Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)
Operating expenses were $384,519, and $410,024 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively and $762,012 and $831,877 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Income from operations was $178,035 and $27,760 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively, which included $151,701 related to the Employee Retention Credit during the second quarter of 2021. Income from operations was $603,578 and $115,245 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively, which included $407,207 related to the Employee Retention Credit.
Consistent with our growth strategy, we have identified niche markets that can benefit from our expertise in custom powder solutions, such as near infrared doped phosphors and short-wave infrared applications. These applications enable extended life of phosphors for specific nighttime identification needs of defense personnel and first responders.
New initiatives are also being pursued that utilize our vacuum hot press, cold isostatic press, and kilns for development projects, including diffusion bonding. We recently manufactured and sold conductive metal oxides for direct current sputtering of Tungsten Oxide and Molybdenum Oxide materials. We continue to invest in developing new products for all our markets including transparent conductive oxide systems for the solar and display markets as well as with our transparent electronic products. Those products involve research and development expense to accelerate time to market.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three and six months ended June 30, 2021 (unaudited) compared to three and six months ended June 30, 2020 (unaudited):
Revenue
For the three months ended June 30, 2021, we had total revenue of $1,972,049. This was a decrease of $634,538, or 24.3%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we had total revenue of $4,994,359. This was a decrease of $1,051,023, or 17.4%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020. These increases were principally due to lower pricing in 2021, which was partially offset by higher volume and product mix. We anticipate revenue to increase significantly during the third quarter of 2021 based on orders received during the first half of 2021.
Gross profit
Gross profit was $562,554 for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $437,784 for the same three months in 2020. This was an increase of $124,770, or 28.5%. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue (gross margin) was 28.5% for the second quarter of 2021 compared to 16.8% for the same period in 2020. Gross profit was $1,365,590 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to $947,122 for the first six months of 2020. This was an increase of $418,468 or 44.2%. Gross margin was 27.3% for the first six months of 2021 compared to 15.7% for the same period in 2020. These increases were due to volume, product mix, and improved manufacturing efficiency. In addition, $87,287 and $238,275 was related to the Employee Retention Credit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. While we expect revenue and gross profit to increase during the third quarter of 2021, it is anticipated that gross margin will decrease due to higher raw material cost.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, was $283,708 and $272,216, respectively, an increase of 4.2%. General and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, was $571,589 and $555,381, respectively, an increase of 2.9%. Increase in compensation was offset by the Employee Retention Credit of $21,000 during the second quarter of 2021 and $57,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Included in general and administrative expense was $53,561 and $56,555 for professional fees for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively and $124,759 and $120,137 for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively. These continued expenses were primarily related to SEC compliance costs for legal, accounting and stockholder relations fees.