Investments | 50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2023 $ 113 $ 152 $ — $ — $ — $ 265 2022 215 282 73 — — 570 2021 191 181 197 — — 569 2020 137 93 — 10 11 251 2019 173 54 20 — — 247 Prior 1,878 246 3 — 19 2,146 Total $ 2,707 $ 1,008 $ 293 $ 10 $ 30 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2022 $ 210 $ 283 $ 63 $ — $ — $ 556 2021 187 229 239 10 — 665 2020 98 170 24 10 — 302 2019 167 72 20 — — 259 2018 123 34 3 — — 160 Prior 1,866 399 20 — — 2,285 Total $ 2,651 $ 1,187 $ 369 $ 20 $ — $ 4,227 The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2023 $ 133 $ 83 $ 49 $ — $ 265 2022 173 54 172 171 570 2021 205 12 51 301 569 2020 175 20 16 40 251 2019 151 19 62 15 247 Prior 1,619 197 212 118 2,146 Total $ 2,456 $ 385 $ 562 $ 645 $ 4,048 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans As of December 31, 2022 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2022 $ 278 $ 89 $ 171 $ 18 $ 556 2021 212 24 248 181 665 2020 211 9 10 72 302 2019 161 40 53 5 259 2018 93 21 46 — 160 Prior 1,569 331 171 214 2,285 Total $ 2,524 $ 514 $ 699 $ 490 $ 4,227 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2023 $ 51 $ 61 $ 9 $ 75 $ 16 $ 29 $ 2 $ 20 $ 2 $ 265 2022 114 118 46 89 100 81 1 1 20 570 2021 76 44 103 143 96 60 10 36 1 569 2020 53 130 14 8 8 20 — 6 12 251 2019 43 69 6 52 34 4 13 10 16 247 Prior 456 456 616 158 162 140 33 114 11 2146 Total $ 793 $ 878 $ 794 $ 525 $ 416 $ 334 $ 59 $ 187 $ 62 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2022 $ 114 $ 115 $ 46 $ 87 $ 101 $ 73 $ 1 $ 1 $ 18 $ 556 2021 79 53 112 139 97 117 9 37 22 665 2020 64 143 14 14 8 30 — 6 23 302 2019 47 73 6 54 34 5 14 10 16 259 2018 28 55 49 7 7 9 — 5 — 160 Prior 485 466 607 196 172 192 34 116 17 2,285 Total $ 817 $ 905 $ 834 $ 497 $ 419 $ 426 $ 58 $ 175 $ 96 $ 4,227 The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2023 $ 82 $ 122 $ 24 $ 13 $ 24 $ — $ — $ 265 2022 72 233 224 25 10 6 — 570 2021 22 122 310 99 — 8 8 569 2020 49 37 60 105 — — — 251 2019 29 56 124 29 9 — — 247 Prior 559 625 414 342 42 127 37 2,146 Total $ 813 $ 1,195 $ 1,156 $ 613 $ 85 $ 141 $ 45 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2022 $ 72 $ 227 $ 216 $ 25 $ 10 $ 6 $ — $ 556 2021 23 144 382 100 — 8 8 665 2020 50 48 80 124 — — — 302 2019 29 58 128 33 11 — — 259 2018 34 69 30 11 — 16 — 160 Prior 633 620 456 372 48 117 39 2,285 Total $ 841 $ 1,166 $ 1,292 $ 665 $ 69 $ 147 $ 47 $ 4,227 The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses, balance at January 1 $ 14 $ 11 Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded 2 2 Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with allowance recorded in previous period 8 1 Provision for expected credit losses 24 14 Write-offs (2) — Allowance for credit losses, end of period $ 22 $ 14 The following table presents past due commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Delinquency: Current $ 4,037 $ 4,227 30-59 days past due — — 60-89 days past due — — Greater than 90 days past due 11 — Total $ 4,048 $ 4,227 Commercial mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when 90 days in arrears if the Company has concerns regarding the collectability of future payments, or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had one loan in non-accrual status, with an LTV ratio of 100%. As of December 31, 2022 the Company had no commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status. The amount of interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial. There was no interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net Investment Income The following table summarizes Net investment income for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities $ 1,285 $ 1,411 $ 1,453 Equity securities 10 10 12 Mortgage loans on real estate 196 181 179 Policy loans 8 8 8 Short-term investments and cash equivalents 10 4 3 Limited partnerships and other 82 77 364 Gross investment income 1,591 1,691 2,019 Less: Investment expenses 68 72 70 Net investment income $ 1,523 $ 1,619 $ 1,949 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $7 and $8 respectively, of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults. Net Gains (Losses) Net gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related impairment of investments. Net gains (losses) are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Net gains (losses) also include changes in fair value of trading debt securities and changes in fair value of equity securities. The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology. Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (27) $ (22) $ 515 Fixed maturities, at fair value option (100) (576) (562) Equity securities, at fair value (4) (26) 6 Derivatives 11 185 (18) Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (1) (5) (4) Other derivatives — 1 2 Managed custody guarantees (2) (5) 3 Stabilizers (1) 19 30 Mortgage loans (10) — 99 Other investments — — 95 Net gains (losses) $ (134) $ (429) $ 166 Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale, and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Proceeds on sales $ 3,356 $ 3,601 $ 5,275 Gross gains 51 68 538 Gross losses 47 76 8 " id="sjs-B4" xml:space="preserve">Investments Fixed Maturities Available-for-sale and fair value option ("FVO") fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2023: Amortized Gross Gross Embedded Derivatives (2) Allowance for credit losses Fair Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasuries $ 297 $ 3 $ 25 $ — $ — $ 275 U.S. Government agencies and authorities 32 — 2 — — 30 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 623 1 70 — — 554 U.S. corporate public securities 6,291 73 759 — — 5,605 U.S. corporate private securities 3,861 31 256 — — 3,636 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments (1) 2,214 27 216 — 3 2,022 Foreign corporate private securities (1) 2,385 20 105 — 1 2,299 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,631 24 124 1 — 2,532 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 2,781 1 415 — 9 2,358 Other asset-backed securities 1,564 8 43 — 1 1,528 Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged 22,679 188 2,015 1 14 20,839 Less: Securities pledged 855 — 57 — — 798 Total fixed maturities $ 21,824 $ 188 $ 1,958 $ 1 $ 14 $ 20,041 (1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated. (2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Available-for-sale and FVO fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2022: Amortized Gross Gross Embedded Derivatives (2) Allowance for credit losses Fair Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasuries $ 404 $ 4 $ 31 $ — $ — $ 377 U.S. Government agencies and authorities 33 — 3 — — 30 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 691 1 92 — — 600 U.S. corporate public securities 6,938 32 1,032 — — 5,938 U.S. corporate private securities 3,885 11 328 — — 3,568 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments (1) 2,380 9 317 — 6 2,066 Foreign corporate private securities (1) 2,617 6 184 — 1 2,438 Residential mortgage-backed securities 3,023 21 153 2 — 2,893 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 2,978 — 379 — — 2,599 Other asset-backed securities 1,418 1 109 — — 1,310 Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged 24,367 85 2,628 2 7 21,819 Less: Securities pledged 894 3 105 — — 792 Total fixed maturities $ 23,473 $ 82 $ 2,523 $ 2 $ 7 $ 21,027 (1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated. (2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, including securities pledged, as of December 31, 2023, are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as securities may be restructured, called or prepaid. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and Other asset-backed securities ("ABS") are shown separately because they are not due at a single maturity date. Amortized Fair Due to mature: One year or less $ 611 $ 602 After one year through five years 3,069 2,961 After five years through ten years 2,998 2,876 After ten years 9,025 7,982 Mortgage-backed securities 5,412 4,890 Other asset-backed securities 1,564 1,528 Fixed maturities, including securities pledged $ 22,679 $ 20,839 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any investments in a single issuer, other than obligations of the U.S. Government and government agencies, with a carrying value in excess of 10% of the Company's Total shareholder's equity. Repurchase Agreements and Securities Pledged As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any securities pledged in dollar rolls, repurchase agreement transactions or reverse repurchase agreements. The Company engages in securities lending whereby the initial collateral is required at a rate of 102% of the market value of the loaned securities. The lending agent retains the collateral and invests it in high quality liquid assets on behalf of the Company. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the market value of the loaned securities fluctuates. The lending agent indemnifies the Company against losses resulting from the failure of a counterparty to return securities pledged where collateral is insufficient to cover the loss. In the normal course of business, the Company receives cash collateral and non-cash collateral in the form of securities. If cash is received as collateral, the lending agent retains the cash collateral and invests it in short-term liquid assets on behalf of the Company. Securities retained as collateral by the lending agent may not be sold or re-pledged, except in the event of default, and are not reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. This collateral generally consists of U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agency securities and MBS pools. The following table presents Securities pledged as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Securities loaned to lending agent (1) $ 645 $ 690 Securities pledged as collateral (1)(2) 153 102 Total $ 798 $ 792 (1) Included in Securities pledged on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (2) See Collateral within the Derivatives Note to these Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. The following table presents collateral held by asset class pledged under securities lending as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 U.S. Treasuries $ 12 $ 51 U.S. corporate public securities 438 466 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 189 201 Short-term Investments 31 — Total (1) $ 670 $ 718 (1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, liabilities to return cash collateral were $499 and $615, respectively, and included in Payables under securities loan agreements, including collateral held on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's securities lending activities are conducted on an overnight basis, and all securities loaned can be recalled at any time. The Company does not offset assets and liabilities associated with its securities lending program. Allowance for credit losses The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for the period presented: Year Ended December 31, 2023 Commercial mortgage-backed securities Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments Foreign corporate private securities Other asset-backed securities Total Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ — $ 6 $ 1 $ — $ 7 Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 9 — — 1 10 Reductions for securities sold during the period — (2) — — (2) Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period — (1) — — (1) Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 9 $ 3 $ 1 $ 1 $ 14 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Residential mortgage-backed securities Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments Foreign corporate private securities Total Balance as of January 1, 2022 $ 1 $ — $ 47 $ 48 Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded — 6 — 6 Reductions for securities sold during the period — — (49) (49) Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period (1) — 3 2 Balance as of December 31, 2022 $ — $ 6 $ 1 $ 7 For additional information about the Company’s methodology and significant inputs used in determining whether a credit loss exists, see the Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Note to these Consolidated Financial Statements. Unrealized Capital Losses The following table present available-for-sale fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded by investment category and duration as of the dates indicated: As of December 31, 2023 Twelve Months or Less More Than Twelve Months Below Amortized Cost Total Fair Unrealized Capital Losses Fair Unrealized Capital Losses Fair Unrealized Capital Losses U.S. Treasuries $ 60 $ 2 $ 105 $ 23 $ 165 $ 25 U.S. Government, agencies and authorities — — 17 2 17 2 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 16 — 528 70 544 70 U.S. corporate public securities 215 13 4,233 746 4,448 759 U.S. corporate private securities 128 5 2,653 251 2,781 256 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 70 1 1,385 215 1,455 216 Foreign corporate private securities 151 4 1,744 101 1,895 105 Residential mortgage-backed 74 2 803 122 877 124 Commercial mortgage-backed 52 3 2,252 412 2,304 415 Other asset-backed 97 3 744 40 841 43 Total $ 863 $ 33 $ 14,464 $ 1,982 $ 15,327 $ 2,015 As of December 31, 2022 Twelve Months or Less More Than Twelve Months Total Fair Unrealized Capital Losses Fair Unrealized Capital Losses Fair Unrealized Capital Losses U.S. Treasuries $ 223 $ 30 $ 2 $ 1 $ 225 $ 31 U.S. Government, agencies and authorities 30 3 — — 30 3 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 545 85 15 7 560 92 U.S. corporate public securities 4,290 613 998 419 5,288 1,032 U.S. corporate private securities 2,819 264 331 64 3,150 328 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 1,509 201 298 116 1,807 317 Foreign corporate private securities 2,203 173 52 11 2,255 184 Residential mortgage-backed 1,065 78 328 75 1,393 153 Commercial mortgage-backed 1,792 252 759 127 2,551 379 Other asset-backed 912 68 360 41 1,272 109 Total $ 15,388 $ 1,767 $ 3,143 $ 861 $ 18,531 $ 2,628 As of December 31, 2023, the average duration of our fixed maturities portfolio, including securities pledged, is between 6.5 and 7 years. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was not warranted for the securities above because the unrealized losses are interest rate related. The Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. Evaluating Securities for Impairments The Company performs a regular evaluation, on a security-by-security basis, of its available-for-sale securities holdings, including fixed maturity securities, in accordance with its impairment policy in order to evaluate whether such investments are impaired. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 intent impairments included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, but excluding impairments included in Other comprehensive income (loss), were $23, $17 and $2 respectively. The Company may sell securities during the period in which fair value has declined below amortized cost for fixed maturities. In certain situations, new factors, including changes in the business environment, can change the Company's previous intent to continue holding a security. Accordingly, these factors may lead the Company to record additional intent related capital losses. Debt Restructuring Upon the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023, the Company no longer identifies certain debt modifications as troubled debt restructuring, but instead evaluates all debt modifications to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Disclosures are required for loan modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had no material debt modifications that require such disclosure. Mortgage Loans on Real Estate The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. The Company manages risk when originating commercial mortgage loans by generally lending only up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate. Subsequently, the Company continuously evaluates mortgage loans based on relevant current information including a review of loan-specific performance, property characteristics and market trends. Loan performance is monitored on a loan specific basis through the review of submitted appraisals, operating statements, rent revenues and annual inspection reports, among other items. This review ensures properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the debt. The components to evaluate debt service coverage are received and reviewed at least annually to determine the level of risk. Loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio, calculated at time of origination, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. These ratios are utilized as part of the review process described above. The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and LTV ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2023 $ 113 $ 152 $ — $ — $ — $ 265 2022 215 282 73 — — 570 2021 191 181 197 — — 569 2020 137 93 — 10 11 251 2019 173 54 20 — — 247 Prior 1,878 246 3 — 19 2,146 Total $ 2,707 $ 1,008 $ 293 $ 10 $ 30 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2022 $ 210 $ 283 $ 63 $ — $ — $ 556 2021 187 229 239 10 — 665 2020 98 170 24 10 — 302 2019 167 72 20 — — 259 2018 123 34 3 — — 160 Prior 1,866 399 20 — — 2,285 Total $ 2,651 $ 1,187 $ 369 $ 20 $ — $ 4,227 The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2023 $ 133 $ 83 $ 49 $ — $ 265 2022 173 54 172 171 570 2021 205 12 51 301 569 2020 175 20 16 40 251 2019 151 19 62 15 247 Prior 1,619 197 212 118 2,146 Total $ 2,456 $ 385 $ 562 $ 645 $ 4,048 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans As of December 31, 2022 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2022 $ 278 $ 89 $ 171 $ 18 $ 556 2021 212 24 248 181 665 2020 211 9 10 72 302 2019 161 40 53 5 259 2018 93 21 46 — 160 Prior 1,569 331 171 214 2,285 Total $ 2,524 $ 514 $ 699 $ 490 $ 4,227 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2023 $ 51 $ 61 $ 9 $ 75 $ 16 $ 29 $ 2 $ 20 $ 2 $ 265 2022 114 118 46 89 100 81 1 1 20 570 2021 76 44 103 143 96 60 10 36 1 569 2020 53 130 14 8 8 20 — 6 12 251 2019 43 69 6 52 34 4 13 10 16 247 Prior 456 456 616 158 162 140 33 114 11 2146 Total $ 793 $ 878 $ 794 $ 525 $ 416 $ 334 $ 59 $ 187 $ 62 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2022 $ 114 $ 115 $ 46 $ 87 $ 101 $ 73 $ 1 $ 1 $ 18 $ 556 2021 79 53 112 139 97 117 9 37 22 665 2020 64 143 14 14 8 30 — 6 23 302 2019 47 73 6 54 34 5 14 10 16 259 2018 28 55 49 7 7 9 — 5 — 160 Prior 485 466 607 196 172 192 34 116 17 2,285 Total $ 817 $ 905 $ 834 $ 497 $ 419 $ 426 $ 58 $ 175 $ 96 $ 4,227 The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2023 $ 82 $ 122 $ 24 $ 13 $ 24 $ — $ — $ 265 2022 72 233 224 25 10 6 — 570 2021 22 122 310 99 — 8 8 569 2020 49 37 60 105 — — — 251 2019 29 56 124 29 9 — — 247 Prior 559 625 414 342 42 127 37 2,146 Total $ 813 $ 1,195 $ 1,156 $ 613 $ 85 $ 141 $ 45 $ 4,048 As of December 31, 2022 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2022 $ 72 $ 227 $ 216 $ 25 $ 10 $ 6 $ — $ 556 2021 23 144 382 100 — 8 8 665 2020 50 48 80 124 — — — 302 2019 29 58 128 33 11 — — 259 2018 34 69 30 11 — 16 — 160 Prior 633 620 456 372 48 117 39 2,285 Total $ 841 $ 1,166 $ 1,292 $ 665 $ 69 $ 147 $ 47 $ 4,227 The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses, balance at January 1 $ 14 $ 11 Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded 2 2 Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with allowance recorded in previous period 8 1 Provision for expected credit losses 24 14 Write-offs (2) — Allowance for credit losses, end of period $ 22 $ 14 The following table presents past due commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Delinquency: Current $ 4,037 $ 4,227 30-59 days past due — — 60-89 days past due — — Greater than 90 days past due 11 — Total $ 4,048 $ 4,227 Commercial mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when 90 days in arrears if the Company has concerns regarding the collectability of future payments, or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had one loan in non-accrual status, with an LTV ratio of 100%. As of December 31, 2022 the Company had no commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status. The amount of interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial. There was no interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net Investment Income The following table summarizes Net investment income for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities $ 1,285 $ 1,411 $ 1,453 Equity securities 10 10 12 Mortgage loans on real estate 196 181 179 Policy loans 8 8 8 Short-term investments and cash equivalents 10 4 3 Limited partnerships and other 82 77 364 Gross investment income 1,591 1,691 2,019 Less: Investment expenses 68 72 70 Net investment income $ 1,523 $ 1,619 $ 1,949 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $7 and $8 respectively, of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults. Net Gains (Losses) Net gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related impairment of investments. Net gains (losses) are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Net gains (losses) also include changes in fair value of trading debt securities and changes in fair value of equity securities. The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology. Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (27) $ (22) $ 515 Fixed maturities, at fair value option (100) (576) (562) Equity securities, at fair value (4) (26) 6 Derivatives 11 185 (18) Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (1) (5) (4) Other derivatives — 1 2 Managed custody guarantees (2) (5) 3 Stabilizers (1) 19 30 Mortgage loans (10) — 99 Other investments — — 95 Net gains (losses) $ (134) $ (429) $ 166 Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale, and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Proceeds on sales $ 3,356 $ 3,601 $ 5,275 Gross gains 51 68 538 Gross losses 47 76 8 |