Stock Yards Bancorp (SYBT) 10-Q 2024 Q3 Quarterly report

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

or

☐Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 1-13661

STOCK YARDS BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Kentucky	61-1137529
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1040 East Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky	40206
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (502) 582-2571

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: 

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, no par value	SYBT	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒ Yes   ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  ☒ Yes  ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  ☐ Yes  ☒ No

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock, no par value, as of October 31, 2024, was 29,412,747.

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.	4
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	9
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	57
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.	89
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.	89
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.	89
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	89
Item 5. Other Information	90
Item 6. Exhibits.	90
Signatures	91

2

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The acronyms and abbreviations identified in alphabetical order below are used throughout this Report on Form 10-Q:

Acronym or Term	Definition	Acronym or Term	Definition	Acronym or Term	Definition
ACH	Automatic Clearing House	EVP	Executive Vice President	NPV	Net Present Value
AFS	Available for Sale	FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board	Net Interest Spread	Net Interest Spread (FTE)
APIC	Additional paid-in capital	FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	NM	Not Meaningful
ACL	Allowance for Credit Losses	FFP	Federal Funds Purchased	OAEM	Other Assets Especially Mentioned
AOCI	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	FFS	Federal Funds Sold	OREO	Other Real Estate Owned
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification	FFTR	Federal Funds Target Rate	PPP	SBA Paycheck Protection Program
ASU	Accounting Standards Update	FHA	Federal Housing Authority	PV	Present Value
ATM	Automated Teller Machine	FHC	Financial Holding Company	PCD	Purchased Credit Deteriorated
AUM	Assets Under Management	FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati	PD	Probability of Default
Bancorp / the Company	Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.	FHLMC	Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	Prime	The Wall Street Journal Prime Interest Rate
Bank / SYB	Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company	FICA	Federal Insurance Contributions Act	Provision	Provision for Credit Losses
BOLI	Bank Owned Life Insurance	FNMA	Federal National Mortgage Association	PSU	Performance Stock Unit
BP	Basis Point - 1/100th of one percent	FRB	Federal Reserve Bank	ROA	Return on Average Assets
C&D	Construction and Land Development	FTE	Fully Tax Equivalent	ROE	Return on Average Equity
Captive	SYB Insurance Company, Inc.	GAAP	United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles	RSA	Restricted Stock Award
C&I	Commercial and Industrial	GLB	Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act	RSU	Restricted Stock Unit
CB	Commonwealth Bancshares, Inc. and Commonwealth Bank & Trust Company	GNMA	Government National Mortgage Association	SAB	Staff Accounting Bulletin
CD	Certificate of Deposit	HELOC	Home Equity Line of Credit	SAR	Stock Appreciation Right
CDI	Core Deposit Intangible	HTM	Held to Maturity	SBA	Small Business Administration
CECL	Current Expected Credit Loss (ASC-326)	ITM	Interactive Teller Machine	SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
CEO	Chief Executive Officer	KB	Kentucky Bancshares, Inc. and Kentucky Bank	SOFR	Secured Overnight Financing Right
CFO	Chief Financial Officer	KSB	King Bancorp, Inc. and King Southern Bank	SSUAR	Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
CLI	Customer List Intangible	LGD	Loss Given Default	SVP	Senior Vice President
CRA	Community Reinvestment Act	LFA	Landmark Financial Advisors, LLC	TBA	To Be Annouced
CRE	Commercial Real Estate	LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate	TBOC	The Bank Oldham County
DCF	Discounted Cash Flow	Loans	Loans and Leases	TCE	Tangible Common Equity
DTA	Deferred Tax Asset	MBS	Mortgage Backed Securities	TDR	Troubled Debt Restructuring
DTL	Deferred Tax Liability	MSA	Metropolitan Statistical Area	TPS	Trust Preferred Securities
Dodd-Frank Act	The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act	MSRs	Mortgage Servicing Rights	VA	U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
EPS	Earnings Per Share	Nasdaq	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC	WM&T	Wealth Management and Trust
ESG	Environmental, Social and Governance	NCI	Non-controlling Interest
ETR	Effective Tax Rate	NIM	Net Interest Margin (FTE)

3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

September 30, 2024 (unaudited) and December 31, 2023 (in thousands, except share data)

	September 30,			December 31,
	2024			2023
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	108,825		$	94,466
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks		144,241			171,493
Total cash and cash equivalents		253,066			265,959
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		4,822			6,056
Available for sale debt securities (amortized cost of $958,606 in 2024 and $1,154,153 in 2023, respectively)		861,832			1,031,179
Held to maturity debt securities (fair value of $352,430 in 2024 and $408,519 in 2023, respectively)		374,912			439,837
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		29,419			16,236
Loans		6,278,133			5,771,038
Allowance for credit losses on loans		(85,343	)		(79,374	)
Net loans		6,192,790			5,691,664
Premises and equipment, net		111,335			101,174
Premises held for sale		2,332			2,502
Bank owned life insurance		88,744			86,927
Accrued interest receivable		26,439			26,830
Goodwill		194,074			194,074
Core deposit intangible		9,929			11,944
Customer list intangible		7,220			8,360
Other assets		280,366			287,360
Total assets	$	8,437,280		$	8,170,102
Liabilities
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing	$	1,508,203		$	1,548,624
Interest bearing		5,217,870			5,122,124
Total deposits		6,726,073			6,670,748
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		149,852			152,991
Federal funds purchased		6,442			12,852
Subordinated debentures		26,806			26,740
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		325,000			200,000
Accrued interest payable		2,036			2,094
Other liabilities		266,977			246,574
Total liabilities		7,503,186			7,311,999
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Footnote 12)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, no par value. Authorized 1,000,000 shares; no shares issued or outstanding		—			—
Common stock, no par value. Authorized 40,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 29,414,000 and 29,329,000 shares in 2024 and 2023, respectively		58,886			58,602
Additional paid-in capital		392,965			385,955
Retained earnings		557,516			506,344
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(75,273	)		(92,798	)
Total stockholders’ equity		934,094			858,103
Total liabilities and equity	$	8,437,280		$	8,170,102

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (unaudited)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share data)

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2024			2023		2024			2023
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	95,689		$	78,234	$	271,547		$	219,329
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks		1,946			1,640		6,199			4,885
Mortgage loans held for sale		47			55		152			173
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		663			499		1,601			939
Investment securities:
Taxable		6,918			8,064		21,700			24,809
Tax-exempt		459			433		1,372			1,320
Total interest income		105,722			88,925		302,571			251,455
Interest expense:
Deposits		33,997			21,360		97,486			51,940
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		937			597		2,639			1,429
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings		120			157		395			504
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		5,209			4,917		13,469			10,613
Subordinated debentures		480			579		1,511			1,653
Total interest expense		40,743			27,610		115,500			66,139
Net interest income		64,979			61,315		187,071			185,316
Provision for credit losses		4,325			2,775		7,050			7,750
Net interest income after provision expense		60,654			58,540		180,021			177,566
Non-interest income:
Wealth management and trust services		10,931			10,030		32,497			29,703
Deposit service charges		2,314			2,272		6,630			6,622
Debit and credit card income		5,083			4,870		14,688			14,064
Treasury management fees		2,939			2,635		8,389			7,502
Mortgage banking income		1,112			814		3,077			2,882
Net investment product sales commissions and fees		915			791		2,580			2,345
Bank owned life insurance		634			569		1,817			1,677
Gain (loss) on sale of premises and equipment		(59	)		302		(39	)		75
Other		928			613		2,084			2,933
Total non-interest income		24,797			22,896		71,723			67,803
Non-interest expenses:
Compensation		25,534			23,379		74,389			67,382
Employee benefits		4,629			4,508		15,591			14,622
Net occupancy and equipment		3,775			3,821		11,264			11,234
Technology and communication		4,500			4,236		14,463			12,706
Debit and credit card processing		1,845			1,637		5,402			4,762
Marketing and business development		1,438			1,357		4,109			4,236
Postage, printing and supplies		901			938		2,740			2,701
Legal and professional		968			1,049		3,268			2,665
FDIC insurance		1,095			937		3,368			2,851
Capital and deposit based taxes		825			629		2,128			1,875
Intangible amortization		1,052			1,167		3,155			3,519
Amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships		—			323		—			970
Other		1,890			2,721		6,645			8,293
Total non-interest expenses		48,452			46,702		146,522			137,816
Income before income tax expense		36,999			34,734		105,222			107,553
Income tax expense		7,639			7,642		22,377			23,749
Net income	$	29,360		$	27,092	$	82,845		$	83,804
Net income per share - basic	$	1.00		$	0.93	$	2.83		$	2.87
Net income per share - diluted	$	1.00		$	0.92	$	2.82		$	2.86
Weighted average outstanding shares
Basic		29,299			29,223		29,277			29,208
Diluted		29,445			29,336		29,396			29,347

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (unaudited)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands)

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net income	$	29,360		$	27,092		$	82,845		$	83,804
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities		32,948			(29,915	)		26,200			(22,113	)
Change in fair value of derivatives used in cash flow hedge		(6,757	)		2,759			(2,929	)		5,670
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income tax effect		26,191			(27,156	)		23,271			(16,443	)
Income tax effect		6,484			(6,667	)		5,746			(4,074	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) net of tax		19,707			(20,489	)		17,525			(12,369	)
Comprehensive income	$	49,067		$	6,603		$	100,370		$	71,435

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited)

For the three and nine months ended September, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share data)

													Accumulated
	Common stock						Additional						other			Total
	Shares						paid-in			Retained			comprehensive			stockholders'
	outstanding			Amount			capital			earnings			income (loss)			equity
Balance, January 1, 2024		29,329		$	58,602		$	385,955		$	506,344		$	(92,798	)	$	858,103
Activity for three months ended March 31, 2024:
Net income		—			—			—			25,887			—			25,887
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(2,256	)		(2,256	)
Stock compensation expense		—			—			942			—			—			942
Reclassification adjustment - ASU 2023-02		—			—			—			2,482			—			2,482
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		65			212			2,825			(4,675	)		—			(1,638	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.30 per share		—			—			—			(8,809	)		—			(8,809	)
Shares cancelled		(1	)		(2	)		(37	)		39			—			—
Balance, March 31, 2024		29,393		$	58,812		$	389,685		$	521,268		$	(95,054	)	$	874,711
Activity for three months ended June 30, 2024:
Net income		—			—			—			27,598			—			27,598
Other comprehensive income		—			—			—			—			74			74
Stock compensation expense		—			—			1,008			—			—			1,008
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		1			3			38			(90	)		—			(49	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.30 per share		—			—			—			(8,807	)		—			(8,807	)
Shares cancelled		(6	)		(18	)		(277	)		295			—			—
Balance, June 30, 2024		29,388		$	58,797		$	390,454		$	540,264		$	(94,980	)	$	894,535
Activity for three months ended September 30, 2024:
Net income		—			—			—			29,360			—			29,360
Other comprehensive income		—			—			—			—			19,707			19,707
Stock compensation expense		—			—			922			—			—			922
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		27			91			1,624			(3,030	)		—			(1,315	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.31 per share		—			—			—			(9,115	)		—			(9,115	)
Shares cancelled		(1	)		(2	)		(35	)		37			—			-
Balance, September 30, 2024		29,414		$	58,886		$	392,965		$	557,516		$	(75,273	)	$	934,094

(continued)

7

(continued)

													Accumulated
	Common stock						Additional						other			Total
	Shares						paid-in			Retained			comprehensive			stockholders'
	outstanding			Amount			capital			earnings			income (loss)			equity
Balance, January 1, 2023		29,259		$	58,367		$	377,703		$	439,898		$	(115,536	)	$	760,432
Activity for three months ended March 31, 2023:
Net income		—			—			—			29,048			—			29,048
Other comprehensive income		—			—			—			—			14,593			14,593
Stock compensation expense		—			—			1,152			—			—			1,152
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		66			217			3,557			(6,143	)		—			(2,369	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.29 per share		—			—			—			(8,489	)		—			(8,489	)
Shares cancelled		(1	)		(2	)		(21	)		24			—			1
Balance, March 31, 2023		29,324		$	58,582		$	382,391		$	454,338		$	(100,943	)	$	794,368
Activity for three months ended June 30, 2023:
Net income		—			—			—			27,664			—			27,664
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(6,473	)		(6,473	)
Stock compensation expense		—			—			1,035			—			—			1,035
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		—			2			26			(39	)		—			(11	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.29 per share		—			—			—			(8,501	)		—			(8,501	)
Shares cancelled		—			(4	)		(65	)		69			—			—
Balance, June 30, 2023		29,324		$	58,580		$	383,387		$	473,531		$	(107,416	)	$	808,082
Activity for three months ended September 30, 2023:
Net income		—			—			—			27,092			—			27,092
Other comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			(20,489	)		(20,489	)
Stock compensation expense		—			—			1,032			—			—			1,032
Stock issued for share-based awards, net of withholdings to satisfy employee tax obligations		—			—			(2	)		—			—			(2	)
Cash dividends declared, $0.30 per share		—			—			—			(8,797	)		—			(8,797	)
Shares cancelled		(1	)		(1	)		(18	)		19			—			—
Balance, September 30, 2023		29,323		$	58,579		$	384,399		$	491,845		$	(127,905	)	$	806,918

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands)

	2024			2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	82,845		$	83,804
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		7,050			7,750
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net		10,410			15,356
Deferred income tax benefit		(2,222	)		(883	)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale		(1,868	)		(1,251	)
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale		(78,742	)		(86,100	)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale		81,844			83,422
Bank owned life insurance income		(1,817	)		(1,677	)
Loss (gain) on the sale of premises and equipment		39			(75	)
Loss on other real estate owned		—			250
Stock compensation expense		2,872			3,219
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation arrangements		(669	)		(579	)
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets		6,326			(106,238	)
Net change in accrued interest payable and other liabilities		17,865			79,409
Net cash provided by operating activities		123,933			76,407
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available for sale debt securities		—			(6,025	)
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of available for sale debt securities		193,504			106,806
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of held to maturity debt securities		65,195			28,196
Purchases of FHLB stock		(33,711	)		(28,800	)
Proceeds from redemption of FHLB stock		20,528			13,487
Net change in loans		(506,484	)		(414,908	)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(6,570	)		(5,536	)
Proceeds from sale or disposal of premises and equipment		223			1,732
Other investment activities		(10,547	)		(12,339	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(277,862	)		(317,387	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits		55,325			11,555
Net change in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased		(9,549	)		(16,719	)
Proceeds from FHLB advances		2,500,000			2,150,000
Repayments of FHLB advances		(2,375,000	)		(1,850,000	)
Repurchase of common stock		(3,002	)		(2,382	)
Cash dividends paid		(26,738	)		(25,804	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		141,036			266,650
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(12,893	)		25,670
Beginning cash and cash equivalents		265,959			167,367
Ending cash and cash equivalents	$	253,066		$	193,037

(continued)

9

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited) (continued)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands)

Supplemental cash flow information:	2024		2023
Interest paid	$	115,558	$	64,963
Income taxes paid, net of refunds		13,143		28,460
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities		3,567		3,111
Supplemental non-cash activity:
Change in unfunded commitments in tax credit investments	$	9,250	$	100,046
Dividends payable to stockholders		232		212
Premises and equipment transferred to premises held for sale		—		715

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)

(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company. The condensed consolidated financial statements in this report have not been audited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position and the result of operations for the interim periods have been made. All such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

To prepare the condensed consolidated financial statements, management must make estimates and assumptions that may require difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. Estimates are susceptible to material changes as a result of changes in facts and circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates, and the results of operations for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 do not necessarily indicate the results that Bancorp will achieve for the year ended December 31, 2024, or any other interim period.

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the rules and regulations for Form 10-Q as adopted by the SEC. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with Bancorp’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, which contain the latest audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

Adoption of New Accounting Guidance – Bancorp continually monitors potential accounting pronouncements and evaluates the impact that adoption of new guidance will have on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method.” The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met, regardless of the tax credit program from which the related income tax credits are received. The amendments also allow for making the election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis, as opposed to applying this method at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. Further, the amendments of this ASU remove certain guidance for Qualified Affordable Housing Project investments and require the application of the delayed equity contribution guidance to all tax equity investments. The amendments of this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis.

Bancorp adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2024 using the modified retrospective basis. The impact of adoption was measured as of January 1, 2024 and resulted in a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. This adjustment ultimately increased total stockholders equity by $2.5 million and included the write-off of DTAs for qualified tax credit investments. Also as a result of adoption, Bancorp began booking related tax credit amortization expense as a component of income tax expense effective January 1, 2024, which had previously been recorded as a component of non-interest expenses. No prior periods presented were impacted as a result of adopting ASU 2023-02.

Accounting Standards Updates – Generally, if an issued but not yet effective ASU with an expected immaterial impact to Bancorp has been disclosed in prior SEC filings, it will not be re-disclosed.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in this update improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. The amendments in this update do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments of this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in this update address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures, primarily related to effective tax rate reconciliation and information related to income taxes paid, among certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of such disclosures. The amendments of this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and are to be applied on a prospective basis. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

11

(2) Investment Securities

Debt securities purchased in which Bancorp has the intent and ability to hold to their maturity are classified as HTM securities. All other investment securities are classified as AFS securities.

AFS Debt Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of Bancorp’s AFS debt securities portfolio:

(in thousands)	Amortized		Unrealized
September 30, 2024	cost		Gains		Losses			Fair value
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	19,999	$	-	$	(33	)	$	19,966
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		90,295		127		(3,527	)		86,895
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		714,538		253		(82,543	)		632,248
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		130,055		5		(10,863	)		119,197
Other		3,719		-		(193	)		3,526
Total available for sale debt securities	$	958,606	$	385	$	(97,159	)	$	861,832
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	119,931	$	-	$	(3,662	)	$	116,269
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		104,677		157		(4,987	)		99,847
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		789,145		83		(101,189	)		688,039
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		136,579		5		(13,094	)		123,490
Other		3,821		-		(287	)		3,534
Total available for sale debt securities	$	1,154,153	$	245	$	(123,219	)	$	1,031,179

HTM Debt Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, unrecognized gains and losses, and fair value of Bancorp’s HTM debt securities portfolio:

(in thousands)	Carrying		Unrecognized
September 30, 2024	value		Gains		Losses			Fair value
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	153,692	$	-	$	(1,539	)	$	152,153
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		25,726		-		(1,478	)		24,248
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		195,494		3		(19,468	)		176,029
Total held to maturity debt securities	$	374,912	$	3	$	(22,485	)	$	352,430
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	203,259	$	-	$	(4,932	)	$	198,327
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		26,918		-		(2,457	)		24,461
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		209,660		1		(23,930	)		185,731
Total held to maturity debt securities	$	439,837	$	1	$	(31,319	)	$	408,519

All investment securities classified as HTM by Bancorp as of September 30, 2024 are obligations of the U.S. Government and/or are issued by U.S. Government-sponsored agencies and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee. Therefore, no ACL has been recorded for Bancorp’s HTM securities as of September 30, 2024. Further, as of September 30, 2024, none of Bancorp’s HTM securities were in non-accrual or past due status.

12

Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity

A summary of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2024 follows:

	AFS Debt Securities				HTM Debt Securities
(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value
Due within one year	$	25,215	$	25,144	$	151,741	$	150,265
Due after one year but within five years		35,528		34,296		2,644		2,565
Due after five years but within 10 years		94,000		84,166		24,542		23,092
Due after 10 years		89,325		85,978		491		479
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		714,538		632,248		195,494		176,029
Total	$	958,606	$	861,832	$	374,912	$	352,430

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The investment portfolio includes MBS, which are guaranteed by agencies such as FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA. These securities differ from traditional debt securities primarily in that they may have uncertain principal payment dates and are priced based on estimated prepayment rates on the underlying collateral.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no holdings of debt securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

Accrued interest on the investment securities portfolio (AFS and HTM) totaled $4 million and $6 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on the investment securities portfolios is included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Securities with a carrying value of $834 million and $991 million were pledged at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, to secure accounts of commercial depositors in cash management accounts, public deposits and uninsured cash balances for certain WM&T accounts.

Based on an evaluation of available information including security type, counterparty credit quality, past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that are relevant to collectability, Bancorp has concluded that it expects to receive all contractual cash flows from each security held in its AFS and HTM debt securities portfolio. As such, no allowance or impairment was recorded with respect to investment securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

13

Unrealized and Unrecognized Loss Analysis on Debt Securities

Debt securities with unrealized and unrecognized losses at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position follows:

	AFS Debt Securities
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
(in thousands)	Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized
September 30, 2024	value		losses			value		losses			value		losses
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	-	$	-		$	19,966	$	(33	)	$	19,966	$	(33	)
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		5,916		(16	)		77,159		(3,511	)		83,075		(3,527	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies		-		-			607,428		(82,543	)		607,428		(82,543	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		7,751		(69	)		100,646		(10,794	)		108,397		(10,863	)
Other		-		-			3,526		(193	)		3,526		(193	)
Total AFS debt securities	$	13,667	$	(85	)	$	808,725	$	(97,074	)	$	822,392	$	(97,159	)
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	-	$	-		$	116,269	$	(3,662	)	$	116,269	$	(3,662	)
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		-		-			83,675		(4,987	)		83,675		(4,987	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies		16,346		(95	)		661,195		(101,094	)		677,541		(101,189	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		6,326		(64	)		105,179		(13,030	)		111,505		(13,094	)
Other		-		-			3,534		(287	)		3,534		(287	)
Total AFS debt securities	$	22,672	$	(159	)	$	969,852	$	(123,060	)	$	992,524	$	(123,219	)

	HTM Debt Securities
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
(in thousands)	Fair		Unrecognized			Fair		Unrecognized			Fair		Unrecognized
September 30, 2024	value		losses			value		losses			value		losses
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	-	$	-		$	152,153	$	(1,539	)	$	152,153	$	(1,539	)
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		402		(4	)		23,825		(1,474	)		24,227		(1,478	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies		-		-			175,821		(19,468	)		175,821		(19,468	)
Total HTM debt securities	$	402	$	(4	)	$	351,799	$	(22,481	)	$	352,201	$	(22,485	)
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	-	$	-		$	198,327	$	(4,932	)	$	198,327	$	(4,932	)
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		455		(1	)		23,967		(2,456	)		24,422		(2,457	)
Mortgage-backed securities - government agencies		-		-			185,504		(23,930	)		185,504		(23,930	)
Total HTM debt securities	$	455	$	(1	)	$	407,798	$	(31,318	)	$	408,253	$	(31,319	)

14

Applicable dates for determining when securities are in unrealized and unrecognized loss positions are September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value lower than its amortized cost on other days during the past 12 months, but is not in the “Less than 12 months” category of the preceding table.

For debt securities with unrealized and unrecognized loss positions, Bancorp evaluates the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in AOCI, net of tax. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL for debt securities on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Both the ACL and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if Bancorp intends to sell an impaired debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount would be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there is no ACL in this situation.

In evaluating debt securities in unrealized and unrecognized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, Bancorp considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors. Unrealized and unrecognized losses on Bancorp’s investment securities portfolio have not been recognized as an expense because the securities are of high credit quality, and the decline in fair values is attributable to changes in the prevailing interest rate environment since the purchase date. Fair value is expected to recover as securities reach maturity and/or the interest rate environment returns to conditions similar to when these securities were purchased. These investments consisted of 465 and 498 separate investment positions as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. By dollar value, approximately 97% and 98% of the debt securities portfolio was in an loss position as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There were no credit related factors underlying unrealized and unrecognized losses on debt securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

15

(3) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

Composition of loans by class follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	1,686,448	$	1,561,689
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		949,538		907,424
Total commercial real estate		2,635,986		2,469,113
Commercial and industrial - term		865,384		867,380
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		513,909		439,748
Total commercial and industrial		1,379,293		1,307,128
Residential real estate - owner occupied		783,337		708,893
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		381,051		358,715
Total residential real estate		1,164,388		1,067,608
Construction and land development		674,918		531,324
Home equity lines of credit		236,819		211,390
Consumer		143,684		145,340
Leases		16,760		15,503
Credits cards		26,285		23,632
Total loans (1)	$	6,278,133	$	5,771,038

(1) Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net loan origination fees and costs.

Accrued interest receivable on loans, which is excluded from the amortized cost of loans, totaled $22 million and $21 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Loans with carrying amounts of $3.32 billion and $3.15 billion were pledged to secure FHLB borrowing capacity at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Loans to directors and their related interests, including loans to companies for which directors are principal owners and executive officers, totaled $74 million and $62 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

16

ACL for Loans

The tables below reflects activity in the ACL for loans:

(in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2024	Beginning Balance		Provision for Credit Losses on Loans			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	13,032	$	278		$	-		$	18	$	13,328
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		9,719		(352	)		-			-		9,367
Total commercial real estate		22,751		(74	)		-			18		22,695
Commercial and industrial - term		21,629		201			(658	)		67		21,239
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		5,825		677			-			-		6,502
Total commercial and industrial		27,454		878			(658	)		67		27,741
Residential real estate - owner occupied		13,325		1,011			(395	)		4		13,945
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		4,248		685			-			7		4,940
Total residential real estate		17,573		1,696			(395	)		11		18,885
Construction and land development		10,029		1,622			-			-		11,651
Home equity lines of credit		1,147		87			-			-		1,234
Consumer		2,552		(6	)		(193	)		107		2,460
Leases		411		(9	)		-			-		402
Credit cards		238		131			(99	)		5		275
Total	$	82,155	$	4,325		$	(1,345	)	$	208	$	85,343

(in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024	Beginning Balance		Provision for Credit Losses on Loans			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	22,133	$	(8,856	)	$	-		$	51	$	13,328
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		11,667		(2,349	)		-			49		9,367
Total commercial real estate		33,800		(11,205	)		-			100		22,695
Commercial and industrial - term		14,359		7,006			(748	)		622		21,239
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		6,495		(197	)		-			204		6,502
Total commercial and industrial		20,854		6,809			(748	)		826		27,741
Residential real estate - owner occupied		9,316		5,021			(416	)		24		13,945
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		4,282		651			-			7		4,940
Total residential real estate		13,598		5,672			(416	)		31		18,885
Construction and land development		7,593		4,058			-			-		11,651
Home equity lines of credit		1,660		(428	)		-			2		1,234
Consumer		1,407		1,294			(606	)		365		2,460
Leases		220		182			-			-		402
Credit cards		242		193			(184	)		24		275
Total	$	79,374	$	6,575		$	(1,954	)	$	1,348	$	85,343

17

(in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2023	Beginning Balance		Provision for Credit Losses on Loans			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	21,773	$	(420	)	$	-		$	17	$	21,370
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		11,557		1,088			-			6		12,651
Total commercial real estate		33,330		668			-			23		34,021
Commercial and industrial - term		14,792		1,026			(1,878	)		16		13,956
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		6,503		(158	)		-			1		6,346
Total commercial and industrial		21,295		868			(1,878	)		17		20,302
Residential real estate - owner occupied		8,835		278			-			6		9,119
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		4,169		55			-			-		4,224
Total residential real estate		13,004		333			-			6		13,343
Construction and land development		6,752		227			-			-		6,979
Home equity lines of credit		1,609		(7	)		-			-		1,602
Consumer		1,285		184			(232	)		131		1,368
Leases		205		7			-			-		212
Credit cards		230		20			(5	)		3		248
Total	$	77,710	$	2,300		$	(2,115	)	$	180	$	78,075

(in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	Beginning Balance		Provision for Credit Losses on Loans			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	22,641	$	(1,324	)	$	-		$	53	$	21,370
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		10,827		1,818			-			6		12,651
Total commercial real estate		33,468		494			-			59		34,021
Commercial and industrial - term		12,991		2,955			(2,006	)		16		13,956
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		6,389		(193	)		-			150		6,346
Total commercial and industrial		19,380		2,762			(2,006	)		166		20,302
Residential real estate - owner occupied		6,717		2,418			(43	)		27		9,119
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		3,597		625			-			2		4,224
Total residential real estate		10,314		3,043			(43	)		29		13,343
Construction and land development		7,186		(207	)		-			-		6,979
Home equity lines of credit		1,613		1			(12	)		-		1,602
Consumer		1,158		473			(639	)		376		1,368
Leases		201		11			-			-		212
Credit cards		211		123			(105	)		19		248
Total	$	73,531	$	6,700		$	(2,805	)	$	649	$	78,075

18

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of non-performing loans and the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status for which there was no related ACL losses:

	Non-accrual Loans				Past Due 90-Days-
(in thousands)	With No		Total		or-More and Still
September 30, 2024	Recorded ACL		Non-accrual		Accruing Interest
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	304	$	1,055	$	—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		688		1,499		90
Total commercial real estate		992		2,554		90
Commercial and industrial - term		4,174		6,260		548
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial		4,174		6,260		548
Residential real estate - owner occupied		498		6,514		—
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		—		540		128
Total residential real estate		498		7,054		128
Construction and land development		—		—		—
Home equity lines of credit		—		90		—
Consumer		—		330		5
Leases		—		—		—
Credit cards		—		—		99
Total	$	5,664	$	16,288	$	870

	Non-accrual Loans				Past Due 90-Days-
(in thousands)	With No		Total		or-More and Still
December 31, 2023	Recorded ACL		Non-accrual		Accruing Interest
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	1,714	$	8,649	$	—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		885		—
Total commercial real estate		1,714		9,534		—
Commercial and industrial - term		688		4,456		—
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		—		215		—
Total commercial and industrial		688		4,671		—
Residential real estate - owner occupied		230		3,667		—
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		—		372		—
Total residential real estate		230		4,039		—
Construction and land development		—		—		—
Home equity lines of credit		343		467		—
Consumer		—		337		—
Leases		—		—		—
Credit cards		—		10		110
Total	$	2,975	$	19,058	$	110

For the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of accrued interest income previously recorded as revenue and subsequently reversed due to the change in accrual status was immaterial.

For the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, no interest income was recognized on loans on non-accrual status.

19

The following table presents the amortized cost basis and ACL allocated for collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses:

(in thousands) September 30, 2024	Real Estate		Accounts Receivable / Equipment		Other		Total		ACL Allocation
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	7,607	$	-	$	-	$	7,607	$	1,007
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		2,055		-		-		2,055		308
Total commercial real estate		9,662		-		-		9,662		1,315
Commercial and industrial - term		1,425		4,815		-		6,240		810
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		2,151		200		-		2,351		605
Total commercial and industrial		3,576		5,015		-		8,591		1,415
Residential real estate - owner occupied		5,997		-		-		5,997		198
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		1,082		-		-		1,082		596
Total residential real estate		7,079		-		-		7,079		794
Construction and land development		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		90		-		-		90		-
Consumer		-		-		328		328		10
Leases		-		-		-		-		-
Credit cards		-		-		-		-		-
Total collateral dependent loans	$	20,407	$	5,015	$	328	$	25,750	$	3,534

(in thousands) December 31, 2023	Real Estate		Accounts Receivable / Equipment		Other		Total		ACL Allocation
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	15,419	$	-	$	-	$	15,419	$	1,604
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		2,586		-		-		2,586		812
Total commercial real estate		18,005		-		-		18,005		2,416
Commercial and industrial - term		302		4,088		-		4,390		377
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		2,781		101		-		2,882		708
Total commercial and industrial		3,083		4,189		-		7,272		1,085
Residential real estate - owner occupied		4,205		-		-		4,205		198
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		558		-		-		558		116
Total residential real estate		4,763		-		-		4,763		314
Construction and land development		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		467		-		-		467		-
Consumer		-		-		335		335		18
Leases		-		-		-		-		-
Credit cards		-		-		-		-		-
Total collateral dependent loans	$	26,318	$	4,189	$	335	$	30,842	$	3,833

20

The following tables present the aging of contractually past due loans by portfolio class:

(in thousands)			30-59 days		60-89 days		90 or more		Total Past		Total
September 30, 2024	Current		Past Due		Past Due		days Past Due		Due Loans		Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	1,681,673	$	3	$	4,236	$	536	$	4,775	$	1,686,448
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		947,516		1,116		62		844		2,022		949,538
Total commercial real estate		2,629,189		1,119		4,298		1,380		6,797		2,635,986
Commercial and industrial - term		861,691		235		—		3,458		3,693		865,384
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		513,589		—		320		—		320		513,909
Total commercial and industrial		1,375,280		235		320		3,458		4,013		1,379,293
Residential real estate - owner occupied		769,158		7,013		3,721		3,445		14,179		783,337
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		379,813		—		648		590		1,238		381,051
Total residential real estate		1,148,971		7,013		4,369		4,035		15,417		1,164,388
Construction and land development		674,838		80		—		—		80		674,918
Home equity lines of credit		236,664		130		—		25		155		236,819
Consumer		142,722		450		214		298		962		143,684
Leases		16,760		—		—		—		—		16,760
Credit cards		25,908		208		70		99		377		26,285
Total	$	6,250,332	$	9,235	$	9,271	$	9,295	$	27,801	$	6,278,133

(in thousands)			30-59 days		60-89 days		90 or more		Total Past		Total
December 31, 2023	Current		Past Due		Past Due		days Past Due		Due Loans		Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	1,558,756	$	768	$	318	$	1,847	$	2,933	$	1,561,689
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		906,385		758		260		21		1,039		907,424
Total commercial real estate		2,465,141		1,526		578		1,868		3,972		2,469,113
Commercial and industrial - term		866,089		244		2		1,045		1,291		867,380
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		439,671		77		—		—		77		439,748
Total commercial and industrial		1,305,760		321		2		1,045		1,368		1,307,128
Residential real estate - owner occupied		699,475		5,290		1,612		2,516		9,418		708,893
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		357,763		621		94		237		952		358,715
Total residential real estate		1,057,238		5,911		1,706		2,753		10,370		1,067,608
Construction and land development		531,324		—		—		—		—		531,324
Home equity lines of credit		210,823		67		33		467		567		211,390
Consumer		144,640		258		145		297		700		145,340
Leases		15,503		—		—		—		—		15,503
Credit cards		23,287		191		44		110		345		23,632
Total	$	5,753,716	$	8,274	$	2,508	$	6,540	$	17,322	$	5,771,038

21

Loan Risk Ratings

Consistent with regulatory guidance, Bancorp categorizes loans into credit risk rating categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends. Pass-rated loans include all risk-rated loans other than those classified as OAEM, substandard, and doubtful, which are defined below:

OAEM – Loans classified as OAEM have potential weaknesses requiring management's heightened attention. These potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of repayment prospects for the loan or of Bancorp's credit position at some future date.

Substandard – Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the paying capacity of the obligor or of collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize ultimate repayment of the debt. Default is a distinct possibility if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Substandard non-performing – Loans classified as substandard non-performing have all the characteristics of substandard loans and have been placed on non-accrual status. Loans are usually placed on non-accrual status when prospects for recovering both principal and accrued interest are considered doubtful or when a default of principal or interest has existed for 90 days or more.

Doubtful – Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. A loan is typically charged off once it is classified as doubtful.

Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal of loan constitutes a current period origination. Current period renewals of credit are re-underwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. Bancorp has elected not to disclose revolving loans that have converted to term loans, as activity relating to this disclosure, which is included in the tables is currently immaterial to Bancorp’s loan portfolio and is expected to be in the future.

22

As of September 30, 2024, the risk rating of loans based on year of origination was as follows:

																	Revolving
																	loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																amortized
September 30, 2024	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020		Prior		cost basis		Total
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass	$	267,099		$	277,576		$	389,227		$	281,697		$	201,923	$	186,615	$	29,562	$	1,633,699
OAEM		10,138			3,299			-			10,788			1,687		16,264		-		42,176
Substandard		329			-			3,472			983			-		4,636		98		9,518
Substandard non-performing		-			-			175			-			-		880		-		1,055
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-		-		-		-
Total Commercial real estate non-owner occupied	$	277,566		$	280,875		$	392,874		$	293,468		$	203,610	$	208,395	$	29,660	$	1,686,448
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass	$	87,386		$	142,309		$	171,652		$	177,702		$	159,819	$	155,188	$	19,200	$	913,256
OAEM		2,465			2,175			4,127			1,637			723		836		-		11,963
Substandard		5,377			8,175			3,782			2,166			3,083		237		-		22,820
Substandard non-performing		688			-			-			745			66		-		-		1,499
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-		-		-		-
Total Commercial real estate owner occupied	$	95,916		$	152,659		$	179,561		$	182,250		$	163,691	$	156,261	$	19,200	$	949,538
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Commercial and industrial - term:
Risk rating
Pass	$	201,368		$	188,227		$	242,852		$	137,162		$	39,052	$	39,779	$	-	$	848,440
OAEM		4,239			1,842			706			20			-		-		-		6,807
Substandard		-			344			-			3,272			13		248		-		3,877
Substandard non-performing		4,337			327			791			-			718		87		-		6,260
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-		-		-		-
Total Commercial and industrial - term	$	209,944		$	190,740		$	244,349		$	140,454		$	39,783	$	40,114	$	-	$	865,384
Current period gross charge offs	$	(414	)	$	(250	)	$	(6	)	$	(78	)	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	(748	)
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass	$	54,651		$	12,189		$	8,553		$	2,724		$	313	$	7,044	$	385,822	$	471,296
OAEM		7,448			-			-			-			-		-		23,972		31,420
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-		-		11,193		11,193
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-		-		-		-
Total Commercial and industrial - lines of credit	$	62,099		$	12,189		$	8,553		$	2,724		$	313	$	7,044	$	420,987	$	513,909
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

(continued)

23

(continued)

																			Revolving
																			loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																		amortized
September 30, 2024	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020			Prior			cost basis			Total
Residential real estate - owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass	$	125,235		$	159,671		$	166,028		$	162,706		$	80,459		$	82,282		$	-		$	776,381
OAEM		-			-			-			85			-			-			-			85
Substandard		-			-			13			-			-			344			-			357
Substandard non-performing		902			2,257			1,888			237			9			1,221			-			6,514
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Residential real estate - owner occupied	$	126,137		$	161,928		$	167,929		$	163,028		$	80,468		$	83,847		$	-		$	783,337
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	(409	)	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(7	)	$	-		$	(416	)
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass	$	65,120		$	70,070		$	76,275		$	73,256		$	43,218		$	51,365		$	-		$	379,304
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			518			-			518
Substandard		-			571			-			-			-			118			-			689
Substandard non-performing		-			-			219			17			-			304			-			540
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Residential real estate - non-owner occupied	$	65,120		$	70,641		$	76,494		$	73,273		$	43,218		$	52,305		$	-		$	381,051
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Construction and land development
Risk rating
Pass	$	166,103		$	240,752		$	179,786		$	59,783		$	1,404		$	3,755		$	16,356		$	667,939
OAEM		5,980			-			-			-			-			-			-			5,980
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			999			999
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Construction and land development	$	172,083		$	240,752		$	179,786		$	59,783		$	1,404		$	3,755		$	17,355		$	674,918
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Home equity lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	235,547		$	235,547
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			1,146			1,146
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			36			36
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			90			90
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Home equity lines of credit	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	236,819		$	236,819
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Consumer
Risk rating
Pass	$	19,321		$	20,397		$	13,953		$	6,812		$	1,474		$	1,344		$	80,053		$	143,354
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard non-performing		118			11			107			35			24			35			-			330
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Consumer	$	19,439		$	20,408		$	14,060		$	6,847		$	1,498		$	1,379		$	80,053		$	143,684
Current period gross charge offs	$	(495	)	$	(17	)	$	(12	)	$	(21	)	$	(7	)	$	(45	)	$	(9	)	$	(606	)

(continued)

24

(continued)

																			Revolving
																			loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																		amortized
September 30, 2024	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020			Prior			cost basis			Total
Leases
Risk rating
Pass	$	5,050		$	5,761		$	2,058		$	1,613		$	754		$	54		$	-		$	15,290
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		38			-			639			601			192			-			-			1,470
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Leases	$	5,088		$	5,761		$	2,697		$	2,214		$	946		$	54		$	-		$	16,760
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Credit cards
Risk rating
Pass	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	26,285		$	26,285
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Credit cards	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	26,285		$	26,285
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(184	)	$	(184	)
Total loans
Risk rating
Pass	$	991,333		$	1,116,952		$	1,250,384		$	903,455		$	528,416		$	527,426		$	792,825		$	6,110,791
OAEM		30,270			7,316			4,833			12,530			2,410			17,618			25,118			100,095
Substandard		5,744			9,090			7,906			7,022			3,288			5,583			12,326			50,959
Substandard non-performing		6,045			2,595			3,180			1,034			817			2,527			90			16,288
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Loans	$	1,033,392		$	1,135,953		$	1,266,303		$	924,041		$	534,931		$	553,154		$	830,359		$	6,278,133
Current period gross charge offs	$	(909	)	$	(676	)	$	(18	)	$	(99	)	$	(7	)	$	(52	)	$	(193	)	$	(1,954	)

25

As of December 31, 2023, the risk rating of loans based on year of origination was as follows:

																			Revolving
																			loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																		amortized
December 31, 2023	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			Prior			cost basis			Total
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass	$	302,787		$	370,728		$	346,600		$	220,144		$	122,732		$	136,624		$	26,187		$	1,525,802
OAEM		76			-			2,902			-			1,947			3,727			-			8,652
Substandard		290			1,093			997			3,587			12,278			243			98			18,586
Substandard non-performing		5,806			286			-			-			1,472			1,085			-			8,649
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Commercial real estate non-owner occupied	$	308,959		$	372,107		$	350,499		$	223,731		$	138,429		$	141,679		$	26,285		$	1,561,689
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass	$	148,498		$	164,087		$	191,350		$	179,450		$	90,575		$	100,988		$	13,941		$	888,889
OAEM		4,175			221			592			757			395			691			-			6,831
Substandard		1,675			4,258			-			4,370			458			58			-			10,819
Substandard non-performing		-			21			793			71			-			-			-			885
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Commercial real estate owner occupied	$	154,348		$	168,587		$	192,735		$	184,648		$	91,428		$	101,737		$	13,941		$	907,424
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Commercial and industrial - term:
Risk rating
Pass	$	279,002		$	298,204		$	172,288		$	56,949		$	24,939		$	26,790		$	-		$	858,172
OAEM		585			819			2,520			87			139			-			-			4,150
Substandard		218			80			31			-			-			273			-			602
Substandard non-performing		3,395			592			29			338			101			1			-			4,456
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Commercial and industrial - term	$	283,200		$	299,695		$	174,868		$	57,374		$	25,179		$	27,064		$	-		$	867,380
Current period gross charge offs	$	(1,315	)	$	(734	)	$	(37	)	$	(93	)	$	(37	)	$	(82	)	$	-		$	(2,298	)
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass	$	30,553		$	22,409		$	3,232		$	348		$	8,931		$	1,783		$	356,237		$	423,493
OAEM		-			-			-			723			20			-			8,585			9,328
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			6,712			6,712
Substandard non-performing		157			-			-			-			-			-			58			215
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Commercial and industrial - lines of credit	$	30,710		$	22,409		$	3,232		$	1,071		$	8,951		$	1,783		$	371,592		$	439,748
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(3,633	)	$	(3,633	)

(continued)

26

(continued)

																			Revolving
																			loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																		amortized
December 31, 2023	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			Prior			cost basis			Total
Residential real estate - owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass	$	170,446		$	178,088		$	175,561		$	86,105		$	24,354		$	70,213		$	-		$	704,767
OAEM		-			-			89			-			-			-			-			89
Substandard		-			15			-			-			-			355			-			370
Substandard non-performing		1,138			1,122			297			192			162			756			-			3,667
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Residential real estate - owner occupied	$	171,584		$	179,225		$	175,947		$	86,297		$	24,516		$	71,324		$	-		$	708,893
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(43	)	$	-		$	(43	)
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass	$	83,913		$	84,278		$	77,868		$	49,555		$	31,325		$	30,546		$	-		$	357,485
OAEM		-			7			-			-			262			277			-			546
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			312			-			312
Substandard non-performing		-			233			19			-			45			75			-			372
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Residential real estate - non-owner occupied	$	83,913		$	84,518		$	77,887		$	49,555		$	31,632		$	31,210		$	-		$	358,715
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Construction and land development
Risk rating
Pass	$	157,832		$	239,807		$	69,131		$	34,591		$	478		$	3,711		$	15,623		$	521,173
OAEM		-			-			3,682			-			-			-			999			4,681
Substandard		5,470			-			-			-			-			-			-			5,470
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Construction and land development	$	163,302		$	239,807		$	72,813		$	34,591		$	478		$	3,711		$	16,622		$	531,324
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Home equity lines of credit
Risk rating
Pass	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	210,886		$	210,886
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			37			37
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			467			467
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Home equity lines of credit	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	211,390		$	211,390
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(12	)	$	(12	)
Consumer
Risk rating
Pass	$	30,823		$	18,399		$	10,148		$	2,832		$	1,931		$	1,765		$	79,105		$	145,003
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard non-performing		41			145			91			27			3			14			16			337
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Consumer	$	30,864		$	18,544		$	10,239		$	2,859		$	1,934		$	1,779		$	79,121		$	145,340
Current period gross charge offs	$	(683	)	$	(22	)	$	(29	)	$	(43	)	$	(41	)	$	(27	)	$	(20	)	$	(865	)

(continued)

27

(continued)

																			Revolving
																			loans
(in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																		amortized
December 31, 2023	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			Prior			cost basis			Total
Leases
Risk rating
Pass	$	6,801		$	3,442		$	3,117		$	1,723		$	155		$	265		$	-		$	15,503
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Leases	$	6,801		$	3,442		$	3,117		$	1,723		$	155		$	265		$	-		$	15,503
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Credit cards
Risk rating
Pass	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	23,622		$	23,622
OAEM		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Substandard non-performing		-			-			-			-			-			-			10			10
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Credit cards	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	23,632		$	23,632
Current period gross charge offs	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(661	)	$	(661	)
Total loans
Risk rating
Pass	$	1,207,296		$	1,379,117		$	1,047,901		$	630,129		$	305,493		$	379,258		$	725,601		$	5,674,795
OAEM		4,836			1,047			9,785			1,567			2,763			4,695			9,584			34,277
Substandard		7,653			5,446			1,028			7,957			12,736			1,241			6,847			42,908
Substandard non-performing		10,537			2,399			1,229			628			1,783			1,931			551			19,058
Doubtful		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Total Loans	$	1,230,322		$	1,388,009		$	1,059,943		$	640,281		$	322,775		$	387,125		$	742,583		$	5,771,038
Current period gross charge offs	$	(1,998	)	$	(756	)	$	(66	)	$	(136	)	$	(78	)	$	(152	)	$	(4,326	)	$	(7,512	)

For certain loan classes, such as credit cards, credit quality is evaluated based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment in credit cards based on payment activity:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Credit cards
Performing	$	26,186	$	23,512
Non-performing		99		120
Total credit cards	$	26,285	$	23,632

Bancorp had $311,000 and $668,000, respectively, in residential real estate loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

During the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 there were no modifications made to loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and there were no payment defaults of existing modified loans within 12 months following modification. Default is determined at 90 days or more past due, charge off, or foreclosure.

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(4) Goodwill

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, goodwill totaled $194 million, of which $172 million was attributed to the commercial banking segment and $22 million is attributed to WM&T.

The composition of goodwill presented by respective acquisition and year follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Commonwealth Bancshares (2022)	$	58,244	$	58,244
Kentucky Bancshares (2021)		123,317		123,317
King Southern Bancorp (2019)		11,831		11,831
Austin State Bank (1996)		682		682
Total	$	194,074	$	194,074

Note: The acquisition of The Bank Oldham County in 2013 resulted in a bargain purchase gain.

GAAP requires that goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives not be amortized, but instead be tested for impairment at least annually. Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. Bancorp’s annual goodwill impairment test is conducted as of September 30 of each year or more often as situations dictate.

At September 30, 2024, Bancorp performed its annual qualitative assessment to determine if it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeded their carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was not more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of the reporting units exceeded their fair value.

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(5) Core Deposit and Customer List Intangible Assets

Bancorp recorded initial CDI assets of $13 million, $4 million, $2 million and $3 million in association with the acquisitions of CB in 2022, KB in 2021, KSB in 2019 and TBOC in 2013, respectively.

Changes in the net carrying amount of CDIs follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	10,601		$	13,442		$	11,944		$	14,958
Amortization		(672	)		(749	)		(2,015	)		(2,265	)
Balance at end of period	$	9,929		$	12,693		$	9,929		$	12,693

As a result of the CB acquisition, Bancorp also recorded initial intangible assets totaling $12 million associated with the customer list of the acquired WM&T business. Similar to CDI assets, this intangible asset also amortizes over its estimated useful life.

Changes in the net carrying amount of the CLI follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	7,600		$	9,196		$	8,360		$	10,032
Amortization		(380	)		(418	)		(1,140	)		(1,254	)
Balance at end of period	$	7,220		$	8,778		$	7,220		$	8,778

Future CDI and CLI amortization expense is estimated as follows:

(in thousands)	CDI		CLI
Remainder of 2024	$	672	$	380
2025		2,375		1,368
2026		2,063		1,216
2027		1,752		1,064
2028		1,339		912
2029		888		760
2030		576		608
2031		264		456
2032		-		304
2033		-		152
Total future expense	$	9,929	$	7,220

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(6) Other Assets

A summary of the major components of other assets follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash surrender value of life insurance other than BOLI	$	19,880	$	17,843
Net deferred tax asset		45,647		47,236
Investments in tax credit partnerships		177,194		175,056
Swap assets		2,489		5,133
Prepaid assets		4,242		5,873
WM&T fees receivable		4,459		4,205
Mortgage servicing rights		11,908		13,082
Other real estate owned		10		10
Other		14,537		18,922
Total other assets	$	280,366	$	287,360

Bancorp maintains life insurance policies other than BOLI in conjunction with its non-qualified defined benefit retirement and non-qualified compensation plans.

Bancorp periodically invests in certain partnerships that generate federal income tax credits. The tax benefit of these investments exceeds the amortization expense associated with them, resulting in a positive impact on net income. The investments in such partnerships are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, while the corresponding contribution requirements are recorded in other liabilities. For additional information, see the footnote titled “Income Taxes.”

Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. For additional information, see the footnote titled “Derivative Financial Instruments.”

For additional information related to MSRs, see the footnote titled “Mortgage Banking Activities.”

31

(7) Income Taxes

Components of income tax expense from operations follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Current income tax expense:
Federal	$	7,835		$	7,129		$	20,047		$	20,409
State		1,696			1,859			4,552			4,223
Total current income tax expense		9,531			8,988			24,599			24,632
Deferred income tax expense:
Federal		(1,560	)		(1,087	)		(1,830	)		(1,311	)
State		(332	)		(259	)		(392	)		428
Total deferred income tax expense		(1,892	)		(1,346	)		(2,222	)		(883	)
Change in valuation allowance		-			-			-			-
Total income tax expense	$	7,639		$	7,642		$	22,377		$	23,749

An analysis of the difference between the statutory and ETRs from operations follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate		21.00	%		21.00	%		21.00	%		21.00	%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit		2.91			3.27			3.12			3.42
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation arrangements		(1.38	)		0.12			(0.36	)		(0.29	)
Change in cash surrender value of life insurance		(0.79	)		(0.08	)		(0.73	)		(0.49	)
Tax Credits		(0.52	)		(0.71	)		(0.90	)		(0.48	)
Tax exempt interest income		(0.42	)		(0.48	)		(0.45	)		(0.49	)
Insurance captive		-			(0.19	)		-			(0.27	)
Other, net		(0.15	)		(0.93	)		(0.41	)		(0.32	)
Effective tax rate		20.65	%		22.00	%		21.27	%		22.08	%

Current state income tax expense for 2024 and 2023 represents tax owed to the states of Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois. Ohio state taxes are based on bank capital levels and are recorded as other non-interest expense.

On April 10, 2023, the IRS issued a proposed regulation that would potentially classify section 831(b) captive activity as a “listed transaction,” and disallow the related tax benefits, both prospectively and retroactively, for a period to be determined. While the proposed regulation has not been finalized, it is expected to be finalized by June 30, 2025. Bancorp elected not to renew the insurance captive effective August 2023 and it was dissolved as of December 31, 2023. The tax benefits associated with the Captive will not be experienced going forward.

GAAP provides guidance on financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, in tax returns. If recognized, tax benefits would reduce tax expense and accordingly, increase net income. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease in the future for various reasons including adding amounts for current year tax positions, expiration of open income tax returns due to statutes of limitation, changes in management’s judgment about the level of uncertainty, status of examination, litigation and legislative activity and addition or elimination of uncertain tax positions. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was immaterial to Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. Federal income tax returns are subject to examination for the years after 2019 and state income tax returns are subject to examination for the years after 2018.

32

Bancorp periodically invests in certain partnerships that generate federal income tax credits. The tax benefit of these investments exceeds the amortization expense associated with them, resulting in a positive impact on net income. In addition to income tax benefits, these investments also serve as an economical means of achieving CRA goals. The investments in such partnerships are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, while the corresponding contribution requirements are recorded in other liabilities. While contributions are made periodically over the life of the respective investments, which can be up to 10 years depending on the type of investment, the majority of contributions associated with a respective investment are made within the first few years after entering the partnership.

Bancorp’s investments in tax credit partnerships, including the related unfunded contributions, totaled $177 million and $175 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2024, Bancorp’s expected payments for unfunded contributions related to investments in tax credit partnerships, which are accrued and included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2024
Remainder of 2024	$	34,012
2025		66,473
2026		36,261
2027		7,179
2028		893
Thereafter		13,725
Total unfunded contributions	$	158,543

Effective January 1, 2024, Bancorp adopted ASU 2023-02, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method.” As a result, all of Bancorp’s investments in tax credit partnerships are now accounted for under the proportional amortization method, with related amortization expense recorded within income tax expense on the condensed consolidated income statements. Prior to 2024, Bancorp used both the effective yield and the proportional amortization methods to account for these investments, with related amortization expense recorded as a component of non-interest expenses on the condensed consolidated income statements.

The following table presents tax credits and other tax benefits recognized in addition to amortization expense related to Bancorp’s investment in tax credit partnerships for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30,					September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023			2024		2023
Proportional amortization method:
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	2,448	$	(85	)	$	9,570	$	614
Amortization expense in provision for income taxes		1,927		1,114			7,753		1,910
Amortization expense in other non-interest expense		-		323			-		970
Effective yield method:
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	-	$	399		$	-	$	1,198
Amortization expense in provision for income taxes		-		-			-		-
Amortization expense in other non-interest expense		-		-			-		-

There were no impairment losses related to Bancorp’s investments in tax credit partnerships during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

33

(8) Deposits

The composition of deposits follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Non-interest bearing demand deposits	$	1,508,203	$	1,548,624
Interest bearing deposits:
Interest bearing demand		2,361,192		2,480,357
Savings		420,772		438,834
Money market		1,259,484		1,219,656
Time deposits of $250 thousand or more		329,805		279,474
Other time deposits		846,617		703,803
Total time deposits (1)		1,176,422		983,277
Total interest bearing deposits		5,217,870		5,122,124
Total deposits	$	6,726,073	$	6,670,748

(1) Includes $203 thousand and $597 thousand in brokered deposits as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(9) Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

SSUAR represent a funding source of Bancorp and are primarily used by commercial customers in conjunction with collateralized corporate cash management accounts. Such repurchase agreements are considered financing agreements and mature within one business day from the transaction date. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of these financing arrangements had overnight maturities and were secured by government sponsored enterprise obligations and government agency mortgage-backed securities that were owned and controlled by Bancorp.

Information concerning SSUAR follows:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Outstanding balance at end of period	$	149,852		$	152,991
Weighted average interest rate at end of period		2.08	%		2.23	%

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Average outstanding balance during the period	$	156,865		$	127,063		$	156,392		$	120,740
Average interest rate during the period		2.38	%		1.86	%		2.25	%		1.58	%
Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period	$	175,211		$	127,931		$	179,428		$	138,347

34

(10) Subordinated Debentures

As a result of its acquisition of Commonwealth Bancshares, Inc. on March 7, 2022, Bancorp became the 100% successor owner of the following unconsolidated trust subsidiaries: Commonwealth Statutory Trust III, Commonwealth Statutory Trust IV and Commonwealth Statutory Trust V. The sole assets of the trust subsidiaries represent the proceeds of offerings loaned in exchange for subordinated debentures with similar terms to the TPS. The TPS are treated as part of Tier I Capital. The subordinated notes and related interest expense are included in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. The subordinated notes are currently redeemable at Bancorp’s option on a quarterly basis. Bancorp chose not to redeem the subordinated notes on October 1, 2024 and carried the notes at the costs noted below at September 30, 2024:

(dollars in thousands)	Face Value		Carrying Value		Origination Date	Maturity Date	Interest Rate
Commonwealth Statutory Trust III	$	3,093	$	3,093	12/19/2003	1/7/2034	SOFR + 2.85%
Commonwealth Statutory Trust IV		12,372		12,372	12/15/2005	12/30/2035	SOFR + 1.35%
Commonwealth Statutory Trust V		11,341		11,341	6/28/2007	9/15/2037	SOFR + 1.40%
Total	$	26,806	$	26,806

As part of the purchase accounting adjustments associated with the CB acquisition, the carrying values of the subordinated notes were adjusted to fair value at acquisition date. The related discounts on the subordinated notes have been amortized and recognized as a component of interest expense in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. The discounts became fully amortized during the first quarter of 2024.

(11) FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings

FHLB advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 consist of a rolling $300 million three-month advance that matures in November 2024, which Bancorp utilizes in conjunction with interest rate swaps in an effort to hedge cash flows, and a $25 million cash management advance with an overnight maturity. FHLB advances outstanding at December 31, 2023 consisted of a rolling $200 million three-month advance that matured in early January 2024, which was also utilized in conjunction with the previously mentioned interest rate swaps.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2024, gross proceeds and repayments related to FHLB advances totaled $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. Net proceeds and repayments related to FHLB advances (excluding those with maturities of 90 days or less) totaled $725 million and $600 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine month period ended September 30, 2023, gross proceeds and repayments totaled $2.2 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. Net proceeds and repayments (excluding those with maturities of 90 days or less) for the nine month period ended September 30, 2023 totaled $700 million and $400 million.

Information regarding FHLB advances follows. The average interest rate information provided includes the benefit associated with the related interest rate swaps:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Outstanding balance at end of period	$	325,000		$	200,000
Weighted average interest rate at end of period		4.10	%		4.11	%

FHLB advances are collateralized by certain CRE and residential real estate mortgage loans under blanket mortgage collateral pledge agreements, as well as FHLB stock. Bancorp views these advances as an effective lower-costing funding option compared to other alternatives, such as brokered deposits, to fund loan growth. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amount of available credit from the FHLB totaled $1.21 billion and $1.33 billion, respectively.

Bancorp also had unsecured available FFP lines with correspondent banks totaling $80 million at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

35

(12) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Bancorp had various commitments outstanding that arose in the normal course of business which are properly not reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Total off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit follows:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	887,664	$	897,673
Construction and development		614,099		606,668
Home equity lines of credit		403,649		381,110
Credit cards		90,061		83,700
Overdrafts		57,177		55,124
Standby letters of credit		34,720		33,778
Other		88,046		100,447
Future loan commitments		238,626		298,164
Total off balance sheet commitments to extend credit	$	2,414,042	$	2,456,664

Most commitments to extend credit are an agreement to lend to a customer either unsecured or secured, as long as collateral is available as agreed upon and there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not represent future cash requirements. Bancorp uses the same credit and collateral policies in making commitments and conditional guarantees as for on-balance sheet instruments. Bancorp evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, securities, equipment and real estate. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should our customers default on their resulting obligation to us, our maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments.

The ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures, which is separate from the ACL for loans and recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was $6.3 million and $5.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. While no provision expense for off balance sheet exposures was recorded for the three month period ended September 30, 2024 due to increased line of credit utilization during the quarter, provision expense for off balance sheet credit exposures of $475,000 was recorded for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, respectively, driven largely by increased availability within the C&D portfolio.

Provision for credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures of $475,000 and $1.1 million was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the result of increased availability stemming from the addition of new lines of credit.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by Bancorp to guarantee the performance of a customer to a first party beneficiary. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support commercial transactions. Standby letters of credit generally have maturities of one to two years.

Certain commercial customers require confirmation of Bancorp’s letters of credit by other banks since Bancorp does not have a rating by a national rating agency. Terms of the agreements range from one month to a year with certain agreements requiring between one and six months’ notice to cancel. If an event of default on all contracts had occurred at September 30, 2024, Bancorp would have been required to make payments of approximately $3 million, or the maximum amount payable under those contracts. No payments have ever been required because of default on these contracts. These agreements are normally secured by collateral acceptable to Bancorp, which limits credit risk associated with the agreements.

Bancorp periodically invests in certain partnerships that generate federal income tax credits, which result in contribution commitments. Such commitments are recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. While contributions are made periodically over the life of the respective investments, which can be up to 10 years depending on the type of investment, the majority of contributions associated with a respective investment are made within the first few years after entering the partnership. Bancorp invested in several larger tax credit partnerships during 2023, which have served as an economical means of fulfilling CRA goals. As of September 30, 2024, tax credit contribution commitments of $159 million were recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2024, in the normal course of business, there were pending legal actions and proceedings in which claims for damages are asserted. Management, after discussion with legal counsel, believes the ultimate result of these legal actions and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or results of operations of Bancorp.

36

(13) Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value

Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Authoritative guidance requires maximization of use of observable inputs and minimization of use of unobservable inputs in fair value measurements. Where there exists limited or no observable market data, Bancorp derives its own estimates by generally considering characteristics of the asset/liability, the current economic and competitive environment and other factors. For this reason, results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized on an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability.

Bancorp used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value of each type of financial instrument:

AFS debt securities - Except for Bancorp’s U.S Treasury securities, the fair value of AFS debt securities is typically determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). Bancorp’s U.S. Treasury securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs).

Mortgage loans held for sale - The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices (Level 2 inputs).

Mortgage banking derivatives – Mortgage banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business consist primarily of interest rate lock loan commitments and mandatory forward sales contracts. The fair value of the Bancorp’s derivative instruments is primarily measured by obtaining pricing from broker-dealers recognized to be market participants. The pricing is derived from observable market inputs that can generally be verified and do not typically involve significant judgement by Bancorp (Level 2 inputs).

Interest rate swap agreements – Interest rate swaps are valued using valuations received from the relevant dealer counterparty. These valuations consider multiple observable market inputs, including interest rate yield curves, time value and volatility factors (Level 2 inputs).

37

Carrying values of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis follows:

	Fair Value Measurements Using:						Total
September 30, 2024 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	19,966	$	—	$	—	$	19,966
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		—		86,895		—		86,895
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		—		632,248		—		632,248
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		119,197		—		119,197
Other		—		3,526		—		3,526
Total available for sale debt securities		19,966		841,866		—		861,832
Mortgage loans held for sale		—		4,822		—		4,822
Rate lock loan commitments		—		377		—		377
Mandatory forward contracts		—		7		—		7
Interest rate swap assets		—		2,489		—		2,489
Total assets	$	19,966	$	849,561	$	—	$	869,527
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap liabilities	$	—	$	5,661	$	—	$	5,661

	Fair Value Measurements Using:						Total
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government obligations	$	116,269	$	—	$	—	$	116,269
Government sponsored enterprise obligations		—		99,847		—		99,847
Mortgage backed securities - government agencies		—		688,039		—		688,039
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		123,490		—		123,490
Other		—		3,534		—		3,534
Total available for sale debt securities		116,269		914,910		—		1,031,179
Mortgage loans held for sale		—		6,056		—		6,056
Rate lock loan commitments		—		174		—		174
Interest rate swap assets		—		5,133		—		5,133
Total assets	$	116,269	$	926,273	$	—	$	1,042,542
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap liabilities	$	—	$	5,378	$	—	$	5,378
Mandatory forward contracts		—		43		—		43
Total liabilities	$	—	$	5,421	$	—	$	5,421

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during 2024 or 2023. 

38

Discussion of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis follows:

Collateral dependent loans – For collateral-dependent loans where Bancorp has determined that the liquidation or foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the estimated fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral is determined by third party or internal appraisals, which are then adjusted for the estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, comparable sales, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. Bancorp reviews the third party appraisal for appropriateness and adjusts the value to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 8% to 10% of the appraised value. For non-real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral may be determined using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation and management’s expertise or knowledge of the client and client’s business.

OREO – OREO is primarily comprised of real estate acquired in partial or full satisfaction of loans. OREO is recorded at its estimated fair value less estimated selling and closing costs at the date of transfer, with any excess of the related loan balance over the fair value less expected selling costs charged to the ACL. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported as adjustments to the carrying amount and are recorded against earnings. Bancorp obtains the valuation of OREO with material balances from third party appraisers. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, sales comparable, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. Bancorp reviews the appraisal for appropriateness and adjusts the value to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 8% to 10% of the appraised value.

Carrying values of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis follows:

									Losses recorded
									Three months		Nine months
	Fair Value Measurements Using:						Total		ended		ended
September 30, 2024 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		September 30, 2024		September 30, 2024
Collateral dependent loans	$	—	$	—	$	7,165	$	7,165	$	245	$	245
Other real estate owned		—		—		10		10		—		—

									Losses recorded
									Three months		Nine months
	Fair Value Measurements Using:						Total		ended		ended
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2023
Collateral dependent loans	$	—	$	—	$	13,561	$	13,561	$	1,377	$	1,377
Other real estate owned		—		—		10		10		250		250

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

39

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements are presented below.

	September 30, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Weighted Average
Collateral dependent loans	$	7,165	Appraisal	Appraisal discounts		21.0	%
Other real estate owned		10	Appraisal	Appraisal discounts		93.0

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Weighted Average
Collateral dependend loans	$	13,561	Appraisal	Appraisal discounts		18.0	%
Other real estate owned		10	Appraisal	Appraisal discounts		93.0

40

(14) Disclosure of Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value

GAAP requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. The estimated fair values of Bancorp’s financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis follows:

	Carrying				Fair Value Measurements Using:
September 30, 2024 (in thousands)	amount		Fair value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253,066	$	253,066	$	253,066	$	—	$	—
HTM debt securities		374,912		352,430		152,153		200,277		—
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		29,419		29,419		—		29,419		—
Loans, net		6,192,790		5,962,345		—		—		5,962,345
Accrued interest receivable		26,439		26,439		26,439		—		—
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits	$	1,508,203	$	1,508,203	$	1,508,203	$	—	$	—
Transaction deposits		4,041,448		4,041,448		—		4,041,448		—
Time deposits		1,176,422		1,174,740		—		1,174,740		—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase		149,852		149,852		—		149,852		—
Federal funds purchased		6,442		6,442		—		6,442		—
Subordinated debentures		26,806		26,290		—		26,290		—
FHLB advances		325,000		319,230		—		319,230		—
Accrued interest payable		2,036		2,036		2,036		—		—

	Carrying				Fair Value Measurements Using:
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	amount		Fair value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	265,959	$	265,959	$	265,959	$	—	$	—
HTM debt securities		439,837		408,519		198,327		210,192		—
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		16,236		16,236		—		16,236		—
Loans, net		5,691,664		5,520,059		—		—		5,520,059
Accrued interest receivable		26,830		26,830		26,830		—		—
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits	$	1,548,624	$	1,548,624	$	1,548,624	$	—	$	—
Transaction deposits		4,138,847		4,138,847		—		4,138,847		—
Time deposits		983,277		976,841		—		976,841		—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase		152,991		152,991		—		152,991		—
Federal funds purchased		12,852		12,852		—		12,852		—
Subordinated debentures		26,740		26,746		—		26,746		—
FHLB advances		200,000		200,047		—		200,047		—
Accrued interest payable		2,094		2,094		2,094		—		—

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. Because no market exists for a significant portion of Bancorp’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Therefore, calculated fair value estimates in many instances cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realizable in a current sale of the instrument. Changes in assumptions could significantly impact estimates.

41

(15) Mortgage Banking Activities

Mortgage banking activities primarily include residential mortgage originations and servicing. Mortgages originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors.

Activity for mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, was as follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Balance, beginning of period:	$	6,438		$	7,069		$	6,056		$	2,606
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale		27,278			30,775			78,742			86,100
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale		(29,737	)		(31,814	)		(81,844	)		(83,422	)
Net gain realized on sale of mortgage loans held for sale		843			505			1,868			1,251
Balance, end of period	$	4,822		$	6,535		$	4,822		$	6,535

The following table represents the components of Mortgage banking income:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net gain realized on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	$	843		$	505		$	1,868		$	1,251
Net change in fair value recognized on loans held for sale		30			(81	)		61			(65	)
Net change in fair value recognized on rate lock loan commitments		37			(186	)		185			40
Net change in fair value recognized on forward contracts		(218	)		214			(109	)		340
Net gain recognized		692			452			2,005			1,566
Net loan servicing income		827			1,031			2,605			3,338
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights		(536	)		(822	)		(1,856	)		(2,345	)
Change in mortgage servicing rights valuation allowance		-			-			-			-
Net servicing income recognized		291			209			749			993
Other mortgage banking income		129			153			323			323
Total mortgage banking income	$	1,112		$	814		$	3,077		$	2,882

Activity for capitalized mortgage servicing rights was as follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	12,197		$	14,116		$	13,082		$	15,219
Additions for mortgage loans sold		247			264			682			684
Amortization		(536	)		(822	)		(1,856	)		(2,345	)
Impairment		—			—			—			—
Balance, end of period	$	11,908		$	13,558		$	11,908		$	13,558

42

The estimated fair value of MSRs at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $23 million and $24 million, respectively. There was no valuation allowance recorded for MSRs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as fair value exceeded carrying value. The fair value of MSRs at September 30, 2024 was determined using discount rates ranging from 10.0% to 13.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.4% to 11.2%, depending on the characteristics of the specific rights (rate, maturity, etc.), and a weighted average default rate of 0.6%. The fair value of MSRs at December 31, 2023 was determined using discount rates ranging from 10.0% to 13.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.0% to 11.1%, depending on the characteristics of the specific rights, and a weighted average default rate of 0.6%.

Total outstanding principal balances of loans serviced for others were $1.84 billion and $1.93 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Mortgage banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business consist primarily of mandatory forward sales contracts and interest rate lock loan commitments. Mandatory forward contracts represent future loan commitments to deliver loans at a specified price and date and are used to manage interest rate risk on loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Interest rate lock loan commitments represent commitments to fund loans at a specific rate. These derivatives involve underlying items, such as interest rates, and are designed to transfer risk. Substantially all of these instruments expire within 90 days from the date of issuance. Notional amounts are amounts on which calculations and payments are based, but which do not represent credit exposure, as credit exposure is limited to the amount required to be received or paid.

Mandatory forward contracts also contain an element of risk in that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of such agreements. In the event the counterparties fail to deliver commitments or are unable to fulfill their obligations, the Bank could potentially incur significant additional costs by replacing the positions at then current market rates. The Bank manages its risk of exposure by limiting counterparties to those banks and institutions deemed appropriate by management. The Bank does not expect any counterparty to default on their obligations and therefore, the Bank does not expect to incur any cost related to counterparty default.

Bancorp is exposed to interest rate risk on loans held for sale and rate lock loan commitments. As market interest rates fluctuate, the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and rate lock commitments may decline or increase. To offset this interest rate risk the Bank enters into derivatives, such as mandatory forward contracts to sell loans. The fair value of these mandatory forward contracts will fluctuate as market interest rates fluctuate, and the change in the value of these instruments is expected to largely, though not entirely, offset the change in fair value of loans held for sale and rate lock commitments. The objective of this activity is to minimize the exposure to losses on rate lock loan commitments and loans held for sale due to market interest rate fluctuations. The net effect of derivatives on earnings will depend on risk management activities and a variety of other factors, including: market interest rate volatility; the amount of rate lock commitments that close; the ability to fill the forward contracts before expiration; and the time period required to close and sell loans.

The following table includes the notional amounts and fair values of mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage banking derivatives:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Notional Amount		Fair Value
Included in Mortgage loans held for sale:
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value	$	4,671	$	4,822	$	5,965	$	6,056
Included in other assets:
Rate lock loan commitments	$	10,545	$	377	$	4,345	$	174
Mandatory forward contracts		13,500		7		-		-
Included in other liabilities
Mandatory forward contracts	$	-	$	-	$	6,750	$	(43	)

43

(16) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table illustrates activity within the balances of AOCI, net of tax, by component:

	Net unrealized			Net unrealized			Minimum
	gains (losses)			gains (losses)			pension
	on available for			on cash			liability
(in thousands)	sale debt securities			flow hedges			adjustment		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	(97,760	)	$	2,721		$	59	$	(94,980	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		24,827			(5,120	)		-		19,707
Balance, end of period	$	(72,933	)	$	(2,399	)	$	59	$	(75,273	)
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	(109,741	)	$	2,213		$	112	$	(107,416	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		(22,586	)		2,097			-		(20,489	)
Balance, end of period	$	(132,327	)	$	4,310		$	112	$	(127,905	)

	Net unrealized			Net unrealized			Minimum
	gains (losses)			gains (losses)			pension
	on available for			on cash			liability
(in thousands)	sale debt securities			flow hedges			adjustment		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	(92,678	)	$	(179	)	$	59	$	(92,798	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		19,745			(2,220	)		-		17,525
Balance, end of period	$	(72,933	)	$	(2,399	)	$	59	$	(75,273	)
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	(115,648	)	$	-		$	112	$	(115,536	)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		(16,679	)		4,310			-		(12,369	)
Balance, end of period	$	(132,327	)	$	4,310		$	112	$	(127,905	)

(17) Preferred Stock

Bancorp has one class of preferred stock (no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized), the relative rights, preferences and other terms of the class or any series within the class will be determined by the Board of Directors prior to any issuance. None of this stock has been issued to date.

44

(18) Net Income Per Share

The following table reflects net income (numerator) and average shares outstanding (denominator) for basic and diluted net income per share computations:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	29,360	$	27,092	$	82,845	$	83,804
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		29,299		29,223		29,277		29,208
Dilutive securities		146		113		119		139
Weighted average shares outstanding- diluted		29,445		29,336		29,396		29,347
Net income per share - basic	$	1.00	$	0.93	$	2.83	$	2.87
Net income per share - diluted		1.00		0.92		2.82		2.86

Certain SARs that were excluded from the EPS calculation because their impact was antidilutive were as follows:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
(shares in thousands)	September 30,				September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Antidilutive SARs		105		94		118		79

45

(19) Stock-Based Compensation

The fair value of all stock-based awards granted, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as compensation expense over the respective service period.

At Bancorp's 2015 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, shareholders approved the 2015 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan and authorized the shares available from the expiring 2005 plan for future awards under the 2015 plan. In 2018, shareholders approved an additional 500,000 shares for issuance under the plan. Shareholders approved an additional 1 million shares for issuance under the plan at Bancorp’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on April 25, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, there were 979,000 shares available for future awards. The 2005 Stock Incentive Plan expired in April 2015 and SARs granted under this plan expire as late as 2025. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan has no defined expiration date.

SAR Grants – SARs granted have a vesting schedule of 20% per year and expire ten years after the grant date unless forfeited due to employment termination.

Fair values of SARs are estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, a leading formula for calculating such value. This model requires the input of assumptions, changes to which can materially impact the fair value estimate. The following assumptions were used in SAR valuations at the grant date in each year:

Assumptions	2024			2023
Dividend yield		2.29	%		2.24	%
Expected volatility		28.43	%		27.20	%
Risk free interest rate		4.16	%		3.84	%
Expected life (in years)		7.1			7.1

Dividend yield and expected volatility are based on historical information for Bancorp corresponding to the expected life of SARs granted. Expected volatility is the volatility of underlying shares for the expected term calculated on a monthly basis. The risk free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the awards. The expected life of SARs is based on actual experience of past like-term SARs. Bancorp evaluates historical exercise and post-vesting termination behavior when determining the expected life.

RSA Grants – RSAs granted to officers vest over five years. Dividends associated with RSA grants are deferred until shares are vested. Fair value of RSAs is equal to the market value of the shares on the date of grant.

PSU Grants – PSUs vest based upon service and a three-year performance period, which begins January 1 of the first year of the performance period. Because grantees are not entitled to dividend payments during the performance period, the fair value of these PSUs is estimated based upon the market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant, adjusted for non-payment of dividends. Grants require a one-year post-vesting holding period and therefore the fair value of such grants incorporates a liquidity discount related to the holding period of 5.8% and 5.2% for 2024 and 2023.

RSU Grants – RSUs are only granted to non-employee directors, are time-based and vest 12 months after grant date. Because grantees are entitled to deferred dividend payments at the end of the vesting period, therefore the fair value of the RSUs equals market value of underlying shares on the date of grant.

In the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, Bancorp awarded 9,550 and 8,668 RSUs to non-employee directors of Bancorp with a grant date fair value of $500,000 and $550,000, respectively.

Bancorp utilized cash of $203,000 and $175,000 during the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, respectively, for the purchase of shares upon the vesting of RSUs.

46

Bancorp has recognized stock-based compensation expense for SARs, RSAs and PSUs within compensation expense and RSUs for directors within other non-interest expense, as follows:

	Three months ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Stock Appreciation Rights			Restricted Stock Awards			Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units			Total
Expense	$	72		$	420		$	125		$	305		$	922
Deferred tax benefit		(15	)		(88	)		(27	)		(64	)		(194	)
Total net expense	$	57		$	332		$	98		$	241		$	728

	Three months ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Stock Appreciation Rights			Restricted Stock Awards			Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units			Total
Expense	$	105		$	399		$	126		$	402		$	1,032
Deferred tax benefit		(22	)		(84	)		(26	)		(84	)		(216	)
Total net expense	$	83		$	315		$	100		$	318		$	816

	Nine months ended September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Stock Appreciation Rights			Restricted Stock Awards			Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units			Total
Expense	$	212		$	1,258		$	374		$	1,028		$	2,872
Deferred tax benefit		(45	)		(264	)		(79	)		(216	)		(604	)
Total net expense	$	167		$	994		$	295		$	812		$	2,268

	Nine months ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Stock Appreciation Rights			Restricted Stock Awards			Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units			Total
Expense	$	310		$	1,204		$	392		$	1,313		$	3,219
Deferred tax benefit		(65	)		(253	)		(82	)		(276	)		(676	)
Total net expense	$	245		$	951		$	310		$	1,037		$	2,543

Detail of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense follows:

	Stock
(in thousands)	Appreciation		Restricted		Restricted		Performance
Year ended	Rights		Stock Awards		Stock Units		Stock Units		Total
Remainder of 2024	$	95	$	432	$	126	$	261	$	914
2025		336		1,528		1		1,043		2,908
2026		286		1,244		—		1,043		2,573
2027		216		915		—		—		1,131
2028		126		485		—		—		611
2029		11		72		—		—		83
Total estimated future expense	$	1,070	$	4,676	$	127	$	2,347	$	8,220

47

The following table summarizes SARs activity and related information:

												Weighted
						Weighted				Weighted		average
						average		Aggregate		average		remaining
				Exercise		exercise		intrinsic		fair		contractual
(in thousands, except per share and life data)	SARs			price		price		value(1)		value		life (in years)
Outstanding, January 1, 2023		435		$19.37 - $74.92		$	35.60	$	12,784	$	6.02		5.1
Granted		29			60.76 - 60.76		60.76		—		16.81
Exercised		(24	)		19.37 - 19.37		19.37		681		3.58
Forfeited		—			—		—		—		—
Outstanding, December 31, 2023		440		$19.44 - $74.92		$	38.11	$	6,297	$	6.86		4.7
Outstanding, January 1, 2024		440		$19.44 - $74.92		$	38.11	$	6,297	$	6.86		4.7
Granted		42			47.95 - 54.92		49.20		—		13.75
Exercised		(80	)		45.76 - 64.71		24.21		3,027		3.75
Forfeited		—			—		—		—		—
Outstanding, September 30, 2024		402		$22.96 - $74.92		$	42.05	$	8,028	$	8.20		5.1
Vested and exercisable		302		$22.96 - $60.76		$	38.75	$	7,011	$	6.59		4.1
Unvested		100			37.30 - 74.92		51.96		1,017		13.01		3.5
Outstanding, September 30, 2024		402		$22.96 - $74.92		$	42.05	$	8,028	$	8.20		5.1
Vested in the current year		46		$36.65 - $60.76		$	46.89	$	696	$	9.62

(1) – Aggregate intrinsic value for SARs is defined as the amount by which the current market price of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise or grant price.

The following table summarizes activity for RSAs granted:

				Grant date
				weighted
(in thousands, except per share data)	RSAs			average cost
Unvested at January 1, 2023		96		$	47.26
Shares awarded		38			63.04
Restrictions lapsed and shares released		(33	)		43.77
Shares cancelled		(3	)		53.38
Unvested at December 31, 2023		98		$	54.23
Unvested at January 1, 2024		98		$	54.23
Shares awarded		46			52.06
Restrictions lapsed and shares released		(32	)		49.30
Shares cancelled		(7	)		53.53
Unvested at September 30, 2024		105		$	54.83

48

Shares expected to be awarded for PSUs granted to executive officers of Bancorp, the three-year performance period for which began January 1 of the award year, are as follows:

	Vesting				Shares
Grant	period		Fair		expected to
year	in years		value		be awarded
2022		3	$	48.48		20,770
2023		3		54.33		13,402
2024		3		41.84		86,136

49

(20) Derivative Financial Instruments

Periodically, Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts and collateral provisions mitigating any non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have an insignificant effect on earnings. Exchanges of cash flows related to undesignated interest rate swap agreements were offsetting and therefore had no effect on Bancorp’s earnings or cash flows.

Interest rate swap agreements derive their value from underlying interest rates. These transactions involve both credit and market risk. Notional amounts are amounts on which calculations, payments and the value of the derivative are based. Notional amounts do not represent direct credit exposures. Direct credit exposure is limited to the net difference between the calculated amounts to be received and paid, if any. Bancorp is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these agreements. Bancorp mitigates the credit risk of its financial contracts through credit approvals, collateral and monitoring procedures, and does not expect any counterparties to fail their obligations.

Bancorp had outstanding undesignated interest rate swap contracts as follows:

	Receiving				Paying
	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Notional amount	$	237,193	$	201,555	$	237,193	$	201,555
Weighted average maturity (years)		5.3		6.0		5.3		6.0
Fair value	$	2,489	$	5,133	$	2,496	$	5,142

During the first quarter of 2023, Bancorp entered into an interest rate swap to hedge cash flows of a $100 million rolling fixed-rate three-month FHLB borrowing. The swap began February 6, 2023 and matures February 6, 2028. During the third quarter of 2023, Bancorp entered into two additional interest rate swaps to hedge cash flows of two $50 million rolling fixed-rate three-month FHLB borrowings. These swaps began August 7, 2023, with one maturing August 6, 2026 and the other maturing August 6, 2028. During the third quarter of 2024, Bancorp entered into another interest rate swap to hedge cash flows of a $100 million rolling fixed-rate three-month FHLB borrowing. The swap began on August 6, 2024 and matures on August 6, 2029.

While Bancorp expects to utilize fixed-rate three-month FHLB advances with respect to these interest rate swaps, brokered CDs or other fixed rate advances may be utilized for the same three-month terms instead should those sources be more favorable. For purposes of hedging, rolling fixed rate advances are considered to be floating rate liabilities.

Interest rate swaps involve exchange of Bancorp’s floating rate interest payments for fixed rate swap payments on underlying principal amounts. These swaps were designated and qualified, for cash-flow hedge accounting. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedging instruments, the effective portion of gains or losses is reported as a component of AOCI and is subsequently reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense in periods for which the hedged forecasted transaction impacts earnings.

The following table details Bancorp’s derivative positions designated as a cash flow hedges, and the related fair values:

							Fair value
(dollars in thousands)				Pay fixed			September 30,
Notional Amount		Maturity Date	Receive (variable) index	swap rate			2024
$	100,000	2/6/2028	USD SOFR		3.27	%	$	248
	50,000	8/6/2026	USD SOFR		4.38	%		(782	)
	50,000	8/6/2028	USD SOFR		3.97	%		(1,243	)
	100,000	8/6/2029	USD SOFR		3.58	%		(1,389	)
$	300,000						$	(3,166	)

50

(21) Regulatory Matters

Bancorp and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. Regulatory agencies measure capital adequacy within a framework that makes capital requirements, in part, dependent on the individual risk profiles of financial institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Bancorp’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Holding Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of Bancorp’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators regarding components, risk weightings and other factors.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. To meet the definition of well-capitalized, a bank must have a minimum 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio and 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio.

Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, Bancorp and the Bank must hold a 2.5% capital conservation buffer composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for the Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and Total Risk-Based Capital ratio necessary to be considered adequately-capitalized. At September 30, 2024, the adequately-capitalized minimums, including the capital conservation buffer, were a 7.0% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.5% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and 10.5% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio. As all of Bancorp’s capital ratios were above the adequately-capitalized minimums, including the buffer, the Company was not subject to any such restrictions.

As a result of the CB acquisition, Bancorp became the 100% successor owner of the following unconsolidated trust subsidiaries: Commonwealth Statutory Trust III, Commonwealth Statutory Trust IV and Commonwealth Statutory Trust V. The sole assets of the trust subsidiaries represent the proceeds of offerings loaned in exchange for subordinated debentures with similar terms to the TPS. The TPS are treated as part of Tier 1 Capital. The subordinated note and related interest expense are included in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. The subordinated notes are currently redeemable at Bancorp’s option on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, subordinated notes totaled $27 million.

Bancorp continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for all calculations. Bancorp and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the capital conservation buffer.

The following table sets forth consolidated Bancorp’s and the Bank’s risk based capital amounts and ratios:

(dollars in thousands)	Actual					Minimum for adequately capitalized					Minimum for well capitalized
September 30, 2024	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
Total risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated	$	918,369		12.73	%	$	577,245		8.00	%	NA		NA
Bank		895,891		12.46			575,399		8.00		$	719,249		10.00	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		805,082		11.16			324,701		4.50		NA		NA
Bank		808,604		11.24			323,662		4.50			467,512		6.50
Tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		831,082		11.52			432,934		6.00		NA		NA
Bank		808,604		11.24			431,550		6.00			575,399		8.00
Leverage
Consolidated		831,082		10.05			330,781		4.00		NA		NA
Bank		808,604		9.79			330,547		4.00			413,184		5.00

51

(dollars in thousands)	Actual					Minimum for adequately capitalized					Minimum for well capitalized
December 31, 2023	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
Total risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated	$	849,836		12.56	%	$	541,370		8.00	%	NA		NA
Bank		823,275		12.21			539,609		8.00		$	674,511		10.00	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		747,376		11.04			304,521		4.50		NA		NA
Bank		746,815		11.07			303,530		4.50			438,432		6.50
Tier 1 risk-based capital (1)
Consolidated		773,376		11.43			406,027		6.00		NA		NA
Bank		746,815		11.07			404,707		6.00			539,609		8.00
Leverage
Consolidated		773,376		9.62			321,713		4.00		NA		NA
Bank		746,815		9.30			321,323		4.00			401,654		5.00

(1)    Ratio is computed in relation to risk-weighted assets.

NA – Regulatory framework does not define “well-capitalized” for holding companies.

52

(22) Segments

Bancorp’s principal activities include commercial banking and WM&T. Commercial banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses. Commercial banking also includes Bancorp’s mortgage banking and investment products sales activity. WM&T provides investment management, financial & retirement planning and trust & estate services, as well as retirement plan management for businesses and corporations in all markets in which Bancorp operates. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

Financial information for each business segment reflects that which is specifically identifiable or allocated based on an internal allocation method. Income taxes are allocated based on the effective federal income tax rate adjusted for any tax-exempt activity. All tax-exempt activity and provision have been allocated fully to the commercial banking segment. Measurement of performance of business segments is based on the management structure of Bancorp and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. Information presented is also not necessarily indicative of the segments’ operations if they were independent entities.

The majority of the net assets of Bancorp are involved in the commercial banking segment. As of September 30, 2024, goodwill totaling $194 million was recorded on Bancorp’s consolidated balance sheets, of which $172 million is attributed to the commercial banking segment and $22 million is attributed to WM&T. The portion of total goodwill attributed to WM&T relates entirely to the CB acquisition. With the exception of goodwill attributed to WM&T through the CB acquisition, assets assigned to WM&T consist primarily of a CLI asset associated with the WM&T business added through the CB acquisition, net premises and equipment and a receivable related to fees earned that have not been collected.

Selected financial information by business segment follows:

	Three months ended September 30, 2024						Three months ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total		Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total
Net interest income	$	64,711	$	268	$	64,979	$	61,155	$	160	$	61,315
Provision for credit losses		4,325		—		4,325		2,775		—		2,775
Wealth management and trust services		—		10,931		10,931		—		10,030		10,030
All other non-interest income		13,866		—		13,866		12,866		—		12,866
Non-interest expenses		42,996		5,456		48,452		41,788		4,914		46,702
Income before income tax expense		31,256		5,743		36,999		29,458		5,276		34,734
Income tax expense		6,393		1,246		7,639		6,497		1,145		7,642
Net income	$	24,863	$	4,497	$	29,360	$	22,961	$	4,131	$	27,092
Segment assets	$	8,403,147	$	34,133	$	8,437,280	$	7,867,626	$	35,804	$	7,903,430

	Nine months ended September 30, 2024						Nine months ended September 30, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total		Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total
Net interest income	$	186,295	$	776	$	187,071	$	184,895	$	421	$	185,316
Provision for credit losses		7,050		—		7,050		7,750		—		7,750
Wealth management and trust services		—		32,497		32,497		—		29,703		29,703
All other non-interest income		39,226		—		39,226		38,100		—		38,100
Non-interest expenses		128,604		17,918		146,522		121,265		16,551		137,816
Income before income tax expense		89,867		15,355		105,222		93,980		13,573		107,553
Income tax expense		19,045		3,332		22,377		20,804		2,945		23,749
Net income	$	70,822	$	12,023	$	82,845	$	73,176	$	10,628	$	83,804
Segment assets		8,403,147	$	34,133	$	8,437,280	$	7,867,626	$	35,804	$	7,903,430

53

(23) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of Bancorp’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. The table below presents Bancorp’s sources of non-interest income with items outside the scope of ASC 606 noted as such:

	Three months ended September 30, 2024								Three months ended September 30, 2023
(in thousands)	Commercial Banking			WM&T		Total			Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total
Wealth management and trust services	$	—		$	10,931	$	10,931		$	—	$	10,030	$	10,030
Deposit service charges		2,314			—		2,314			2,272		—		2,272
Debit and credit card income		5,083			—		5,083			4,870		—		4,870
Treasury management fees		2,939			—		2,939			2,635		—		2,635
Mortgage banking income (1)		1,112			—		1,112			814		—		814
Net investment product sales commissions and fees		915			—		915			791		—		791
Bank owned life insurance (1)		634			—		634			569		—		569
Loss on sale of premises and equipment (1)		(59	)		—		(59	)		302		—		302
Other (2)		928			—		928			613		—		613
Total non-interest income	$	13,866		$	10,931	$	24,797		$	12,866	$	10,030	$	22,896

	Nine months ended September 30, 2024								Nine months ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)	Commercial Banking			WM&T		Total			Commercial Banking		WM&T		Total
Wealth management and trust services	$	—		$	32,497	$	32,497		$	—	$	29,703	$	29,703
Deposit service charges		6,630			—		6,630			6,622		—		6,622
Debit and credit card income		14,688			—		14,688			14,064		—		14,064
Treasury management fees		8,389			—		8,389			7,502		—		7,502
Mortgage banking income (1)		3,077			—		3,077			2,882		—		2,882
Net investment product sales commissions and fees		2,580			—		2,580			2,345		—		2,345
Bank owned life insurance (1)		1,817			—		1,817			1,677		—		1,677
Gain (loss) on sale of premises and equipment (1)		(39	)		—		(39	)		75		—		75
Other(2)		2,084			—		2,084			2,933		—		2,933
Total non-interest income	$	39,226		$	32,497	$	71,723		$	38,100	$	29,703	$	67,803

(1) Outside of the scope of ASC 606.

(2) Outside of the scope of ASC 606, with the exception of safe deposit fees which were nominal for all periods.

Bancorp’s revenue on the consolidated statement of income is categorized by product type, which effectively depicts how the nature, timing and extent of cash flows are affected by economic factors. Revenue sources within the scope of ASC 606 are discussed below:

Bancorp earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account management and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees and stop payments fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, as that is when the company fulfills the performance obligation. Account management fees are earned over the course of a month and charged in the month in which the services are provided.

Treasury management transaction fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, as that is when the company fulfills the performance obligation. Account analysis fees are earned over the course of a month and charged in the month in which the services are provided. Treasury management fees are withdrawn from customers’ account balances.

WM&T provides customers fiduciary and investment management services as agreed upon in asset management contracts. The contracts require WM&T to provide a series of distinct services for which fees are earned over time. The contracts are cancellable upon demand with fees typically based upon the asset value of investments. Revenue is accrued and recognized monthly based upon month-end asset values and collected from the customer predominately in the following month except for a small percentage of fees collected quarterly. Incentive compensation related to WM&T activities is considered a cost of obtaining the contract. Contracts between WM&T and customers do not permit performance-based fees and accordingly, none of the fee income earned by WM&T is performance-based. Trust fees receivable were $4.5 million and $4.2 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

54

Net investment products sales commissions and fees represent the Bank’s share of transaction fees and wrap fees resulting from investment services and programs provided through an agent relationship with a third party broker-dealer. Transaction fees are assessed at the time of the transaction. Those fees are collected and recognized on a monthly basis. Trailing fees are based upon market values and are assessed, collected and recognized on a quarterly basis. Because the Bank acts as an agent in arranging the relationship between the customer and third party provider, and does not control the services rendered, investment product sales commissions and fees are reported net of related costs, including nominal incentive compensation, and trading activity charges of $707,000 and $663,000 for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Debit and credit card revenue primarily consists of debit and credit card interchange income. Interchange income represents fees assessed within the payment card system for acceptance of card-based transactions. Interchange fees are assessed as the performance obligation is satisfied, which is at the point in time the card transaction is authorized. Revenue is collected and recognized daily through the payment network settlement process.

Bancorp did not establish any contract assets or liabilities as a result of adopting ASC 606, nor were any recognized during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024.

55

(24) Leases

Bancorp has operating leases for various locations with terms ranging from approximately three months to 24 years, several of which include options to extend the leases in five-year increments. Options reasonably expected to be exercised are included in determination of the right-of-use asset. Bancorp elected to use a practical expedient to expense short-term lease obligations associated with leases with original terms of 12 months or less. Bancorp elected not to separate non-lease components from lease components for its operating leases. The right-of-use lease asset and operating lease liability are recorded in premises and equipment and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Balance sheet, income statement and cash flow detail regarding operating leases follows:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Balance Sheet
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	29,468		$	21,007
Operating lease liability		30,953			22,487
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		11.2			9.8
Weighted average discount rate		3.73	%		2.84	%
Maturities of lease liabilities:
One year or less	$	1,012		$	3,365
Year two		3,855			2,864
Year three		3,666			2,543
Year four		3,674			2,536
Year five		3,712			2,547
Greater than five years		22,590			12,059
Total lease payments	$	38,509		$	25,914
Less imputed interest		7,556			3,427
Total	$	30,953		$	22,487

	Three months ended		Three months ended
(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Income Statement
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost	$	1,057	$	815
Variable lease cost		88		96
Less sublease income		26		25
Total lease cost	$	1,119	$	886

	Nine months ended		Nine months ended
(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Income Statement
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost	$	3,215	$	2,492
Variable lease cost		257		235
Less sublease income		77		75
Total lease cost	$	3,395	$	2,652

	Nine months ended		Nine months ended
(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Cash flow Statement
Supplemental cash flow information:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	3,567	$	3,111

As of September 30, 2024, Bancorp had not entered into any lease agreements that had yet to commence.

56

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp” or “the Company”), is a FHC headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky and is engaged in the business of banking through its wholly owned subsidiary, Stock Yards Bank & Trust Company (“SYB” or “the Bank”). Bancorp, which was incorporated in 1988 in Kentucky, is registered with, and subject to supervision, regulation and examination by, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. As Bancorp has no significant operations of its own, its business and the business of SYB are essentially the same. The operations of SYB are fully reflected in the consolidated financial statements of Bancorp. Accordingly, references to “Bancorp” in this document may encompass both the holding company and the Bank. All significant inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

SYB, established in 1904, is a state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides services in Louisville, central, eastern and northern Kentucky, as well as the Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio markets through 72 full service banking center locations. The Bank is registered with, and subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the FDIC and the Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions.

As a result of its acquisition of KB on May 31, 2021, Bancorp became the 100% successor owner of a Nevada-based insurance captive taxed under Section 831(b) of the Internal Revenue Code. On April 10, 2023, the IRS issued a proposed regulation that would potentially classify section 831(b) captive activity as a “listed transaction,” and possibly disallow the related tax benefits, both prospectively and retroactively, for a period to be determined. While the regulation has not been finalized, it is expected to be finalized in 2025. Bancorp elected not to renew the Captive in August of 2023 and ultimately dissolved the Captive in December of 2023.

As a result of its acquisition of Commonwealth Bancshares, Inc. on March 7, 2022, Bancorp became the 100% successor owner of three unconsolidated Delaware trust subsidiaries: Commonwealth Statutory Trust III, Commonwealth Statutory Trust IV and Commonwealth Statutory Trust V. The sole assets of the trust subsidiaries represent the proceeds of offerings exchanged for subordinated debentures with similar terms to the TPS.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying Footnotes presented in Part 1 Item 1 “Financial Statements” and other information appearing in Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of Bancorp’s future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains statements relating to future results of Bancorp that are considered “forward-looking” as defined by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The forward-looking statements are principally, but not exclusively, contained in Part I Item 2 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the statement. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “conclude,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “foresee,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “outlook,” “possible,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “will likely,” “would,” or other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control.

Forward-looking statements detail management’s expectations regarding the future and are based on information known to management only as of the date the statements are made and management undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date forward-looking statements are made, except as required by applicable regulation.

57

There is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things:

● Changes in, or forecasts of, future political and economic conditions, inflation or recession and efforts to control related developments;

● changes in laws and regulations or the interpretation thereof;

● accuracy of assumptions and estimates used in establishing the ACL for loans, ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures and other estimates;

● impairment of investment securities;

● impairment of goodwill, MSRs, other intangible assets and/or DTAs;

● ability to effectively navigate an economic slowdown or other economic or market disruptions;

● changes in fiscal, monetary, and/or regulatory policies;

● changes in tax polices including but not limited to changes in federal and state statutory rates;

● behavior of securities and capital markets, including changes in interest rates, market volatility and liquidity;

● ability to effectively manage capital and liquidity;

● long-term and short-term interest rate fluctuations, as well as the shape of the U.S. Treasury yield curve;

● the magnitude and frequency of changes to the FFTR implemented by the Federal Open Market Committee of the FRB;

● competitive product and pricing pressures;

● projections of revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, losses, EPS, dividends, capital structure, etc.;

● integration of acquired financial institutions, businesses or future acquisitions;

● changes in the credit quality of Bancorp’s customers and counterparties, deteriorating asset quality and charge-off levels;

● changes in technology instituted by Bancorp, its counterparties or competitors;

● changes to or the effectiveness of Bancorp’s overall internal control environment;

● adequacy of Bancorp’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;

● changes in applicable accounting standards, including the introduction of new accounting standards;

● changes in investor sentiment or behavior;

● changes in consumer/business spending or savings behavior;

● ability to appropriately address social, environmental and sustainability concerns that may arise from business activities;

● occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics or outbreaks of hostilities, and Bancorp’s ability to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;

● ability to maintain the security of its financial, accounting, technology, data processing and other operational systems and facilities;

● ability to withstand disruptions that may be caused by any failure of its operational systems or those of third parties;

● ability to effectively defend itself against cyberattacks or other attempts by unauthorized parties to access information of Bancorp, its vendors or its customers or to disrupt systems; and

● other risks and uncertainties reported from time-to-time in Bancorp’s filings with the SEC, including Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” of Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Issued but Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards Updates

For disclosure regarding the impact to Bancorp’s financial statements of issued-but-not-yet-effective ASUs, see the footnote titled “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

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Business Segment Overview

Bancorp is divided into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking and WM&T:

Commercial Banking provides a full range of loan and deposit products to individual consumers and businesses in all its markets through retail lending, mortgage banking, deposit services, online banking, mobile banking, private banking, commercial lending, commercial real estate lending, treasury management services, merchant services, international banking, correspondent banking and other banking services. The Bank also offers securities brokerage services via its banking center network through an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer in the Commercial Banking segment. 

WM&T provides investment management, financial & retirement planning and trust & estate services, as well as retirement plan management for businesses and corporations in all markets in which Bancorp operates. The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size.

Overview – Operating Results (FTE)

The following table presents an overview of Bancorp’s financial performance for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)							Variance
Three months ended September 30,	2024			2023			$/bp		%
Net income	$	29,360		$	27,092		$	2,268		8	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.00		$	0.92		$	0.08		9	%
ROA		1.39	%		1.38	%	1 bp			1	%
ROE		12.83	%		13.26	%	(43) bps			-3	%

Additional discussion follows under the section titled “Results of Operations.”

General highlights for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023:

● Net income totaled $29.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, resulting in diluted EPS of $1.00, compared to net income of $27.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, which resulted in diluted EPS of $0.92.

● Total loans increased $661 million, or 12%, compared to September 30, 2023, driven by growth in all categories over the past 12 months. Average loans increased $688 million, or 13%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

● Bancorp’s ACL on loans increased $7 million, or 9%, compared to September 30, 2023, attributed mainly to the significant loan growth experienced over the last 12 months, and to a lesser extent, deterioration in the FRB unemployment forecast. Provision for credit losses on loans totaled $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

● Deposit balances climbed $323 million, or 5%, compared to September 30, 2023, driven in large part by growth in time deposits tied to the success of promotional rate offerings, which have more than offset deposit contraction within the non-interest bearing deposit portfolio.

● Net interest income (FTE) totaled $65.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, representing an increase of $3.6 million, or 6%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

○ Interest income experienced a $16.8 million, or 19%, increase over this period associated with the benefits of higher rates and average earning asset growth, which outpaced the $13.1 million, or 48%, increase in interest expense driven by the rising cost of funds and growth in interest-bearing liabilities.

○ As a result of deposit pricing pressure/competition, Bancorp has continued to experience a significant shift in the deposit mix, as non-interest bearing deposits and lower-yielding deposits have migrated to higher-yielding options, particularly time deposits, driving a substantial increase in the overall cost of deposits.

○ NIM decreased 1 bp to 3.33% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of the prior year.

● Non-interest income increased $1.9 million, or 8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, attributed largely to strong WM&T and treasury management fees in addition to general increases across virtually all of Bancorp’s diversified non-interest revenue streams.

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● Non-interest expenses increased $1.8 million, or 4%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, driven mainly by higher compensation expenses associated with annual merit-based salary increases and higher bonus levels in addition to increased technology and communication expense attributed to various security and compliance-related software upgrades. Further, modifications to the corporate credit card reward program (reducing program expense) and a significant decline in fraudulent check and card losses served to partially offset general increases in other non-interest expense categories.

● Bancorp’s efficiency ratio (FTE) for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 53.92% compared to 54.57% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This improvement was the result of strong growth in net interest income and non-interest income, which outpaced growth in non-interest expenses.

● As of September 30, 2024, Bancorp continued to be “well-capitalized,” the highest regulatory capital rating for financial institutions, with capital ratios experiencing growth compared to both December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023. Total stockholders’ equity to total assets was 11.07% as of September 30, 2024, compared to 10.50% and 10.21% at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively. Tangible common equity to tangible assets was 8.79% at September 30, 2024, compared to 8.09% and 7.69% at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table presents an overview of Bancorp’s financial performance for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)							Variance
Nine months ended September 30,	2024			2023			$/bp			%
Net income	$	82,845		$	83,804		$	(959	)		-1	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.82		$	2.86		$	(0.04	)		-1	%
ROA		1.34	%		1.46	%	(12) bps				-8	%
ROE		12.53	%		14.07	%	(154) bps				-11	%

Additional discussion follows under the section titled “Results of Operations.”

General highlights for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023:

● Net income totaled $82.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, resulting in diluted EPS of $2.82, compared to net income of $83.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which resulted in diluted EPS of $2.86.

● Total loans increased $661 million, or 12%, compared to September 30, 2023, driven by growth in all categories over the past 12 months. Average loans increased $649 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

● Bancorp’s ACL on loans increased $7 million, or 9%, compared to September 30, 2023, attributed mainly to the significant loan growth experienced over the last 12 months. Provision for credit losses on loans totaled $6.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to provision of $6.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

● Deposit balances climbed $323 million, or 5%, compared to September 30, 2023, driven in large part by growth in time deposits tied to the success of promotional rate offerings, which have more than offset deposit contraction within the non-interest bearing deposit portfolio. Average deposits increased $270 million, or 4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

● Net interest income (FTE) totaled $187.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, representing an increase of $1.6 million, or 1%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

○ Interest income experienced a $50.9 million, or 20%, increase over this period associated with the benefits of higher rates and average earning asset growth, narrowly outpacing the $49.4 million, or 75%, increase in interest expense driven by the rising cost of funds and growth in interest-bearing liabilities.

○ As a result of deposit pricing pressure/competition, Bancorp has continued to experience a significant shift in the deposit mix, as non-interest bearing deposits and lower-yielding deposits have migrated to higher-yielding options, particularly time deposits, driving a substantial increase in the overall cost of deposits. Further, continued loan growth and deposit balance fluctuations necessitated more borrowing activity throughout the first nine months of 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year, contributing to the overall increase in interest expense.

○ NIM decreased 18 bps, or 5%, to 3.26% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of the prior year.

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● Non-interest income increased $3.9 million, or 6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, attributed largely to strong WM&T fees, treasury management fees and card income. 

● Non-interest expenses increased $8.7 million, or 6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven mainly by higher compensation and employee benefit expenses associated with annual merit-based salary increases and higher bonus levels, FTE growth and higher health insurance claims activity, in addition to increased technology and communication expense, attributed to various security and compliance-related software upgrades.

● Bancorp’s efficiency ratio (FTE) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 56.56% compared to 54.35% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in this ratio is the result of non-interest expense growth outpacing net interest income and non-interest income expansion, as net interest income was hampered by rising funding costs.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income - Overview

As is the case with most banks, Bancorp’s primary revenue sources are net interest income and fee income from various financial services provided to customers. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets less interest expense on deposit accounts and other interest bearing liabilities. Loan volume and interest rates earned on those loans are critical to overall profitability. Similarly, deposit volume is crucial to funding loans and rates paid on deposits directly impact profitability. New business volume is influenced by numerous economic factors including market interest rates, business spending, liquidity, consumer confidence and competitive conditions within the marketplace. The discussion that follows is based on FTE net interest income data.

Comparative information regarding net interest income follows:

(dollars in thousands)							Variance
As of and for the three months ended September 30,	2024			2023			$/bp		%
Net interest income	$	64,979		$	61,315		$	3,664		6	%
Net interest income (FTE)*		65,064			61,437			3,627		6	%
Net interest spread (FTE)*		2.57	%		2.67	%	(10) bps			-4	%
Net interest margin (FTE)*		3.33	%		3.34	%	(1) bp			0	%
Average interest earning assets	$	7,783,997		$	7,305,205		$	478,792		7	%
Average interest bearing liabilities		5,701,063			5,076,486			624,577		12	%
Five year Treasury note rate at period end		3.58	%		4.60	%	(102) bps			-22	%
Average five year Treasury note rate		3.80	%		4.31	%	(51) bps			-12	%
Prime rate at period end		8.00	%		8.50	%	(50) bps			-6	%
Average Prime rate		8.44	%		8.43	%	1 bp			0	%
One month term SOFR at period end		4.85	%		5.32	%	(47) bps			-9	%
Average one month term SOFR		5.22	%		5.29	%	(7) bps			-1	%

*See table titled, "Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)" for detail of Net interest income (FTE).

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(dollars in thousands)							Variance
As of and for the nine months ended September 30,	2024			2023			$/bp		%
Net interest income	$	187,071		$	185,316		$	1,755		1	%
Net interest income (FTE)*		187,344			185,757			1,587		1	%
Net interest spread (FTE)*		2.52	%		2.87	%	(35) bps			-12	%
Net interest margin (FTE)*		3.26	%		3.44	%	(18) bps			-5	%
Average interest earning assets	$	7,670,807		$	7,210,748		$	460,059		6	%
Average interest bearing liabilities		5,611,573			4,934,485			677,088		14	%
Five year Treasury note rate at period end		3.58	%		4.60	%	102 bps			-22	%
Average five year Treasury note rate		4.13	%		3.94	%	19 bps			5	%
Prime rate at period end		8.00	%		8.50	%	(50) bps			-6	%
Average Prime rate		8.48	%		8.10	%	38 bps			5	%
One month term SOFR at period end		4.85	%		5.32	%	(47) bps			-9	%
Average one month term SOFR		5.29	%		4.98	%	31 bps			6	%

*See table titled, "Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)" for detail of Net interest income (FTE).

NIM and net interest spread calculations above exclude the sold portion of certain participation loans, which totaled $2 million and $4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These sold loans are on Bancorp’s balance sheet as required by GAAP because Bancorp retains some form of effective control; however, Bancorp receives no interest income on the sold portion. These participation loans sold are excluded from NIM and spread analysis, as Bancorp believes it provides a more accurate depiction of loan portfolio performance.

At September 30, 2024, Bancorp’s loan portfolio consisted of approximately 69% fixed and 31% variable rate loans. At inception, most of Bancorp’s fixed rate loans are generally priced in relation to the five year treasury. Bancorp’s variable rate loans are typically indexed to either Prime or SOFR, repricing as those rates change. At September 30, 2024, approximately 60% and 40% of Bancorp’s variable rate loan portfolio was indexed to Prime and SOFR, respectively.

Prime rate, the five year Treasury note rate and one month term SOFR are included in the preceding tables to provide a general indication of the interest rate environment in which Bancorp has operated during the past 12 months. The FRB increased the FFTR a total of 100 bps in 2023 via four separate 25 bps rate hikes, two of which occurred during the first quarter of 2023. These increases took the FFTR to a range of 5.25% - 5.50%, and Prime to 8.50%, in July of 2023, where each remained until September 18, 2024. On September 18, 2024, the FRB reduced the FFTR 50 bps, representing the first rate reduction in over four years. This action lowered the FFTR to a range of 4.75% - 5.00% and Prime to 8.00% as of September 30, 2024.

The current economic outlook remains volatile, regularly changing as new economic data becomes available and the FRB’s efforts to control or moderate inflation continue. Recent projections indicate the potential for multiple rate reductions to occur over the course of the next several months. While Bancorp has experienced NIM compression as a result of pricing pressure/competition for both loans and deposits, changing levels of liquidity and a flattening yield curve, NIM expansion has been experienced for two consecutive quarters as the result of lower funding costs and an improved yield curve.

Net Interest Income (FTE) – Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023

Net interest spread (FTE) and NIM (FTE) were 2.57% and 3.33%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 2.68% and 3.34% for the same period in 2023, respectively. NIM during the three months ended September 30, 2024 was significantly impacted by the following:

● The higher interest rate environment that has served to benefit interest-earning assets has simultaneously driven NIM compression, as the cost of deposits and other funding sources has risen. While the FFTR was reduced to a range of 4.75% - 5.00% effective September 18, 2024, it had previously remained at a range of 5.25% - 5.50% since mid-2023, resulting in an inverted interest rate yield curve for an extended period of time. Although it has flattened/improved some during the first nine months of 2024, continued action by the FRB may create a challenging interest rate environment over the next several quarters.

● Pricing pressure/competition for deposits, which has driven a significant increase in the cost of funds and shift in Bancorp’s deposit mix, as depositors seek higher yielding deposit alternatives. While the cost of funding is expected to moderate in tandem with anticipated rate decreases, lower liquidity levels within the banking industry generally may continue to drive pricing pressure/competition for deposits.

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● Significant loan growth over the past 12 months has positively impacted interest income and average interest-earning asset growth, which Bancorp elected to fund with deposit and non-deposit sources, namely a combination of scheduled investment security maturities and FHLB borrowings.

Net interest income (FTE) increased $3.6 million, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, as significant average loan growth and the benefit of higher rates upon average interest earning assets managed to outpace rising funding costs stemming from intense pricing pressure/competition for deposits and increased borrowing activity.

Total average interest earning assets increased $479 million, or 7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023, attributed to substantial average loan growth that was partially offset by a decline in average investment securities driven by scheduled maturities and normal amortization. However, as a result of a higher interest rate environment, the average rate earned on total average interest earning assets climbed 57 bps to 5.41%.

● Average total loan balances increased $688 million, or 13%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, with significant growth driven by contributions from every loan category.

● Average investment securities declined $235 million, or 14%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, mainly the result of significant scheduled maturities within the treasury portfolio, and to a lesser extent, normal amortization activity. The funding provided by this activity has benefitted interest-earning asset yields and overall NIM, as the low-yielding treasury securities shifted into higher-yielding interest-bearing cash and helped fund Bancorp’s substantial loan growth.

● Average FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased $24 million, or 19%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, which was largely the result of the previously mentioned liquidity provided by the investment securities portfolio.

Total interest income (FTE) increased $16.8 million, or 19%, to $106 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023.

● Interest and fee income (FTE) on loans increased $17.4 million, or 22%, to $95.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, driven by the higher rate environment and significant average loan growth. The yield on the overall loan portfolio increased 51 bps to 6.17% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 5.66% for the same period of the prior year.

● Consistent with the decline in average investment securities, there was a $1.1 million, or 13%, decrease in interest income (FTE) on the portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023. The corresponding yield on the portfolio was 2.07% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 2.04% for the prior year period, the increase being attributed to the maturity of low-yielding treasury securities during the latter part of the three months ended September 30, 2024.

● Interest income on FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased $306,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, stemming mainly average balance growth. The yield on these assets decreased 2 bps to 5.20% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Total average interest bearing liabilities increased $625 million, or 12%, to $5.70 billion for the three month period ended September 30, 2024 compared with the same period in 2023.

● Average interest bearing deposits increased $538 million, or 12%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. Bancorp experienced a $324 million, or 41%, increase in average time deposits and a $192 million, or 18%, increase in average money market deposits as a result of depositors seeking higher-yielding deposit products in the current environment.

● Average FHLB advances increased $60 million, or 15%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year. Bancorp currently utilizes a $300 million term advance in conjunction with four separate interest rate swaps of varying maturities in an effort to secure longer-term funding at a more favorable rate. Bancorp has also utilized overnight borrowings more heavily in the current year to fund loan growth and manage deposit fluctuations.

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● Average SSUAR increased $30 million, or 23%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year, as customers were attracted to the collateralized protection provided by this product.

Total interest expense increased $13.1 million, or 48%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, driven by a significant rise in rates paid on deposits and increased borrowing activity. As a result, the cost of interest bearing liabilities increased 68 bps to 2.84% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

● Total interest bearing deposit expense increased $12.6 million, or 59%, $9.6 million of which was attributed to time deposit and money market deposits, as customers continued to shift to higher-yielding deposit products. This activity resulted in a 80 bps increase in the cost of interest bearing deposits for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year. While Bancorp expects pricing pressure/competition to continue in the coming quarters, the pace of deposit cost expansion is expected to moderate.

● Interest expense on FHLB borrowings increased $292,000, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to same period of the prior year, driven by both increased borrowing activity and higher costs associated with overnight borrowings.

● Interest expense on SSUAR increased $340,000, or 57%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of the prior year, consistent with average balance growth and higher rates.

Net Interest Income (FTE) – Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023

Net interest spread (FTE) and NIM (FTE) were 2.52% and 3.26%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 2.88% and 3.44% for the same period in 2023, respectively. NIM during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was significantly impacted by the following:

● The higher interest rate environment that has served to benefit interest-earning assets has simultaneously driven NIM compression, as the cost of deposits and other funding sources has risen. While the FFTR was reduced to a range of 4.75% - 5.00% effective September 18, 2024, it had previously remained at a range of 5.25% - 5.50% since mid-2023, resulting in an inverted interest rate yield curve for an extended period of time. Although it has flattened/improved some during the first nine months of 2024, it remains to be seen how FRB rate action will impact the interest rate yield curve over the next several quarters.

● Pricing pressure/competition for deposits has driven a significant increase in the cost of funds and shift in Bancorp’s deposit mix, as depositors seek higher yielding deposit alternatives. While the cost of funding is expected to moderate in tandem with anticipated rate decreases, lower liquidity levels within the banking industry generally may continue to drive pricing pressure/competition for deposits.

● Significant loan growth over the past 12 months has positively impacted interest income and average interest-earning asset growth, which Bancorp elected to fund with deposit and non-deposit sources, namely scheduled investment security maturities and FHLB borrowings.

Net interest income (FTE) increased $1.6 million, or 1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, as significant average loan growth and the benefit of higher rates upon average interest earning assets managed to slightly outpace rising funding costs stemming from intense pricing pressure/competition for deposits and increased borrowing activity.

Total average interest earning assets increased $460 million, or 6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023, attributed to substantial average loan growth that was partially offset by a decline in average investment securities associated with scheduled maturities and normal amortization. As a result of a higher interest rate environment, the average rate earned on total interest earning assets climbed 60 bps to 5.27%.

● Average total loan balances increased $649 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, with significant growth driven by contributions from every loan category.

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● Average investment securities declined $213 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, mainly the result of significant scheduled maturities within the treasury portfolio, and to a lesser extent, normal amortization activity. The funding provided by this activity has benefitted interest-earning asset yields and overall NIM, as the low-yielding treasury securities shifted into higher-yielding interest-bearing cash and helped fund Bancorp’s substantial loan growth.

● Average FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased $21 million, or 16%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as a result of the previously mentioned liquidity provided by the investment securities portfolio and increased FHLB borrowing activity.

Total interest income (FTE) increased $50.9 million, or 20%, to $302.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023.

● Interest and fee income (FTE) on loans increased $52.1 million, or 24%, to $271.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, driven by the higher rate environment and significant average loan growth. The yield on the overall loan portfolio increased 56 bps to 6.06% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 5.50% for the same period of the prior year.

● Consistent with the decline in average investment securities, there was a $3.1 million, or 12%, decrease in interest income (FTE) on the portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023. The corresponding yield on the portfolio was 2.06% for both the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

● Interest income on FFS and interest bearing due from bank balances increased $1.3 million, or 27%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, stemming mainly from a higher FFTR. The yield on these assets increased 46 bps to 5.39% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Total average interest bearing liabilities increased $677 million, or 14%, to $5.61 billion for the nine month period ended September 30, 2024 compared with the same period in 2023.

● Average interest bearing deposits increased $558 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. Bancorp experienced a $384 million, or 57%, increase in average time deposits and a $163 million, or 15%, increase in average money market deposits compared to the prior year period as a result of depositors seeking higher-yielding deposit products in the current environment.

● Average FHLB advances increased $87 million, or 29%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year. Bancorp currently utilizes a $300 million term advance in conjunction with four separate interest rate swaps of varying maturities in an effort to secure longer-term funding at a more favorable rate. Bancorp has also utilized overnight borrowings more heavily in the current year to fund loan growth and manage deposit fluctuations.

● Average SSUAR increased $36 million, or 30%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year, as customers were attracted to the collateralized protection provided by this product.

Total interest expense increased $49.4 million, or 75%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, driven by a significant rise in rates paid on deposits and increased borrowing activity. As a result, the cost of interest bearing liabilities increased 96 bps to 2.75% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

● Total interest bearing deposit expense increased $45.5 million, or 88%, as a result of deposit rate increases, $33.5 million of which was attributed to time deposit and money market deposits, as customers continued to shift to higher-yielding deposit products. This activity resulted in a 104 bps increase in the cost of interest bearing deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year. While Bancorp expects pricing pressure/competition to continue in the coming quarters, the pace of deposit cost expansion is expected to moderate.

● Interest expense on FHLB borrowings increased $2.9 million, or 27%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to same period of the prior year, driven by both increased borrowing activity and higher costs associated with overnight borrowings.

● Interest expense on SSUAR increased $1.2 million, or 85%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of the prior year, consistent with average balance growth and rising rates.

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Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE) – Three-Month Comparison

	Three months ended September 30,
	2024							2023
	Average				Average			Average				Average
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Interest		Rate			Balance		Interest		Rate
Interest earning assets:
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks	$	148,818	$	1,946		5.20	%	$	124,653	$	1,640		5.22	%
Mortgage loans held for sale		4,862		47		3.85			7,112		55		3.07
Investment securities:
Taxable		1,347,533		6,918		2.04			1,575,971		8,064		2.03
Tax-exempt		77,282		485		2.50			83,917		476		2.25
Total securities		1,424,815		7,403		2.07			1,659,888		8,540		2.04
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		31,193		663		8.46			27,290		499		7.25
Loans		6,174,309		95,748		6.17			5,486,262		78,313		5.66
Total interest earning assets		7,783,997		105,807		5.41			7,305,205		89,047		4.84
Less allowance for credit losses on loans		84,260							79,770
Non-interest earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		72,692							80,454
Premises and equipment, net		113,150							101,707
Bank owned life insurance		88,356							86,015
Goodwill		194,074							194,074
Accrued interest receivable and other		216,596							117,469
Total assets	$	8,384,605						$	7,805,154
Interest bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand	$	2,273,444	$	11,783		2.06	%	$	2,206,238	$	8,698		1.56	%
Savings		423,754		298		0.28			468,751		334		0.28
Money market		1,233,297		9,930		3.20			1,041,471		5,824		2.22
Time		1,117,276		11,986		4.27			792,951		6,504		3.25
Total interest bearing deposits		5,047,771		33,997		2.68			4,509,411		21,360		1.88
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		156,865		937		2.38			127,063		597		1.86
Federal funds purchased		8,480		120		5.63			11,776		157		5.29
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		461,141		5,209		4.49			401,630		4,917		4.86
Subordinated debentures		26,806		480		7.12			26,606		579		8.63
Total interest bearing liabilities		5,701,063		40,743		2.84			5,076,486		27,610		2.16
Non-interest bearing liabilities:
Non-interest bearing demand deposits		1,510,515							1,731,724
Accrued interest payable and other		262,753							186,234
Total liabilities		7,474,331							6,994,444
Stockholders’ equity		910,274							810,710
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	8,384,605						$	7,805,154
Net interest income			$	65,064						$	61,437
Net interest spread						2.57	%						2.68	%
Net interest margin						3.33	%						3.34	%

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Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE) – Nine-Month Comparison

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2024							2023
	Average				Average			Average				Average
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Interest		Rate			Balance		Interest		Rate
Interest earning assets:
Federal funds sold and interest bearing due from banks	$	153,755	$	6,199		5.39	%	$	132,421	$	4,885		4.93	%
Mortgage loans held for sale		5,230		152		3.88			7,333		173		3.15
Investment securities:
Taxable		1,418,794		21,700		2.04			1,624,452		24,809		2.04
Tax-exempt		79,298		1,456		2.45			86,386		1,492		2.31
Total securities		1,498,092		23,156		2.06			1,710,838		26,301		2.06
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		27,364		1,601		7.82			22,663		939		5.54
Loans		5,986,366		271,736		6.06			5,337,493		219,598		5.50
Total interest earning assets		7,670,807		302,844		5.27			7,210,748		251,896		4.67
Less allowance for credit losses on loans		83,344							77,720
Non-interest earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		72,444							79,470
Premises and equipment, net		111,113							103,231
Bank owned life insurance		87,760							85,461
Goodwill		194,074							194,074
Accrued interest receivable and other		209,163							65,394
Total assets	$	8,262,017						$	7,660,658
Interest bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand	$	2,318,696	$	35,365		2.04	%	$	2,241,032	$	23,232		1.39	%
Savings		429,546		895		0.28			496,230		997		0.27
Money market		1,224,878		28,521		3.11			1,061,972		14,580		1.84
Time		1,053,065		32,705		4.15			668,926		13,131		2.62
Total interest bearing deposits		5,026,185		97,486		2.59			4,468,160		51,940		1.55
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		156,392		2,639		2.25			120,740		1,429		1.58
Federal funds purchased		9,585		395		5.50			13,857		504		4.86
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		392,609		13,469		4.58			305,220		10,613		4.65
Subordinated debentures		26,802		1,511		7.53			26,508		1,653		8.34
Total interest bearing liabilities		5,611,573		115,500		2.75			4,934,485		66,139		1.79
Non-interest bearing liabilities:
Non-interest bearing demand deposits		1,508,947							1,796,586
Accrued interest payable and other		258,230							133,415
Total liabilities		7,378,750							6,864,486
Stockholders’ equity		883,267							796,172
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	8,262,017						$	7,660,658
Net interest income			$	187,344						$	185,757
Net interest spread						2.52	%						2.88	%
Net interest margin						3.26	%						3.44	%

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Supplemental Information - Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (FTE)

● Average loan balances include the principal balance of non-accrual loans, as well as unearned income such as loan premiums, discounts, fees/costs and exclude participation loans accounted for as secured borrowings. Participation loans accounted for as secured borrowings averaged $2 million and $4 million for the three month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Participation loans accounted for as secured borrowings averaged $3 million and $5 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Interest income on a FTE basis includes additional amounts of interest income that would have been earned if investments in certain tax-exempt interest earning assets had been made in assets subject to federal taxes yielding the same after-tax income. Interest income on municipal securities and tax-exempt loans has been calculated on a FTE basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%. Approximate tax equivalent adjustments to interest income were $85,000 and $122,000 for the three month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $273,000 and $441,000 for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Interest income includes loan fees of $1.7 million and $1.1 million for the three month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4.6 million and $4.1 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest income on loans may be materially impacted by the level of prepayment fees collected and net accretion income related to acquired loans. Net accretion income related to acquired loans totaled $467,000 and $507,000 for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1.8 million and $2.0 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Net interest income, the most significant component of Bancorp's earnings, represents total interest income less total interest expense. The level of net interest income is determined by mix and volume of interest earning assets, interest bearing deposits and borrowed funds, and changes in interest rates.

● NIM represents net interest income on a FTE basis as a percentage of total average interest earning assets.

● Net interest spread (FTE) is the difference between taxable equivalent rates earned on total interest earning assets less the cost of interest bearing liabilities.

● The fair market value adjustment on investment securities resulting from ASC 320, “Investments – Debt and Equity Securities” is included as a component of other assets.

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Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

Managing interest rate risk is fundamental for the financial services industry. The primary objective of interest rate risk management is to neutralize effects of interest rate changes on net income. By considering both on and off-balance sheet financial instruments, management evaluates interest rate sensitivity with the goal of optimizing net interest income within the constraints of prudent capital adequacy, liquidity needs, market opportunities and customer funding requirements.

Interest Rate Simulation Sensitivity Analysis

Bancorp uses an earnings simulation model to estimate and evaluate the impact of an immediate change in interest rates on earnings in a one-year forecast. The simulation model is designed to reflect dynamics of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. By estimating effects of interest rate fluctuations, the model can approximate interest rate risk exposure. This simulation model is used by management to gauge approximate results given a specific change in interest rates at a given point in time. The model is therefore a tool to indicate earnings trends in given interest rate scenarios and may not indicate actual or expected results.

The results of the interest rate sensitivity analysis performed as of September 30, 2024 were derived from conservative assumptions Bancorp uses in its model, particularly in relation to deposit betas, which measure how responsive management’s deposit repricing may be to changes in market rates based on historical data. Management uses different betas in the rising and falling rate scenarios in an effort to best simulate expected earnings trends.

Bancorp’s interest rate sensitivity analysis details that increases in interest rates of 100 and 200 bps would have a slightly positive effect on net interest income, while decreases in interest rates of 100 and 200 bps would have a slightly negative impact. These results depict a relatively neutral interest rate risk profile. The increase in net interest income in the rising rate scenarios is primarily due to variable rate loans and short-term investments repricing more quickly than deposits and short-term borrowings. Net interest income decreases in the falling rate scenarios because rates on non-maturity deposits cannot be lowered sufficiently to offset the decline in interest income associated with assets that immediately reprice as rates fall.

	-200			-100			+100			+200
	Basis Points			Basis Points			Basis Points			Basis Points
% Change from base net interest income at September 30, 2024		-2.66	%		-1.47	%		1.58	%		3.06	%

Bancorp’s loan portfolio is currently composed of approximately 69% fixed and 31% variable rate loans, with the fixed rate portion pricing generally based on a spread to the five year treasury curve at the time of origination and the variable portion pricing based on an on-going spread to Prime (approximately 60%) or SOFR (approximately 40%).

Periodically, Bancorp enters into interest rate swap transactions with borrowers who desire to hedge exposure to rising interest rates, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap, with substantially matching terms, with another approved independent counterparty. These are undesignated derivative instruments and are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in other non-interest income as interest rates fluctuate. Because of matching terms of offsetting contracts, in addition to collateral provisions which mitigate the impact of non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have a minimal effect on earnings and are therefore not included in the simulation analysis results above. For additional information see the Footnote titled “Assets and Liabilities Measured and Reported at Fair Value.”

In addition, Bancorp periodically uses derivative financial instruments as part of its interest rate risk management, including interest rate swaps. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges as described in the Footnote titled “Derivative Financial Instruments.” For these derivatives, the effective portion of gains or losses is reported as a component of OCI and is subsequently reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense in periods in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

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Provision for Credit Losses

Provision for credit losses on loans at September 30, 2024 represents the amount of expense that, based on management’s judgment, is required to maintain the ACL for loans at an appropriate level under the CECL model. The determination of the amount of the ACL for loans is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity. See the Footnote titled “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for detailed discussion regarding Bancorp’s ACL methodology by loan segment.

An analysis of the changes in the ACL for loans, including provision, and selected ratios follow:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Beginning balance	$	82,155		$	77,710		$	79,374		$	73,531
Provision for credit losses on loans		4,325			2,300			6,575			6,700
Total charge-offs		(1,345	)		(2,115	)		(1,954	)		(2,805	)
Total recoveries		208			180			1,348			649
Net loan (charge-offs) recoveries		(1,137	)		(1,935	)		(606	)		(2,156	)
Ending balance	$	85,343		$	78,075		$	85,343		$	78,075
Average total loans	$	6,174,309		$	5,486,262		$	5,986,366		$	5,337,493
Provision for credit losses on loans to average total loans (1)		0.07	%		0.04	%		0.11	%		0.13	%
Net loan (charge-offs) recoveries to average total loans (1)		-0.02	%		-0.04	%		-0.01	%		-0.04	%
ACL for loans to total loans		1.36	%		1.39	%		1.36	%		1.39	%
ACL for loans to average total loans		1.38	%		1.42	%		1.43	%		1.46	%

(1) Ratios are not annualized

The ACL for loans totaled $85 million as of September 30, 2024 compared to $78 million at September 30, 2023, representing an ACL to total loans ratio of 1.36% and 1.39% for the respective periods.

Provision expense on loans of $4.3 million and $6.6 million was recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, attributed mainly to strong loan growth and deterioration in the FRB unemployment forecast. Net charge offs of $1.1 million and $606,000 were recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, serving to decrease the ACL for loans.

Provision expense on loans of $2.3 million and $6.7 million was recorded to provision for credit losses on loans for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023, respectively, driven mainly by strong loan growth. Partially offsetting the increase in the ACL associated with provision expense was net charge off activity of $1.9 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

While separate from the ACL for loans and recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, the ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures also experienced an increase between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024. While no provision for off balance sheet credit exposures was recorded for the three month period ended September 30, 2024 due to increased utilization (and thus a decrease in availability), provision of $475,000 was recorded for the nine month period ended September 30, 2024, driven largely by increased availability within the C&D portfolio. The ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures totaled $6.3 million as of September 30, 2024.

Provision for credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures of $475,000 and $1.1 million was recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023. The ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures was $5.6 million as of September 30, 2023.

Bancorp’s loan portfolio is well-diversified with no significant concentrations of credit. Geographically, most loans are extended to borrowers in Louisville, central, eastern and northern Kentucky, as well as the Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio metropolitan markets. The adequacy of the ACL is monitored on an ongoing basis and it is the opinion of management that the balance of the ACL at September 30, 2024 is adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the financial statement date.

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Non-interest Income

	Three months ended September 30,											Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023		$ Variance			% Variance			2024			2023		$ Variance			% Variance
Wealth management and trust services	$	10,931		$	10,030	$	901			9	%	$	32,497		$	29,703	$	2,794			9	%
Deposit service charges		2,314			2,272		42			2			6,630			6,622		8			0
Debit and credit card income		5,083			4,870		213			4			14,688			14,064		624			4
Treasury management fees		2,939			2,635		304			12			8,389			7,502		887			12
Mortgage banking income		1,112			814		298			37			3,077			2,882		195			7
Net investment product sales commissions and fees		915			791		124			16			2,580			2,345		235			10
Bank owned life insurance		634			569		65			11			1,817			1,677		140			8
Gain (loss) on sale of premises and equipment		(59	)		302		(361	)		NM			(39	)		75		(114	)		NM
Other		928			613		315			51			2,084			2,933		(849	)		(29	)
Total non-interest income	$	24,797		$	22,896	$	1,901			8	%	$	71,723		$	67,803	$	3,920			6	%

Total non-interest income increased $1.9 million, or 8%, and $3.9 million, or 6%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023, respectively. Non-interest income comprised 27.6% and 27.7% of total revenues, defined as net interest income and non-interest income, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to 27.2% and 26.8%% for the same periods of 2023. WM&T services comprised 44.1% and 45.3% of total non-interest income for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to 43.8% for both the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023.

WM&T Services:

The magnitude of WM&T revenue distinguishes Bancorp from other community banks of similar asset size. WM&T revenue increased $901,000, or 9%, and $2.8 million, or 9%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023, consistent with strong equity market appreciation and higher estate fee income that more than offset a decline in net new business expansion.

Net new business refers to revenue generated from newly acquired customers or reactivated accounts, excluding revenue from upselling or cross-selling to existing active customers. It plays a crucial role in expanding Bancorp’s financial base and ensuring long-term sustainability and success. During the third quarter of 2024, the WM&T department experienced negative net new business for the first time in a few years, which was driven in large part to attrition associated with employee retirements and market competition. Despite negative net new business for the quarter, total WM&T income is currently projected to increase over the next twelve months, as projected moderate market growth would more than offset the potential negative impact from the previously mentioned attrition and an expected decline in non-recurring estate fees.

Recurring fees earned for managing accounts are based on a percentage of market value of AUM and are typically assessed on a monthly basis. Recurring fees, which generally comprise the vast majority of WM&T revenue, increased $613,000, or 6%, and $2.3 million, or 8% for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023. The increases were driven largely by equity market appreciation over the past year.

A portion of WM&T revenue, most notably executor and certain employee benefit plan-related fees, are non-recurring in nature and the timing of these revenues corresponds with the related administrative activities. For this reason, such fees are subject to greater period over period fluctuation. Total non-recurring fees increased $288,000 and $534,000 for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023, driven by increased estate fee income.

AUM, stated at market value, totaled $7.32 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $7.16 billion at December 31, 2023 and $6.67 billion at September 30, 2023. The increase in AUM between September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2024 is attributed mainly to strong equity market appreciation experienced over the past year.

Contracts between WM&T and their customers do not permit performance-based fees and accordingly, none of the WM&T revenue is performance based. Management believes the WM&T department will continue to factor significantly in Bancorp’s financial results and provide strategic diversity to revenue streams.

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Detail of WM&T Service Income by Account Type:

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Investment advisory	$	4,240	$	3,856	$	12,726	$	11,511
Personal trust		3,815		3,557		11,465		10,572
Personal investment retirement		1,955		1,778		5,661		5,164
Company retirement		416		392		1,240		1,132
Foundation and endowment		339		303		1,003		872
Custody and safekeeping		56		77		172		248
Brokerage and insurance services		5		1		9		9
Other		105		66		221		195
Total WM&T services income	$	10,931	$	10,030	$	32,497	$	29,703

The preceding table demonstrates that WM&T fee revenue is concentrated within investment advisory and personal trust accounts. WM&T fees are predominantly based on AUM and tailored for individual/company accounts and/or relationships with fee structures customized based on account type and other factors, with larger relationships paying a lower percentage of AUM in fees. For example, recurring AUM fee structures are in place for investment management, irrevocable and revocable trusts, personal investment retirement accounts and accounts holding only fixed income securities. WM&T also provides company retirement plan services, which can consist of a one-time conversion fee with recurring AUM fees to follow. While there are also fee structures for estate settlements, income received is typically non-recurring in nature. Fee structures are agreed upon at the time of account opening and any subsequent revisions are communicated in writing to the customer. As previously mentioned, WM&T fees earned are not performance-based nor are they based on investment strategy or transactions. Bancorp also earns management fees on in-house investments funds acquired from CB.

AUM by Account Type:

AUM (not included on balance sheet) increased from $7.16 billion at December 31, 2023 to $7.32 billion at September 30, 2024 as follows:

	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Managed		Non-managed (1)		Total		Managed		Non-managed (1)		Total
Investment advisory	$	2,736,814	$	66,332	$	2,803,146	$	2,591,561	$	72,028	$	2,663,589
Personal trust		1,614,335		435,589		2,049,924		1,922,294		459,103		2,381,397
Personal investment retirement		946,944		21,282		968,226		848,800		17,854		866,654
Company retirement		54,368		633,990		688,358		57,486		510,294		567,780
Foundation and endowment		523,563		7,278		530,841		471,609		23,413		495,022
Subtotal	$	5,876,024	$	1,164,471	$	7,040,495	$	5,891,750	$	1,082,692	$	6,974,442
Custody and safekeeping		—		276,336		276,336		—		185,638		185,638
Total AUM	$	5,876,024	$	1,440,807	$	7,316,831	$	5,891,750	$	1,268,330	$	7,160,080

(1) Non-managed assets represent those for which the WM&T department does not hold investment discretion.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 80% and 82% of AUM were actively managed, respectively. Company retirement plan accounts consist primarily of participant-directed assets. The amount of custody and safekeeping accounts are insignificant to overall WM&T operations.

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Managed AUM by Class of Investment:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Interest bearing deposits	$	414,981	$	442,820
Treasury and government agency obligations		210,703		240,848
State, county and municipal obligations		341,798		297,314
Money market mutual funds		35,949		68,617
Equity mutual funds		1,358,978		1,225,210
Other mutual funds - fixed, balanced and municipal		547,813		551,141
Other notes and bonds		28,502		199,146
Common and preferred stocks		2,549,702		2,474,186
Common trust funds and collective investment funds		179,448		84,996
Real estate mortgages		167		373
Real estate		43,028		40,224
Other miscellaneous assets (1)		164,955		266,875
Total managed assets	$	5,876,024	$	5,891,750

(1) Includes client directed instruments such as rights, warrants, annuities, insurance policies, unit investment trusts, and oil and gas rights.

Managed assets are invested in instruments for which market values can be readily determined, the majority of which are sensitive to market fluctuations and consist of approximately 67% in equities and 33% in fixed income securities as of September 30, 2024, compared to 64% and 36% as of December 31, 2023. This composition has remained relatively consistent from period to period.

Additional Sources of Non-interest income:

Deposit service charges, which consist of non-sufficient funds charges and to a lesser extent, other activity based charges, increased $42,000, or 2%, and $8,000, or less than 1%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023. Consistent with the banking industry generally, Bancorp has experienced a steady decline in the volume of fees earned on overdrawn checking accounts over the past several years. This trend has been driven by lower check presentment volume, which has in turn led to fewer overdrawn accounts in general. Further, Bancorp anticipates that future growth of this revenue stream could be significantly impacted by changing industry practices. Bancorp could be faced with strategic decisions surrounding deposit-related service charges in the future, which could negatively impact the contributions made by this, or similar, revenue streams.

Debit and credit card income consists of interchange revenue, ancillary fees and incentives received from card processors. Debit and credit card revenue increased $213,000, or 4%, and $624,000, or 4%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023. The increases were driven by interchange income expansion and higher transaction volume. Total debit card income increased $110,000, or 3%, and $161,000, or 2%, and total credit card income increased $103,000, or 13%, and $463,000, or 11% for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, compared the same periods of the prior year. While Bancorp generally expects this revenue stream to grow with continued expansion of the customer base, interchange rate compression and fluctuations in business and consumer spend levels could serve as challenges to future growth.

Treasury management fees primarily consist of fees earned for cash management services provided to commercial customers. This category continues to stand out as a consistent, growing source of revenue for Bancorp and increased $304,000, or 12%, and $887,000, or 12%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023, driven by expansion, increased transaction volume, growing international services and new product sales. Bancorp anticipates this income category will continue to increase based on continued customer base growth and the expanding suite of services offered within Bancorp’s treasury management platform.

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Mortgage banking income primarily includes gains on sales of mortgage loans and net loan servicing income offset by MSR amortization. Bancorp’s mortgage banking department predominantly originates residential mortgage loans to be sold in the secondary market, primarily to FNMA and FHLMC. Bancorp offers conventional, VA, FHA and GNMA financing for purchases and refinances, as well as programs for first-time homebuyers. Interest rates on mortgage loans directly influence the volume of business transacted by the mortgage-banking department. Mortgage banking revenue increased $298,000, or 37%, and $195,000, or 7%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023, driven by an increase in origination volume during the third quarter of this year in addition to slowing MSR amortization.

Net investment product sales commissions and fees are generated primarily on stock, bond and mutual fund sales, as well as wrap fees earned on brokerage accounts via an arrangement with a third party broker-dealer. Wrap fees represent charges for investment programs that bundle together a suite of services, such as brokerage, advisory, research and management and are based on a percentage of account assets. Bancorp deploys its financial advisors primarily through its branch network, while larger managed accounts are generally serviced by Bancorp’s WM&T group. Net investment product sales commissions and fees increased $124,000, or 16%, and $235,000, or 10%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023 due to organic growth and general market appreciation over the respective period.

BOLI assets represent the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on certain active and non-active employees who have provided consent for Bancorp to be the beneficiary for a portion of such policies. The related change in cash surrender value and any death benefits received under the policies are recorded as non-interest income and serves to offset the cost of various employee benefits. BOLI income increased $65,000, or 11%, and $140,000, or 8%, for the three and nine month periods ending September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of the prior year, which was attributed to general market appreciation and a reallocation of investments within the policy plans over the past year.

Losses on the sale of premises and equipment of $59,000 and $39,000 were recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024. Activity for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 was the result of the sale of certain acquired properties that overlapped with existing locations in addition to other merger-related disposal activity.

Other non-interest income increased $315,000, or 51%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased $849,000, or 29%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared with the same periods of 2023. The increase for the three month period was attributed largely higher swap fee income recorded during the current year. In addition, the prior year period included a $250,000 OREO write-down (no such activity in the current year period). The decrease for the nine month period was driven largely by Bancorp’s decision not to renew the insurance captive in late 2023, which contributed approximately $1.4 million of other non-interest income for nine month periods ended September 30, 2023.

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Non-interest Expenses

	Three months ended September 30,										Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		$ Variance			% Variance			2024		2023		$ Variance			% Variance
Compensation	$	25,534	$	23,379	$	2,155			9	%	$	74,389	$	67,382	$	7,007			10	%
Employee benefits		4,629		4,508		121			3			15,591		14,622		969			7
Net occupancy and equipment		3,775		3,821		(46	)		(1	)		11,264		11,234		30			0
Technology and communication		4,500		4,236		264			6			14,463		12,706		1,757			14
Debit and credit card processing		1,845		1,637		208			13			5,402		4,762		640			13
Marketing and business development		1,438		1,357		81			6			4,109		4,236		(127	)		(3	)
Postage, printing and supplies		901		938		(37	)		(4	)		2,740		2,701		39			1
Legal and professional		968		1,049		(81	)		(8	)		3,268		2,665		603			23
FDIC insurance		1,095		937		158			17			3,368		2,851		517			18
Capital and deposit based taxes		825		629		196			31			2,128		1,875		253			13
Intangible amortization		1,052		1,167		(115	)		(10	)		3,155		3,519		(364	)		(10	)
Amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships		-		323		(323	)		NM			-		970		(970	)		NM
Other		1,890		2,721		(831	)		(31	)		6,645		8,293		(1,648	)		(20	)
Total non-interest expenses	$	48,452	$	46,702	$	1,750			4	%	$	146,522	$	137,816	$	8,706			6	%

Total non-interest expenses increased $1.8 million, or 4%, and $8.7 million, or 6%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023. Compensation and employee benefits comprised 62.3% and 61.4% of Bancorp’s total non-interest expenses for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, compared to 59.7% and 59.5% for the same periods of 2023.

Compensation, which includes salaries, incentives, bonuses and stock based compensation, increased $2.2 million, or 9%, and $7.0 million, or 10%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023. The increases were attributed to annual merit-based salary increases, higher bonus accruals and to a lesser extent, increased incentive compensation. Net full time equivalent employees totaled 1,068 at September 30, 2024 compared to 1,075 at December 31, 2023 and 1,056 at September 30, 2023.

Employee benefits consists of all personnel-related expense not included in compensation, with the most significant items being health insurance, payroll taxes and employee retirement plan contributions. Employee benefits increased $121,000, or 3%, and $969,000, or 7%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023, driven mainly by an increase in health insurance claims activity.

Net occupancy and equipment expenses primarily include depreciation, rent, property taxes, utilities and maintenance. Costs of capital asset additions flow through the statement of income over the lives of the assets in the form of depreciation expense. Net occupancy expense decreased $46,000, or 1%, and increased $30,000, or less than 1%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared with the same periods of 2023. At September 30, 2024, Bancorp’s branch network consisted of 72 locations throughout Louisville, central, eastern and Northern Kentucky, as well as the MSAs of Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio.

Technology and communication expenses include computer software usage and licensing fees, equipment depreciation and expenditures related to investments in technology needed to maintain and improve the quality of customer delivery channels, information security and internal resources. Technology expense increased $264,000, or 6%, and $1.8 million, or 14%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023, consistent with Bancorp’s growth and continued investment in technology, including various security and compliance-related software upgrades.

Bancorp outsources processing for debit and commercial credit card operations, which generate significant revenue for the Company. These expenses typically fluctuate consistent with transaction volumes. Debit and credit card processing expense increased $208,000, or 13%, and $640,000, or 13%, for the three and nine month periods ending September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of last year, driven by increased transaction volume and customer base expansion.

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Marketing and business development expenses include all costs associated with promoting Bancorp, including community support, retaining customers and acquiring new business. Marketing and business development expenses increased $81,000, or 6%, and decreased $127,000, or 3%, for the three and nine month periods ending September 30, 2024, as compared to the same periods of 2023. The increase for the three month period related to higher advertising expense tied to time deposit product promotions, while the decrease for the nine month period stemmed largely from lower customer entertainment expenses compared to the prior year.

Postage, printing and supplies expense decreased $37,000, or 4%, and increased $39,000, or 1%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023.

Legal and professional fees decreased $81,000, or 8%, and increased $603,000, or 23%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of the prior year. The decrease for the three month period is attributed mainly to lower collections-related expenses while the increase for the nine month period was driven primarily by compliance-related consulting projects associated with Bancorp approaching $10 billion in total assets.

FDIC insurance expense increased $158,000, or 17%, and $517,000, or 18%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same periods of 2023, consistent with Bancorp’s growth.

Effective January 1, 2024, Bancorp adopted ASU 2023-02 and began booking tax credit amortization expense for all historical and low income tax credit projects as a component of income tax expense via the proportional amortization method. Such expense had previously been recorded as a component of non-interest expenses. As such, no tax credit amortization expense was recorded as non-interest expense for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024. Expense of $323,000 and $970,000 was recorded in relation to amortization of tax credit investments for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Capital and deposit based taxes, which consist primarily of capital-based local income taxes and franchise taxes, increased $196,000, or 31%, and $253,000, or 13%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023. Bancorp’s capital and deposit based tax expense is based on gross revenues appropriated to the state of Ohio (the only state Bancorp operates in with a capital-based deposit tax).

Intangible amortization expense consists of amortization associated with the CDI of acquired deposit portfolios, as well as an intangible related to customer list of the WM&T business line added through a past acquisition. The intangibles are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of approximately ten years. Intangible amortization expense decreased $115,000, or 10%, and $364,000, or 10%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods of the prior year, which is attributed to the accelerated depreciation method for which intangible assets are amortized.

Other non-interest expenses decreased $831,000, or 31%, and $1.6 million, or 20%, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same periods of 2023, driven largely by Bancorp’s decision not to renew the insurance captive in late 2023, in addition to the benefit of modifications made to the corporate credit card reward program and a decline in fraudulent check and card losses.

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Income Tax Expense

A comparison of income tax expense and ETR follows:

	Three months ended September 30,												Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			$/bp Variance			% Variance			2024			2023			$ Variance			% Variance
Income before income tax expense	$	36,999		$	34,734		$	2,265			7	%	$	105,222		$	107,553		$	(2,331	)		(2%	)
Income tax expense		7,639			7,642			(3	)		(0	)		22,377			23,749			(1,372	)		(6	)
Effective tax rate		20.65	%		22.00	%	(135) bps				(6	)		21.27	%		22.08	%	(81) bps				(4	)

Fluctuations in the ETR are primarily attributed to the following:

● The stock based compensation component of the ETR fluctuates consistent with the level of SAR exercise activity in addition to the levels of PSU, RSA and RSU vesting. The ETR was reduced by 0.36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to a reduction of 0.29% for the same period of 2023, consistent with exercise and vesting activity. 

● The cash surrender value of life insurance policies can vary widely from period to period, driven largely by market changes. The related impact is inversely correlated with the ETR generally, with cash surrender value declines typically serving to increase the ETR and vice versa. Changes in the cash surrender value of life insurance policies decreased the ETR by 0.73% and 0.49% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Bancorp invests in certain partnerships that yield federal income tax credits. Taken as a whole, the tax benefit of these investments exceeds amortization expense, resulting in a positive impact on net income. The timing and magnitude of these transactions may vary widely from period to period. Effective January 1, 2024, Bancorp adopted ASU 2023-02 and began booking tax credit amortization expense for all tax credit projects as a component of income tax expense via the proportional amortization method. The cumulative impact of the adoption of ASU 2023-02 and tax credit amortization for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 served to reduce the ETR 0.90%. The ETR was reduced by 0.48% by tax credit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

● Tax-exempt interest income earned on loans and investment securities reduced the ETR by 0.45% and 0.49% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Activity related to the Captive, which previously provided tax advantages associated with the tax-deductible/exempt nature of insurance premiums paid to/received by the Captive, reduced the ETR by 0.27% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Bancorp elected not to renew the Captive during the third quarter of 2023 and subsequently dissolved it as of December 31, 2023. No tax benefit associated with the Captive will be experienced going forward.

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Financial Condition – September 30, 2024 Compared to December 31, 2023

Overview

Total assets increased $267 million, or 3%, to $8.44 billion at September 30, 2024 from $8.17 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase for the first nine months of 2024 was attributed to substantial loan growth of $507 million, or 9%, which was partially offset by declines of $234 million, or 16%, in the investment securities portfolio and $13 million, or 5%, in cash and cash equivalents.

Total liabilities increased $191 million, or 3%, to $7.50 billion at September 30, 2024 from $7.31 billion at December 31, 2023, driven by increases of $125 million, or 63%, and $55 million, or 1%, in FHLB advances and total deposits, respectively.

Stockholders’ equity increased $76 million, or 9%, to $934 million at September 30, 2024 from $858 million at December 31, 2023, as net income of $82.8 million and a $17.5 million improvement in AOCI was offset by $26.7 million of cash dividends declared during the first nine months of 2024. The improvement in AOCI was associated with changes in the interest rate environment and the corresponding impact on the valuation of the AFS debt securities portfolio and cash flow hedging derivatives. Further, a $2.5 million increase in retained earnings was recorded in relation to the adoption of ASU 2023-02 effective January 1, 2024.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents decreased $13 million, or 5%, ending at $253 million at September 30, 2024 compared to $266 million at December 31, 2023, which was the result of normal fluctuations experienced during the first nine months of 2024.

Investment Securities

The primary purpose of the investment securities portfolio is to provide another source of interest income, as well as a tool for liquidity management. In managing the composition of the balance sheet, Bancorp seeks a balance between earnings sources, credit and liquidity considerations.

Investment securities decreased $234 million, or 16%, to $1.24 billion at September 30, 2024 compared to $1.47 billion at December 31, 2023. This decline was driven by scheduled maturities within the treasury portfolio, normal pay down activity, and to a smaller extent, a increase in the market value of the AFS investment portfolio specifically. There were no investment security purchases during the first nine months of 2024, as Bancorp has prioritized liquidity amidst continued loan growth and deposit portfolio fluctuations.

FHLB Stock

FHLB stock holdings increased $13 million to $29 million at September 30, 2024 compared to $16 million at December 31, 2023. The increase was driven by FHLB borrowing activity during the first nine months of 2024, as FHLB members are required to hold certain levels of FHLB stock in relation to the amount of their borrowings. Overnight borrowing activity increased during the first nine months of 2024, as a result of strong loan growth and deposit fluctuations. Bancorp’s FHLB stock holdings will fluctuate consistent with borrowing activity from period to period.

Loans

Total loans increased $507 million, or 9%, from December 31, 2023 to September 30, 2024. While the substantial loan growth experienced during the first nine months of 2024 was well-spread across loan categories, C&D and C&I lines of credit experienced growth of 27% and 17%, respectively.

Total line of credit utilization has experienced steady improvement through the first nine months of 2024, ending at 43.2% as of September 30, 2024, compared to 39.2% at December 31, 2023 and 38.8% at September 30, 2023. Increased utilization has been experienced within the C&D and C&I portfolios, the latter of which has improved to 31.8% at September 30, 2024 from 28.6% at December 31, 2023 and 26.8% at September 30, 2023. While line utilization has trended upward, it still remains below pre-pandemic levels, as customers continue to utilize cash in lieu of higher costing lines of credit.

Bancorp’s credit exposure is diversified between businesses and individuals. No specific industry concentration exceeds 10% of loans outstanding. While Bancorp has a diversified loan portfolio, a customer’s ability to honor loan agreements is somewhat dependent upon the economic stability and/or industry in which that customer does business. Loans outstanding and related unfunded commitments are primarily concentrated within Bancorp’s current market areas, which encompass the Louisville, Kentucky MSA, central, eastern and northern Kentucky, as well as the Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio MSAs.

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CRE represents the largest segment of Bancorp’s loan portfolio, totaling $2.64 billion, or 42%, of total loans as of September 30, 2024. While a combination of sustained higher interest rates and rising central business district vacancies across the country have created credit and collateral concerns within the CRE sector generally, Bancorp believes the quality of its CRE portfolio, and the overall loan portfolio, remains solid.

Office building exposure, which is a sub-segment of CRE and perceived to be of particular risk in the current environment, is a smaller component of Bancorp’s loan portfolio, totaling $546 million, or 9%, of total loans as of September 30, 2024. Approximately $218 million, or 40%, of Bancorp’s office building exposure is medical-related, which in management’s opinion presents reduced risk compared to other CRE uses. In addition, approximately $282 million, or 52%, of the office building exposure is owner-occupied and is generally accompanied by a full commercial banking relationship. This sub-segment is concentrated in Bancorp’s primary markets, with no exposure to large office towers and minimal exposure to central business districts, and continues to perform well with minimal substandard/non-accrual and past due loans as of September 30, 2024. 

Bancorp occasionally enters into loan participation agreements with other banks to diversify credit risk. For certain participation loans sold, Bancorp has retained effective control of the loans, typically by restricting the participating institutions from pledging or selling their ownership share of the loan without permission from Bancorp. GAAP requires the participated portion of these loans to be recorded as secured borrowings. These participated loans are included in the C&I and CRE loan portfolio segments with a corresponding liability recorded in other liabilities. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total participated portion of loans of this nature totaled $2 million and $4 million, respectively.

The following table presents the maturity distribution (based on contractual maturity) and rate sensitivity of the total loan portfolio as of September 30, 2024:

	Maturity
September 30, 2024 (in thousands)	Within one year		After one but within five years		After five but within fifteen years		Ater fifteen years		Total		% of Total
Fixed rate	$	390,031	$	2,071,509	$	963,557	$	919,635	$	4,344,732		69	%
Variable rate		738,481		694,318		470,932		29,670		1,933,401		31	%
Total loans	$	1,128,512	$	2,765,827	$	1,434,489	$	949,305	$	6,278,133		100	%

In the event where Bancorp structures a loan with a maturity exceeding five years (typically CRE loans), an automatic rate adjustment will typically be set in place at five years from origination date to limit interest rate sensitivity.

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Non-performing Loans and Assets

Information summarizing non-performing loans and assets follows:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Non-accrual loans	$	16,288		$	19,058
Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty		-			-
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing		870			110
Total non-performing loans		17,158			19,168
Other real estate owned		10			10
Total non-performing assets	$	17,168		$	19,178
Non-performing loans to total loans		0.27	%		0.33	%
Non-performing assets to total assets		0.20	%		0.23	%
ACL for loans to total non-performing loans		497	%		414	%

As of September 30, 2024, non-accrual loans totaled $16 million compared to $19 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease in total non-accrual loans between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024 stemmed mainly from the payoffs of two larger and unrelated CRE relationships that were on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2023.

Non-performing assets as of September 30, 2024 consisted of 128 loans, ranging in individual amounts up to $3 million, and one residential real estate property held as OREO.

Delinquent Loans

Delinquent loans (consisting of all loans 30 days or more past due) totaled $28 million and $17 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Delinquent loans to total loans were 0.44% and 0.30% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in delinquent loans over this period was driven by 44 owner-occupied residential real estate loans totaling $6 million that were 30 days past due and two unrelated CRE relationships totaling $4 million that went past due during the third quarter. $9 million of loans in delinquent status as of September 30, 2024 became current in October 2024, including $2 million of loans that fully paid off.

Classified Loans

Classified loans, which consist of loans defined as OAEM, substandard, substandard non-performing (including non-accrual loans discussed above) and doubtful, totaled $167 million and $96 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The increase over this period was driven mainly by loans classified as OAEM and substandard, which increased $66 million in total over this period.

Loans classified as OAEM have potential weaknesses requiring management’s heightened attention that may result in deterioration of repayment prospects on the loan or of Bancorp’s credit position at some future date. OAEM loans totaled $100 million and $34 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in OAEM loans experienced between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024 was driven by a small number of relationships that were downgraded to OAEM, with one C&I relationship representing $16 million of the increase. Further, approximately $15 million of notes classified as OAEM as of September 30, 2024 represent loans that have been upgraded from the substandard classification during 2024. As of September 30, 2024, $83 million, or 83%, of loans classified as OAEM were current with their contractual payments.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACL for loans is a valuation allowance for loans estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP. When Bancorp deems all or a portion of a loan to be uncollectible, the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire ACL for loans is available for any loan that, in Bancorp’s judgment, should be charged-off. See the Footnote titled “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” from Bancorp’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of Bancorp’s ACL methodology on loans.

Bancorp’s ACL for loans was $85 million as of September 30, 2024 compared to $79 million as of December 31, 2023. Provision expense for credit losses on loans of $6.6 million was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, consistent with strong loan growth and deterioration in the FRB unemployment forecast. Net charge offs of $606,000 were recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, serving to reduce the ACL for loans.

The ACL for loans calculation and resulting credit loss expense is significantly impacted by changes in forecasted economic conditions. Should the forecast for economic conditions change, Bancorp could experience further adjustments in its required ACL for loans credit loss expense.

The following table sets forth the ACL by category of loan:

	September 30, 2024								December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Allocated Allowance		% of Total ACL on loans			ACL for loans to Total Loans			Allocated Allowance		% of Total ACL on loans			ACL for loans to Total Loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	13,328		16	%		0.79	%	$	22,133		28	%		1.42	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		9,367		11	%		0.98	%		11,667		15	%		1.29	%
Total commercial real estate		22,695		27	%		0.86	%		33,800		43	%		1.37	%
Commercial and industrial - term		21,239		25	%		2.46	%		14,359		18	%		1.66	%
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		6,502		8	%		1.27	%		6,495		8	%		1.48	%
Total commercial and industrial		27,741		33	%		2.02	%		20,854		26	%		1.60	%
Residential real estate - owner occupied		13,945		16	%		1.78	%		9,316		12	%		1.31	%
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		4,940		6	%		1.30	%		4,282		5	%		1.19	%
Total residential real estate		18,885		22	%		1.62	%		13,598		17	%		1.27	%
Construction and land development		11,651		14	%		1.73	%		7,593		10	%		1.43	%
Home equity lines of credit		1,234		1	%		0.52	%		1,660		2	%		0.79	%
Consumer		2,460		3	%		1.71	%		1,407		2	%		0.97	%
Leases		402		0	%		2.40	%		220		0	%		1.42	%
Credit cards		275		0	%		1.05	%		242		0	%		1.02	%
Total	$	85,343		100	%		1.36	%	$	79,374		100	%		1.38	%

The allocation of the ACL for loans amongst respective segments of the loan portfolio experienced a shift between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024, most notably within the CRE and C&I categories. This shift was driven by a thorough evaluation of the qualitative factors within the CECL methodology performed during the second quarter as part of Bancorp’s analysis, which resulted in a larger allocation of the ACL to the C&I segment and a reduced allocation of the ACL to the CRE segment.

The larger qualitative allocation that had previously been assigned to the CRE portfolio stemmed from pandemic-era concerns surrounding certain concentrations within this segment and subsequent concerns related to the impact of rising interest rates. As the CRE portfolio has continued to perform well despite higher interest rates and the prospect of interest rate decreases are on the horizon, these original concerns have been alleviated. Further, there has been minimal charge-off activity within the CRE portfolio for several quarters and delinquent loans within the segment have trended downward. Considering all of these factors, management believes a lower qualitative allocation to the CRE portfolio was warranted.

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Offsetting the reduced qualitative allocation for the CRE portfolio as of September 30, 2024 was an increased qualitative allocation for the C&I portfolio. C&I concerns were driven by both recent and long-term charge off activity being concentrated in this portfolio, increased specific reserves, and higher levels of OAEM and substandard loans within the C&I segment. Further, C&I customers have generally been more strained by current economic conditions and the dramatic increase in interest rates due to exposure to the variable rate structure of many C&I loans. As such, management believed a higher qualitative allocation to the C&I portfolio was warranted.

The table below details net charge-offs to average loans outstanding by category of loan for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

	2024								2023
Three months ended September 30, (dollars in thousands)	Net (charge offs)/ recoveries			Average Loans		Net (charge offs)/ recoveries to average loans			Net (charge offs)/ recoveries			Average Loans		Net (charge offs)/ recoveries to average loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	18		$	1,669,466		0.00	%	$	17		$	1,485,582		0.00	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		-			946,239		0.00	%		6			899,796		0.00	%
Total commercial real estate		18			2,615,705		0.00	%		23			2,385,378		0.00	%
Commercial and industrial - term		(591	)		866,705		-0.07	%		(1,862	)		810,604		-0.23	%
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		-			501,374		0.00	%		1			436,179		0.00	%
Total commercial and industrial		(591	)		1,368,079		-0.04	%		(1,861	)		1,246,783		-0.15	%
Residential real estate - owner occupied		(391	)		766,574		-0.05	%		6			667,786		0.00	%
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		7			373,434		0.00	%		-			341,276		0.00	%
Total residential real estate		(384	)		1,140,008		-0.03	%		6			1,009,062		0.00	%
Construction and land development		-			630,845		0.00	%		-			462,092		0.00	%
Home equity lines of credit		-			230,053		0.00	%		-			204,466		0.00	%
Consumer		(86	)		147,447		-0.06	%		(101	)		141,453		-0.07	%
Leases		-			17,008		0.00	%		-			14,116		0.00	%
Credit cards		(94	)		25,164		-0.37	%		(2	)		22,912		-0.01	%
Total	$	(1,137	)	$	6,174,309		-0.02	%	$	(1,935	)	$	5,486,262		-0.04	%

	2024								2023
Nine months ended September 30, (dollars in thousands)	Net (charge offs)/ recoveries			Average Loans		Net (charge offs)/ recoveries to average loans			Net (charge offs)/ recoveries			Average Loans		Net (charge offs)/ recoveries to average loans
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	$	51		$	1,625,903		0.00	%	$	53		$	1,442,236		0.00	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		49			932,038		0.01	%		6			870,630		0.00	%
Total commercial real estate		100			2,557,941		0.00	%		59			2,312,866		0.00	%
Commercial and industrial - term		(126	)		865,401		-0.01	%		(1,990	)		792,245		-0.25	%
Commercial and industrial - lines of credit		204			467,513		0.04	%		150			437,250		0.03	%
Total commercial and industrial		78			1,332,914		0.01	%		(1,840	)		1,229,495		-0.15	%
Residential real estate - owner occupied		(392	)		740,579		-0.05	%		(16	)		639,207		0.00	%
Residential real estate - non-owner occupied		7			366,270		0.00	%		2			329,391		0.00	%
Total residential real estate		(385	)		1,106,849		-0.03	%		(14	)		968,598		0.00	%
Construction and land development		-			580,720		0.00	%		-			451,353		0.00	%
Home equity lines of credit		2			220,764		0.00	%		(12	)		200,588		-0.01	%
Consumer		(241	)		146,168		-0.16	%		(263	)		138,918		-0.19	%
Leases		-			16,518		0.00	%		-			13,715		0.00	%
Credit cards		(160	)		24,492		-0.65	%		(86	)		21,960		-0.39	%
Total	$	(606	)	$	5,986,366		-0.01	%	$	(2,156	)	$	5,337,493		-0.04	%

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While separate from the ACL for loans and recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, the ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures also experienced an increase between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024. Provision for credit loss expense for off balance sheet credit exposures of $475,000 was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, driven largely by increased availability within the C&D portfolio. The ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures totaled $6.3 million as of September 30, 2024.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are presented on the consolidated balance sheets net of related depreciation on the respective assets, as well as fair value adjustments associated with purchase accounting. Premises and equipment increased $10 million, or 10%, between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024, which was primarily the result of right-of-use lease asset additions. Bancorp’s branch network currently consists of 72 locations throughout Louisville, central, eastern and northern, Kentucky, as well as the Indianapolis, Indiana and Cincinnati, Ohio markets.

Premises held for sale totaling $2.3 million and $2.5 million was recorded on Bancorp’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which consists of three vacant parcels of land, a former administrative building and one former branch location.

Goodwill

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Bancorp had $194 million in goodwill recorded on its balance sheet. Goodwill of $58 million and $123 million is attributed to the acquisitions of CB and KB in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, goodwill totaling $12 million and $682,000 is attributed to the acquisitions of KSB and Austin State Bank in 2019 and 1996, respectively. The acquisition of TBOC in 2013 resulted in a bargain purchase gain.

Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, a decline in market-dependent multiples or metrics (i.e. stock price declining below tangible book value), negative trends in overall financial performance and regulatory actions. At September 30, 2024, Bancorp performed its annual qualitative assessment to determine if it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeded their carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was not more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of the reporting units exceeded their fair value.

Core Deposit and Customer List Intangibles

CDIs and CLIs arising from business acquisitions are initially measured at fair value and are then amortized on an accelerated method based on their useful lives. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Bancorp’s CDI assets totaled $10 million and $12 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Bancorp’s CLI assets were $7 million and $8 million, respectively, and attributed entirely to the WM&T segment.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets decreased $7 million, or 2%, to $280 million between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024. Other liabilities increased $20 million, or 8%, to $267 million over the same period. The decrease in other assets stems mainly from market value changes in interest rate swap assets and amortization of MSR assets. The increase in other liabilities was driven largely by right-of-use lease liability additions (the balance sheet offset of the previously mentioned right-of-use asset additions) and increases in accrued tax liabilities and other miscellaneous accruals.

Deposits

Total deposits increased $55 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2023 to September 30, 2024. Interest bearing deposits increased $95 million, or 2%, outpacing the $40 million, or 3% decrease in non-interest bearing deposits, as depositors continued shifting into higher-yielding alternatives in the current environment.

Bancorp continues to experience a shift in the deposit portfolio mix, as customers continue to seek higher-yielding alternatives to low-rate or non-interest bearing deposits in the higher rate environment. As a result, the cost of interest-bearing deposits rose to 2.59% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 1.55% for the same period of the prior year, with the cost of total deposits (including non-interest deposits) rising to 1.99% from 1.11%. While deposit costs have placed pressure on NIM in 2024, they are expected to moderate in tandem with anticipated interest rate reductions from the FRB.

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Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

SSUAR declined $3 million, or 2%, between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024, ending at $150 million as of September 30, 2024.

SSUAR represent a funding source of Bancorp and are used by commercial customers in conjunction with collateralized corporate cash management accounts. Such repurchase agreements are considered financing agreements and mature within one business day from the transaction date. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of these financing arrangements had overnight maturities and were secured by government sponsored enterprise obligations and government agency mortgage-backed securities that were owned and controlled by Bancorp.

SSUAR are collateralized by securities and are treated as financings; accordingly, the securities involved with the agreements are recorded as assets and are held by a safekeeping agent and the obligations to repurchase the securities are reflected as liabilities. All securities underlying the agreements are under Bancorp’s control.

Federal Funds Purchased

FFP and other short-term borrowing balances decreased $6 million between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024. At September 30, 2024, FFP related mainly to excess liquidity held by downstream correspondent bank customers of Bancorp.

Subordinated Debentures

Bancorp owns the following unconsolidated trust subsidiaries: Commonwealth Statutory Trust III, Commonwealth Statutory Trust IV and Commonwealth Statutory Trust V. The sole assets of the trust subsidiaries represent the proceeds of offerings loaned in exchange for subordinated debentures with similar terms to the TPS. The TPS are treated as part of Tier 1 Capital. The subordinated note and related interest expense are included in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. The subordinated notes are currently redeemable at Bancorp’s option on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, subordinated notes totaled $27 million, respectively.

FHLB Advances

FHLB advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaled $325 million and $200 million, respectively. Total advances at September 30, 2024 included a $300 million three-month rolling advance related to four separate interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges) entered into in an effort to secure longer-term funding at more attractive rates in addition to a $25 million overnight advance. At December 31, 2023, total advances consisted of a $200 million three-month rolling advance related to three separate interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges). For more information related to the interest rate swaps noted above, see the footnote titled, “Derivative Financial Instruments.”

Overnight advances have been utilized more frequently during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as a result of substantial loan growth and deposit fluctuations.

Liquidity

The role of liquidity management is to ensure funds are available to meet depositors’ withdrawal and borrowers’ credit demands while at the same time maximizing profitability. This is accomplished by balancing changes in demand for funds with changes in supply of those funds. Liquidity is provided by short-term assets that can be converted to cash, AFS debt securities, various lines of credit available to Bancorp, and the ability to attract funds from external sources, principally deposits. Management believes it has the ability to increase deposits at any time by offering rates slightly higher than market rate.

Bancorp’s Asset/Liability Committee is comprised of senior management and has direct oversight responsibility for Bancorp’s liquidity position and profile. A combination of reports provided to management details internal liquidity metrics, composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differences in short-term cash flow obligations, and exposure to contingent draws on Bancorp’s liquidity.

Bancorp’s most liquid assets are comprised of cash and due from banks, FFS and AFS debt securities. FFS and interest bearing deposits totaled $144 million and $171 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The decrease experienced for the first nine months of 2024 is attributed mainly to loan funding activity and deposit balance fluctuations. FFS normally have overnight maturities while interest-bearing deposits in banks are accessible on demand. These investments are generally used for daily liquidity purposes.

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The fair value of the AFS debt security portfolio was $862 million and $1.03 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The decrease in AFS debt security portfolio for the first nine months of 2024 was attributed to scheduled maturities, mainly within the treasury portfolio, and normal pay down activity, offset partially by market value appreciation during the period. The investment portfolio (HTM and AFS) includes total cash flows on amortizing debt securities of approximately $362 million (based on assumed prepayment speeds as of September 30, 2024) expected over the next 12 months, including $174 million of contractual maturities. Combined with FFS and interest bearing deposits from banks, AFS debt securities offer substantial resources to meet either loan growth or reductions in Bancorp’s deposit funding base. Bancorp pledges portions of its investment securities portfolio to secure public funds, cash balances of certain WM&T accounts and SSUAR. At September 30, 2024, the total carrying value of investment securities pledged for these purposes comprised 67% of the debt securities portfolio, leaving approximately $403 million of unpledged debt securities, compared to 67% and $480 million at December 31, 2023, respectively.

Bancorp’s deposit base consists mainly of core deposits, which are defined as demand, savings, and money market deposit accounts, time deposits less than or equal to $250,000, and excludes public funds and brokered deposits. At September 30, 2024, such deposits totaled $5.92 billion and represented 88% of Bancorp’s total deposits, as compared with $5.78 billion, or 87% of total deposits at December 31, 2023. Because these core deposits are less volatile and are often tied to other products of Bancorp through long lasting relationships, they do not place undue pressure on liquidity. However, given the intense, industry-wide deposit pricing pressure that is currently being experienced, deposits may generally be more sensitive to market rates, with potential decreases possibly straining Bancorp’s liquidity position.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Bancorp held brokered deposits totaling $203,000 and $597,000, respectively.

Included in total deposit balances at September 30, 2024 are $478 million in public funds generally comprised of accounts with local government agencies and public school districts in the markets in which Bancorp operates. At December 31, 2023, public funds deposits totaled $613 million, the decrease experienced during the first nine months of 2024 was attributed largely to normal seasonal public funds run-off.

Bancorp is a member of the FHLB of Cincinnati. As a member of the FHLB, Bancorp has access to credit products of the FHLB. Bancorp views these borrowings as a potential low cost alternative to brokered deposits. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, available credit from the FHLB totaled $1.21 billion and $1.33 billion, respectively. Bancorp also had unsecured FFP lines with correspondent banks totaling $80 million at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

During the normal course of business, Bancorp enters into certain forms of off-balance sheet transactions, including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. These transactions are managed through Bancorp’s various risk management processes. Management considers both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet transactions in its evaluation of Bancorp’s liquidity.

Bancorp’s principal source of cash is dividends paid to it as the sole shareholder of the Bank. As discussed in the Footnote titled “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” as of January 1st of any year, the Bank may pay dividends in an amount equal to the Bank’s net income of the prior two years less any dividends paid for the same two years. At September 30, 2024, the Bank could pay an amount equal to $190 million in dividends to Bancorp without regulatory approval subject to ongoing capital requirements of the Bank.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Cash flow is provided primarily through financing activities of Bancorp, which include raising deposits and borrowing funds from institutional sources such as advances from FHLB and FFP, as well as scheduled loan repayments and cash flows from debt securities. These funds are primarily used to facilitate investment activities of Bancorp, which include making loans and purchasing securities for the investment portfolio. Another important source of cash is net income of the Bank from operating activities.  For further detail regarding the sources and uses of cash, see the “Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows” in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements.

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Commitments

In the normal course of business, Bancorp is party to activities that contain credit, market and operational risk that are not reflected in whole or in part in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. Such activities include traditional off-balance sheet credit-related financial instruments, commitments under operating leases and long-term debt.

Bancorp provides customers with off-balance sheet credit support through loan commitments and standby letters of credit. Unused loan commitments decreased $43 million, or 2%, as of September 30, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, as a result of increased line of credit utilization.

Most commitments to extend credit are an agreement to lend to a customer as long as collateral is available as agreed upon and there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Bancorp uses the same credit and collateral policies in making commitments and conditional guarantees as for on-balance sheet instruments. Bancorp evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, securities, equipment and real estate. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should our customers default on their resulting obligation to us, our maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments.

The ACL for off balance sheet credit exposures, which is separate from the ACL for loans and recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was $6.3 million and $5.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Provision expense for off balance sheet credit exposures of $475,000 was recorded for the nine month period ended September 30, 2024, driven largely by increased availability within the C&D portfolio.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by Bancorp to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party beneficiary. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support commercial transactions. Standby letters of credit generally have maturities of one to two years.

In addition to owned banking facilities, Bancorp has entered into long-term leasing arrangements for certain facilities. Bancorp also has required future payments for a non-qualified defined benefit retirement plan, TPS and the maturity of time deposits.

See the footnote titled “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” for additional information regarding commitments.

Capital

At September 30, 2024, stockholders’ equity totaled $934 million, representing an increase of $76 million, or 9%, compared to December 31, 2023, as net income of $82.8 million and a $17.5 million improvement in AOCI was offset by $26.7 million of dividends declared during the first nine months of 2024. The improvement in AOCI was associated with changes in the interest rate environment and the corresponding impact on the valuation of the AFS debt securities portfolio and cash flow hedging derivatives. Further, a $2.5 million increase in retained earnings was recorded in relation to the adoption of ASU 2023-02 effective January 1, 2024. See the “Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity” for further detail of changes in equity. 

Bancorp’s TCE ratio and tangible book value per share, both non-GAAP disclosures, experienced improvement between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024, which stemmed largely from recording net income of $82.8 million. TCE was 8.79% at September 30, 2024 compared to 8.09% at December 31, 2023, while tangible book value per share was $24.58 at September 30, 2024, compared to $21.95 at December 31, 2023. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for reconcilement of non-GAAP to GAAP measures.

In May 2023, Bancorp’s Board of Directors extended its share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to 1 million shares, or approximately 4% of Bancorp’s total common shares outstanding at the time. The plan, which will expire in May 2025 unless otherwise extended or completed at an earlier date, does not obligate Bancorp to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares prior to the plan’s expiration. No shares were repurchased in 2023, nor the first nine months of 2024, as Bancorp continues to prioritize capital preservation and liquidity management. As of September 30, 2024, approximately 741,000 shares remain eligible for repurchase under the current repurchase plan.

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Bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks are required by regulators to meet risk-based capital standards. These standards, or ratios, measure the relationship of capital to a combination of balance sheet and off-balance sheet risks. The value of both balance sheet and off-balance sheet items are adjusted to reflect credit risks. See the Footnote titled “Regulatory Matters” for additional detail regarding regulatory capital requirements, as well as capital ratios of Bancorp and the Bank. The Bank exceeds regulatory capital ratios required to be well-capitalized. Regulatory framework does not define well capitalized for holding companies. Management considers the effects of growth on capital ratios as it contemplates plans for expansion.

Capital ratios as of September 30, 2024 increased compared December 31, 2023, as a result of strong operating results, which helped offset substantial risk-weighted asset growth from the loan portfolio. Bancorp continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for all calculations. Bancorp and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the capital conservation buffer.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. To meet the definition of well-capitalized for prompt corrective action requirements, a bank must have a minimum 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio and 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio.

Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, Bancorp and the Bank must hold a 2.5% capital conservation buffer composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for the Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and Total Risk-Based Capital ratio necessary to be considered adequately-capitalized. At September 30, 2024, the adequately-capitalized minimums, including the capital conservation buffer, were a 7.0% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, 8.5% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio and 10.5% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio.

As previously noted, Bancorp is the 100% owner of three unconsolidated trust subsidiaries. The sole assets of the trust subsidiaries represent the proceeds of offerings loaned in exchange for subordinated debentures with similar terms to the TPS. The TPS are treated as part of Tier 1 Capital. The subordinated note and related interest expense are included in Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements. The subordinated notes are currently redeemable at Bancorp’s option on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, subordinated notes totaled $27 million, respectively.

As permitted by the interim final rule issued on March 27, 2020 by the federal banking regulatory agencies, Bancorp elected the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital related to the adoption of ASC 326 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses,” or CECL, which was effective January 1, 2020. The initial impact of adoption of ASC 326, as well as 25% of the quarterly increases in the ACL subsequent to adoption of ASC 326 (collectively the “transition adjustments”) were delayed for two years. After two years, the cumulative amount of the transition adjustments became fixed and will be phased out of the regulatory capital calculations evenly over a three-year period, with 75% recognized in year three, 50% recognized in year four and 25% recognized in year five. After five years, the temporary regulatory capital benefits will be fully reversed. 2024 represents the fifth and final year of the transition period for Bancorp. Had Bancorp not elected to defer the regulatory capital impact of CECL, the post ASC 326 adoption capital ratios of Bancorp and the Bank would still have exceeded the well-capitalized level.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table provides a reconciliation of total stockholders’ equity in accordance with GAAP to tangible stockholders’ equity (TCE), a non-GAAP disclosure. Bancorp provides the TCE per share, a non-GAAP measure, in addition to those defined by banking regulators, based on its widespread use by investors as a means to evaluate capital adequacy:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Total stockholders' equity - GAAP (a)	$	934,094		$	858,103
Less: Goodwill		(194,074	)		(194,074	)
Less: Core deposit and other intangibles		(17,149	)		(20,304	)
Tangible common equity - Non-GAAP (c)	$	722,871		$	643,725
Total assets - GAAP (b)	$	8,437,280		$	8,170,102
Less: Goodwill		(194,074	)		(194,074	)
Less: Core deposit and other intangibles		(17,149	)		(20,304	)
Tangible assets - Non-GAAP (d)	$	8,226,057		$	7,955,724
Total stockholders' equity to total assets - GAAP (a/b)		11.07	%		10.50	%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets - Non-GAAP (c/d)		8.79	%		8.09	%
Total shares outstanding (e)		29,414			29,329
Book value per share - GAAP (a/e)	$	31.76		$	29.26
Tangible common equity per share - Non-GAAP (c/e)		24.58			21.95

The efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP measure, equals total non-interest expenses divided by the sum of net interest income FTE and non-interest income. In addition to the efficiency ratio presented, Bancorp considers an adjusted efficiency ratio. Bancorp believes it is important because it provides a comparable ratio after eliminating net gains (losses) on sales, calls, and impairment of investment securities, as well as net gains (losses) on sales of premises and equipment and disposition of any acquired assets, if applicable, and the fluctuation in non-interest expenses related to amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships and non-recurring merger expenses, if applicable.

	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Total non-interest expenses (a)	$	48,452		$	46,702		$	146,522		$	137,816
Less: Amortization of investments in tax credit partnerships		—			(323	)		—			(970	)
Total non-interest expenses - Non-GAAP (c)	$	48,452		$	46,379		$	146,522		$	136,846
Total net interest income, FTE	$	65,064		$	61,437		$	187,344		$	185,757
Total non-interest income		24,797			22,896			71,723			67,803
Total revenue - Non-GAAP (b)		89,861			84,333			259,067			253,560
Less: Gain/loss on sale of premises and equipment		59			(302	)		39			(75	)
Less: Gain/loss on sale of securities		—			—			—			—
Total adjusted revenue - Non-GAAP (d)	$	89,920		$	84,031		$	259,106		$	253,485
Efficiency ratio - Non-GAAP (a/b)		53.92	%		55.38	%		56.56	%		54.35	%
Adjusted efficiency ratio - Non-GAAP (c/d)		53.88	%		55.19	%		56.55	%		53.99	%

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Information required by this item is included in Part I Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by Stock Yards Bancorp, Inc.’s management, with the participation of its CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. In addition, no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during the fiscal quarter covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Bancorp and the Bank are defendants in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. There is no such proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of management, threatened in which an adverse decision could result in a material adverse change in the business or consolidated financial position of Bancorp or the Bank.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table shows information relating to the repurchase of shares of common stock by Bancorp during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

	Total number of shares purchased(1)		Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs		Average price paid per share		Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
July 1 - July 31		15,055	$	62.96		—	$	—
August 1 - August 31		2,553		60.27		—		—
September 1 - September 30		3,998		62.32		—		—
Total		21,606	$	62.52		—	$	—		741,196

(1) Shares repurchased during the three month period ended September 30, 2024 represent shares withheld to pay taxes due.

In May 2023, Bancorp’s Board of Directors extended its share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to 1 million shares, or approximately 4% of Bancorp’s total common shares outstanding at the time. The plan, which will expire in May 2025 unless otherwise extended or completed at an earlier date, does not obligate Bancorp to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares prior to the plan’s expiration. No shares were repurchased in 2023 or 2024, as Bancorp continues to prioritize capital preservation and liquidity management. As of September 30, 2024, approximately 741,000 shares remain eligible for repurchase under the current repurchase plan.

There were no equity securities of the registrant sold without registration during the quarter covered by this report.

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Item 5. Other Information

(c) During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The following exhibits are filed or furnished as a part of this report:

Exhibit Number	Description of exhibit
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 902 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101	The following materials from Stock Yards Bancorp Inc.’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 formatted in inline XBRL: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	The cover page from Stock Yards Bancorp Inc.’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 formatted in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	STOCK YARDS BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)
Date: November 5, 2024	By:	/s/ James A. Hillebrand
		James A. Hillebrand
		Chairman and CEO (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 5, 2024		/s/ T. Clay Stinnett
		T. Clay Stinnett
		EVP, Treasurer and CFO (Principal Financial Officer)

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