. The following sets forth information about plan assets: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 225,327 $ — $ 239,051 $ — Actual return on plan assets, net of expenses (57,868) — (2,648) — Employer contributions 15,071 3,234 2,431 3,338 Plan participants' contributions 132 — 175 — Benefits paid (7,946) (3,234) (9,399) (3,338) Settlements (90,568) — (3,694) — Foreign currency changes (9,219) — (589) — Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 74,929 $ — $ 225,327 $ — The funded status of the plans was as follows: As of December 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Fair value of plan assets $ 74,929 $ — $ 225,327 $ — Benefit obligation 83,730 35,658 230,790 44,884 Funded status $ (8,801) $ (35,658) $ (5,463) $ (44,884) Accrued benefit cost, end of year $ (8,801) $ (35,658) $ (5,463) $ (44,884) Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet consist of the following: Noncurrent asset $ 16,234 $ — $ 32,504 $ — Current liability (1,974) (3,660) (7,116) (3,627) Noncurrent liability (23,061) (31,998) (30,851) (41,257) Net amount recognized $ (8,801) $ (35,658) $ (5,463) $ (44,884) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Net actuarial loss $ 17,915 $ 8,958 $ 52,138 $ 17,483 Prior service cost/(credit) (134) (4,574) 256 (8,458) Net amount recognized $ 17,781 $ 4,384 $ 52,394 $ 9,025 The composition of the net pension plan funded status as of December 31, 2022 was as follows: (in thousands) U.S. plan Non-U.S. plans Total Pension plans with pension assets $ — $ 16,234 $ 16,234 Pension plans without pension assets (4,161) (20,874) (25,035) Total $ (4,161) $ (4,640) $ (8,801) The net underfunded balance in the U.S. principally relates to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan. The composition of the net periodic benefit plan cost for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was as follows: Pension plans Other postretirement benefits (in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 1,371 $ 2,192 $ 2,279 $ 114 $ 132 $ 200 Interest cost 4,917 5,467 6,172 1,221 1,103 1,712 Expected return on assets (5,979) (6,564) (6,853) — — — Amortization of prior service cost/(credit) (8) 13 14 (4,488) (4,488) (4,488) Amortization of net actuarial loss 1,377 2,365 2,412 1,883 2,260 2,592 Settlement 49,128 — 148 — — — Curtailment (gain)/loss — — 263 — — — Net periodic benefit cost $ 50,806 $ 3,473 $ 4,435 $ (1,270) $ (993) $ 16 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net cost: Discount rate — U.S. plan 2.63 % 2.65 % 3.40 % 2.83 % 2.38 % 3.27 % Discount rate — non-U.S. plans 2.41 % 1.91 % 2.31 % 3.05 % 2.75 % 3.05 % Cash balance interest crediting rate - Switzerland pension plan 0.25 % 0.05 % 0.25 % — — — Expected return on plan assets — U.S. plan 3.07 % 2.74 % 3.54 % — — — Expected return on plan assets — non-U.S. plans 3.31 % 2.89 % 3.45 % — — — Rate of compensation increase — U.S. plan — — — — — — % Rate of compensation increase — non-U.S. plans 2.70 % 2.71 % 2.81 % 2.75 % 2.75 % 3.00 % Pretax (gains)/losses on plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was as follows: Pension plans Other postretirement benefits (in thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Settlements/curtailments $ (49,128) $ — $ (411) $ — $ — $ — Asset/liability loss/(gain) 16,828 1,927 (8,053) (6,658) (995) (4,794) Amortization of actuarial (loss) (1,377) (2,365) (2,412) (1,883) (2,260) (2,592) Amortization of prior service cost/(credit) 8 (13) (14) 3,884 4,488 4,488 Other — — (204) — — — Currency impact (944) (612) 670 15 2 3 Cost/(benefit) in Other comprehensive income $ (34,613) $ (1,063) $ (10,424) $ (4,642) $ 1,235 $ (2,895) Investment Strategy Our investment strategy for pension assets differs for the various countries in which we have defined benefit pension plans. Some of our defined benefit plans do not require funded trusts and, in those arrangements, the Company funds the plans on a “pay as you go” basis. The largest of the funded defined benefit plans is in the United Kingdom. United States plan: Since the settlement of the U.S. Pension Plus Plan during the third quarter of 2022, there have been no investments made to the remaining plans in the United States. Non-United States plans: For the countries in which the Company has funded pension trusts, the investment strategy may also be liability driven or, in other cases, to achieve a competitive, total investment return, achieving diversification between and within asset classes and managing other risks. Investment objectives for each asset class are determined based on specific risks and investment opportunities identified. Actual allocations to each asset class vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to fully implement investment allocation positions, and the timing of benefit payments and contributions. Fair-Value Measurements The following tables present plan assets as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, using the fair-value hierarchy, which has three levels based on the reliability of inputs used, as described in Note 18. Certain investments that are measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient are not required to be categorized in the fair value hierarchy table. The total fair value of these investments is included in the table below to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to amounts presented in the funded status table above. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no investments expected to be sold at a value materially different than NAV. Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Quoted prices in active markets Level 1 Significant other observable inputs Level 2 Significant Total Common Stocks and equity funds $ — $ — $ — $ — Debt securities — 1,003 — 1,003 Insurance contracts — — 2,418 2,418 Cash and short-term investments 548 — — 548 Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 548 $ 1,003 $ 2,418 3,969 Investments at net asset value: Common Stocks and equity funds 13,069 Fixed income funds 57,891 Limited partnerships — Total plan assets $ 74,929 Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Quoted prices in active markets Level 1 Significant other observable inputs Level 2 Significant unobservable inputs Level 3 Total Common Stocks and equity funds $ — $ — $ — $ — Debt securities — 98,252 — 98,252 Insurance contracts — — 3,861 3,861 Cash and short-term investments 724 — — 724 Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 724 $ 98,252 $ 3,861 102,837 Investments at net asset value: Common Stocks and equity funds 18,963 Fixed income funds 101,843 Limited partnerships 1,684 Total plan assets $ 225,327 The following tables present a reconciliation of Level 3 assets held during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Net realized gains Net unrealized gains Net purchases, issuances Net transfers (out of) Level 3 December 31, 2022 Insurance contracts - total level 3 assets $ 3,861 $ — $ 20 $ (1,463) $ — $ 2,418 (in thousands) December 31, 2020 Net realized gains Net unrealized gains Net purchases, issuances and settlements Net transfers (out of) Level 3 December 31, 2021 Insurance contracts - total level 3 assets $ 3,819 $ — $ 24 $ 18 $ — $ 3,861 The asset allocation for the Company’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans for 2022 and 2021, and the target allocation, by asset category, are as follows: United States Plan Non-U.S. Plans Target Allocation Percentage of plan assets at plan measurement date Target Allocation Percentage of plan assets at plan measurement date Asset category 2022 2021 2022 2021 Equity securities N/A N/A — % 14 % 15 % 13 % Debt securities N/A N/A 98 % 81 % 76 % 80 % Real estate N/A N/A 2 % 1 % 1 % 1 % Other (1) N/A N/A — % 4 % 8 % 6 % — % — % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % (1) Other includes hedged equity and absolute return strategies, and private equity. The Company has procedures to closely monitor the performance of these investments and compares asset valuations to audited financial statements of the funds. The targeted plan asset allocation is based on an analysis of the actuarial liabilities, a review of viable asset classes, and an analysis of the expected rate of return, risk, and other investment characteristics of various investment asset classes. At the end of 2022 and 2021, the projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligation and an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets were as follows: Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (in thousands) 2022 2021 Projected benefit obligation $ 28,458 $ 142,007 Fair value of plan assets 3,422 104,041 Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (in thousands) 2022 2021 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 25,941 $ 139,600 Fair value of plan assets 3,422 104,041 Information about expected cash flows for the pension and other benefit obligations are as follows: (in thousands) Pension plans Other postretirement benefits Expected employer contributions and direct employer payments in the next fiscal year $ 2,151 $ 3,660 Expected benefit payments 2023 4,495 3,660 2024 4,809 3,541 2025 5,181 3,408 2026 5,513 3,281 2027 5,337 3,158 2028-2032 29,238 13,928 |