Loans And The Allowance For Loan Losses | 3. LOANS AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Major categories of loans at December 31, 2015 and 201 4 are summarized as follows: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Mortgage loans on real estate: (in thousands) Residential mortgages $ 103,941 $ 98,374 Commercial and multi-family 399,819 363,252 Construction-Residential 1,546 721 Construction-Commercial 60,892 40,986 Home equities 61,042 59,948 Total real estate loans 627,240 563,281 Commercial and industrial loans 144,330 129,456 Consumer loans 1,596 1,764 Other 139 404 Net deferred loan origination costs 679 759 Total gross loans 773,984 695,664 Allowance for loan losses (12,883) (12,533) Loans, net $ 761,101 $ 683,131 Residential Mortgages : The Company originates adjustable-rate and fixed-rate, one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase , or refinancing of a mortgage. These loans are collateralized by owner-occupied properties locate d in the Company’s market area and are amortized over a period of 10 to 30 years. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are mostly originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the property’s appraised value or have private mortgage insurance. Mortgage title insurance and hazard ins urance are normally required. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. The Bank, in its normal course of business, sells certain residential mortgages which it originates to FNMA. The Company maintains servicing rights on the loans that it sells to FNMA and earns a fee thereon. The Bank determines with each origination of residential real estate loans which desired maturities, within the context of overall maturities in the loan portfolio, p rovide the appropriate mix to optimize the Bank’s ability to absorb the corresponding interest rate risk within the Company’s tolerance ranges. This practice allows the Company to manage interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and credit risk. At December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , the Company had approximately $77.3 million and $71.6 million , respectively, in unpaid principal balances of loans that it services for FNMA. For the years ended December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , the Company sold $14.3 million and $15.3 million, respectively, in loans to FNMA and realized gains on those sales of $133 thousand and $203 thousand, respectively. Gains or losses recognized upon the sale of loans are determined on a specific identification basis. The Company had a related asset of approximately $0.6 and $0.5 million for the servicing portfolio rights as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4, respectively . There were $0.5 million in loans held for sale at December 31, 201 5 compared with $0.4 million loans held for sale at December 31, 201 4 . Loans held for sale are typically in the portfolio for less than a month. As a result, the carrying value approximates fair value. The Company has never been contacted by FNMA to repurchase any loans due to improper documentation or fraud. Due to the lack of foreclosure activity and absence of any ongoing litigation at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the Company ha d no accrual for loss contingencies or potential costs associated with foreclosure-related activities at those dates . Commercial and Multi-Family Mortgages and Commercial Construction Loans : Commercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real estate with completed structures or in the midst of being constructed. These commercial real estate loans are secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, hotels, retail stores or plazas, healthcare facilities, and other non-owner-occupied facilities. These loans are generally less risky than commercial and industrial loans, since they are secured by real estate and buildings. The Company offers commercial mortgage loans with up to an 80% LTV ratio for up to 20 years on a variable and fixed rate basis. Many of these mortgage loans either mature or are subject to a rate call after three to five years. The Company’s underwriting analysis includes credit verification, independent appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condition, and the underlying cash flows. These loans are typically originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. As of December 31, 201 5 , there were $204.8 million in residential and commercial mortgage loans pledged to FHLBNY to serve as collateral for borrowings. Home Equities : The Company originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second lien position on one-to-four-fa mily residential real estate). These loans carry a higher risk than fi rst mortgage residential loans because they are in a second po sition with respect to collateral. Risk is reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condi tion, and personal cash flows. A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate. Commercial and Industrial Loans: These loans generally include t erm loans and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital (including inventory and receivables), business expansion (including acquisition of real estate, expansion , and improvements) and equipment purchases. As a general practice, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. These loans generally carry a higher risk than commercial real estate loans based on the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment and accounts receivable. To reduce the risk, management also attempts to secure real estate as collateral and obtain persona l guarantees of the borrowers. To further reduce risk and enhance liquidity, these loans generally carry variable rates of interest, re-pricing in three - to five -year periods, and have a maturity of five years or less. Lines of credit generally carry fl oating rates of interest (e.g. prime plus a margin). Consumer Loans : The Company funds a variety of consumer loans, including direct automobile loans, recreational vehicle l oans, boat loans , home improvement loans, and personal loans (collateralized and uncollateralized). Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging up to five years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. The majority of consumer loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. A minimal amount of loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss. Other Loans : These loans included $0.2 million at December 31, 201 5 and $0.1 million at December 31, 2014 of overdrawn deposit accounts classified as loans. Net loan commitment fees are deferred and accreted or amortized into net interest income on a straight-line basis over the commitment period. The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses in order to capture the probable losses inherent in its loan portfolio. There is a risk that the Company may experience significant loan losses in 201 6 and beyond which could exceed the allowance for loan losses. This risk is heightened by the current uncertain and adverse economic conditions. If the Company's assumptions and judgments prove to be incorrect or bank regulators require the Company to increase its provision for loan losses or recognize further loan charge-offs, the Company may have to increase its allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's operating results and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the Company's allowance for loan losses will be adequate to protect the Company against loan losses that it may incur. Changes in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 follow : 2015 2014 2013 (in thousands) Balance, beginning of year $ 12,533 $ 11,503 $ 9,732 Provisions for loan and lease losses 1,216 1,229 1,540 Recoveries 181 863 942 Loans and leases charged-off (1,047) (1,062) (711) Balance, end of year $ 12,883 $ 12,533 $ 11,503 The following tables summarize the allowance for loan losses, as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , respectively, by portfolio segment. The segments presented are at the level management uses to assess and monitor the risk and performance of the portfolio. The Company does not currently consider other factors such as industry and geography in assessing the loan portfolio. 2015 (in thousands) Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Mortgages* Consumer ** Residential Mortgages* HELOC Direct Financing Leases Unallocated Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 4,896 $ 5,650 $ 78 $ 941 $ 819 $ - $ 149 $ 12,533 Charge-offs (799) (139) (43) (66) - - - (1,047) Recoveries 126 44 9 2 - - - 181 Provision (Credit) 160 1,580 41 32 (448) - (149) 1,216 Ending balance $ 4,383 $ 7,135 $ 85 $ 909 $ 371 $ - $ - $ 12,883 Allowance for loan losses: Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 552 $ 1,146 $ 42 $ 2 $ - $ - $ - $ 1,742 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,831 5,989 43 907 371 - - 11,141 Total $ 4,383 $ 7,135 $ 85 $ 909 $ 371 $ - $ - $ 12,883 Loans: Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 5,322 $ 9,993 $ 42 $ 2,499 $ 1,644 $ - $ - $ 19,500 Collectively evaluated for impairment 139,008 450,718 1,693 102,988 59,398 - - 753,805 Total $ 144,330 $ 460,711 $ 1,735 $ 105,487 $ 61,042 $ - $ - $ 773,305 N ote : Loan balances do not include $679 thousand in net deferred loan origination costs as of December 31, 2015. * includes construction loans ** includes other loans 2014 (in thousands) Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Mortgages* Consumer ** Residential Mortgages* HELOC Direct Financing Leases Unallocated Total Allowance for loan and lease losses: Beginning balance $ 4,489 $ 4,912 $ 37 $ 1,038 $ 878 $ - $ 149 $ 11,503 Charge-offs (957) (57) (46) - (2) - - (1,062) Recoveries 574 58 40 18 - 173 - 863 Provision (Credit) 790 737 47 (115) (57) (173) - 1,229 Ending balance $ 4,896 $ 5,650 $ 78 $ 941 $ 819 $ - $ 149 $ 12,533 Allowance for loan and lease losses: Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 988 $ 274 $ 48 $ 3 $ - $ - $ - $ 1,313 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,908 5,376 30 938 819 - 149 11,220 Total $ 4,896 $ 5,650 $ 78 $ 941 $ 819 $ - $ 149 $ 12,533 Loans and leases: Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 5,718 $ 5,817 $ 48 $ 2,535 $ 911 $ - $ - $ 15,029 Collectively evaluated for impairment 123,738 398,421 2,120 96,560 59,037 - - 679,876 Total $ 129,456 $ 404,238 $ 2,168 $ 99,095 $ 59,948 $ - $ - $ 694,905 Note : Loan balances do not include $759 thousand in net deferred loan origination costs as of December 31, 2014. * includes construction loans ** includes other loans A description of the Company’s accounting policies and the methodology used to estimate the allowance for loan losses, including a description of the factors considered in determining the allowance for loan losses, such as historical losses and existing economic conditions, is included in Note 1 to the Financial Statements. The following table provides data, at the class level, of credit qual ity indicators of certain loans , as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , respect ivel y: December 31, 2015 (in thousands) Corporate Credit Exposure – By Credit Rating Commercial Real Estate Construction Commercial and Multi-Family Mortgages Total Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial 3 $ 42,383 $ 340,837 $ 383,220 $ 80,379 4 13,098 40,019 53,117 47,509 5 1,224 11,772 12,996 8,973 6 4,187 7,191 11,378 7,350 7 - - - 119 Total $ 60,892 $ 399,819 $ 460,711 $ 144,330 December 31, 2014 (in thousands) Corporate Credit Exposure – By Credit Rating Commercial Real Estate Construction Commercial and Multi-Family Mortgages Total Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial 3 $ 29,421 $ 299,798 $ 329,219 $ 83,789 4 10,492 50,691 61,183 30,223 5 1,073 7,853 8,926 8,662 6 - 4,757 4,757 6,613 7 - 153 153 169 Total $ 40,986 $ 363,252 $ 404,238 $ 129,456 The Company’s risk ratings are monitored by the individual relationship managers and changed as deemed appropriate after receiving updated financial information from the borrowers or deterioration or improvement in the performance of a loan is evident in the customer’s payment history. Each commercial relationship is individually assigned a risk rating. The Company also maintains a loan review process that monitors the management of the Company’s commercial loan portfolio by the relationship managers. The Company’s loan review function reviews at least 40% of the commercial and commerci al mortgage portfolio annually. The Company’s consumer loans, including residential mortgages and home equities, are not individually risk rated or reviewed in the Company’s loan review process. Consumers are not required to provide the Company with updated financial information as differentiated from the requirements for the Company’s commercial customers . Co nsumer loans are also smaller dollar balances. Given the lack of updated information since the initial underwriting of the loan and small size of individual loans, the Company uses the delinquency status as the credit quality indicator for consumer loans. The delinquency table is shown below. The Company does not lend to sub-prime borrowers. Unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection, all consumer loans that are more than 90 days past due are placed in non-accrual status. Once a consumer loan reaches 6 0 days past due, management orders an appraisal and runs a credit report on the borrower. If the loan is placed in nonaccrual status, an impairment test is performed. The book value of the loan is compared to the collateral value as determined by an independent appraisal, discounted for potential selling costs, appraisal age, or other factors particular to the property or borrower. In order to perform the impairment test, management determines the amount of the senior liens held by other lenders in the cases in which the Company holds a junior lien. When the Company is not in the first lien position, the collateral value is more heavily discounted to account for the increased risk. The following table provides an analysis of the age of the recorded investment in loans that were past due as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4, respectively : December 31, 2015 (in thousands) Total Past Current Total 90+ Days Non-accruing 30-59 days 60-89 days 90+ days Due Balance Balance Accruing Loans Commercial and industrial $ 160 $ 224 $ 66 $ 450 $ 143,880 $ 144,330 $ 40 $ 5,312 Residential real estate: Residential 822 402 569 1,793 102,148 103,941 - 1,400 Construction - - - - 1,546 1,546 - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 1,919 963 457 3,339 396,480 399,819 457 3,574 Construction - - - - 60,892 60,892 - 4,187 Home equities 253 236 267 756 60,286 61,042 - 1,058 Consumer 8 - - 8 1,588 1,596 - 14 Other - - - - 139 139 - - Total Loans $ 3,162 $ 1,825 $ 1,359 $ 6,346 $ 766,959 $ 773,305 $ 497 $ 15,545 December 31, 2014 (in thousands) Total Past Current Total 90+ Days Non-accruing 30-59 days 60-89 days 90+ days Due Balance Balance Accruing Loans Commercial and industrial $ 153 $ 60 $ 274 $ 487 $ 128,969 $ 129,456 $ - $ 5,500 Residential real estate: Residential 848 158 682 1,688 96,686 98,374 - 1,296 Construction - - - - 721 721 - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 4,201 3,115 513 7,829 355,423 363,252 - 3,162 Construction 8 - 201 209 40,777 40,986 201 - Home equities 594 120 192 906 59,042 59,948 - 415 Consumer 13 1 - 14 1,750 1,764 - 17 Other - - - - 404 404 - - Total Loans $ 5,817 $ 3,454 $ 1,862 $ 11,133 $ 683,772 $ 694,905 $ 201 $ 10,390 The following table provides data, at the class level, of impaired loans : At December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 1,750 $ 1,811 $ - $ 1,945 $ 58 $ 47 Residential real estate: Residential 2,444 2,555 - 2,474 90 63 Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 3,888 3,908 - 3,930 27 179 Construction 834 834 - 834 - 31 Home equities 1,644 1,711 - 1,661 40 52 Consumer - - - - - - Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 10,560 $ 10,819 $ - $ 10,844 $ 215 $ 372 At December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized With a related allowance recorded: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 3,572 $ 3,835 $ 552 $ 3,966 $ 255 $ 9 Residential real estate: Residential 55 55 2 55 1 2 Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 1,083 1,083 235 1,083 4 42 Construction 4,188 4,201 911 4,188 29 166 Home equities - - - - - - Consumer 42 57 42 45 2 6 Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 8,940 $ 9,231 $ 1,742 $ 9,337 $ 291 $ 225 At December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized Total: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 5,322 $ 5,646 $ 552 $ 5,911 $ 313 $ 56 Residential real estate: Residential 2,499 2,610 2 2,529 91 65 Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 4,971 4,991 235 5,013 31 221 Construction 5,022 5,035 911 5,022 29 197 Home equities 1,644 1,711 - 1,661 40 52 Consumer 42 57 42 45 2 6 Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 19,500 $ 20,050 $ 1,742 $ 20,181 $ 506 $ 597 At December 31, 2014 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 1,017 $ 1,022 $ - $ 1,096 $ 9 $ 66 Residential real estate: Residential 2,264 2,435 - 2,271 37 68 Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 2,103 2,208 - 2,139 33 91 Construction 1,074 1,074 - 1,169 - 44 Home equities 911 950 - 917 17 22 Consumer - - - - - - Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 7,369 $ 7,689 $ - $ 7,592 $ 96 $ 291 At December 31, 2014 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized With a related allowance recorded: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 4,701 $ 4,734 $ 988 $ 4,701 $ 64 $ 234 Residential real estate: Residential 271 285 3 271 20 - Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 2,640 2,785 274 2,708 96 50 Construction - - - - - - Home equities - - - - - - Consumer 48 60 48 49 5 6 Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 7,660 $ 7,864 $ 1,313 $ 7,729 $ 185 $ 290 At December 31, 2014 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Foregone Interest Income Recognized Total: (in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 5,718 $ 5,756 $ 988 $ 5,797 $ 73 $ 300 Residential real estate: Residential 2,535 2,720 3 2,542 57 68 Construction - - - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial 4,743 4,993 274 4,847 129 141 Construction 1,074 1,074 - 1,169 - 44 Home equities 911 950 - 917 17 22 Consumer 48 60 48 49 5 6 Other - - - - - - Total impaired loans $ 15,029 $ 15,553 $ 1,313 $ 15,321 $ 281 $ 581 There were $1 0 . 6 million in impaired loans with no related allowance at December 31, 2015, and $7 . 4 million in impaired loans with no relate d allowance at December 31, 2014 . As management identifies impaired loans that are collateral dependent, new appraisals are ordered to determine the fair value of the collateral. It should also be noted that when estimating the fair value of collateral for the purpose of performing an impairment test, management further reduces the appraised value of the collateral to account for estimated selling or carrying costs, age of the appraisal , if applicable, or any other perceived market or borrower-specific risks to the value of the collate ral. The majority of the interest income in the preceding table was interest income recognized prior to these loans being identified as impaired and placed on non-accrual. The interest income foregone in the preceding table represents interest income that t he Company did not recognize on those loans while they were on non-accrual and impaired. The Bank had no loan commitments to borrowers in non-accrual status at December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 . Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) The Company had $5.8 million in loans that were restructured and deemed to be TDR s at December 31, 201 5 with $1.8 million of those balances in non-accrual status. Any TDR that is placed on non-accrual is not returned to accruing status until the borrower makes timely payments as contracted for at least six months and future collection under the revised terms is probable. All of the restructurings were allowed in an effort to maximize the Company’s ability to collect on loans where borrowers were experiencing financial difficulty. The reserve for a TDR is based upon the present value of the future expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective rate or upon the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, if the loan is deemed collateral dependent. This reserve methodology is used because all TDR loans are considered impaired. The following table presents the Company’s TDR loans as of December 31, 201 5 , and 201 4 , respectively: December 31, 2015 (in thousands) Total Nonaccruing Accruing Related Allowance Commercial and industrial $ 517 $ 508 $ 9 $ 165 Residential real estate: Residential 1,789 689 1,100 - Construction - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial and multi-family 1,732 334 1,398 - Construction 834 - 834 - Home equities 867 281 586 - Consumer loans 28 - 28 28 Other - - - - Total troubled restructured loans $ 5,767 $ 1,812 $ 3,955 $ 193 December 31, 2014 (in thousands) Total Nonaccruing Accruing Related Allowance Commercial and industrial $ 492 $ 274 $ 218 $ 173 Residential real estate: Residential 1,833 594 1,239 - Construction - - - - Commercial real estate: Commercial and multi family 2,428 847 1,581 33 Construction 1,074 - 1,074 - Home equities 728 233 495 - Consumer loans 31 - 31 31 Other - - - - Total troubled restructured loans $ 6,586 $ 1,948 $ 4,638 $ 237 The Company’s TDRs have various agreements that involve deferral of principal payments, or interest-only payments, for a period (usually 12 months or less) to allow the customer time to improve cash flow or sell the property. Other common types of concessions leading to the designation of a TDR are lines of credit that are termed out and extensions of maturities at rates that are less than prevailing market rates given the risk profile of the borrower. The following tables show the data for TDR activity by type of concession granted to the borrower during 201 5 and 201 4 : Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands) (in thousands) Troubled Debt Restructurings by Type of Concession Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Commercial and Industrial: Deferral of principal 3 541 541 1 $ 16 $ 16 Residential Real Estate & Construction: Extension of maturity - - - 2 615 615 Extension of maturity and interest rate reduction - - - 1 208 208 Commercial Real Estate & Construction: Extension of maturity and interest rate reduction - - - 1 250 250 Home Equities: Extension of maturity - - - 9 592 592 Extension of maturity and interest rate reduction - - - 2 84 84 Combination of concessions 2 166 166 - - - Consumer loans: Interest rate reduction - - - 1 31 31 Other - - - - - - Modifications made to loans in a troubled debt restructuring did not have a material impact on the Company’s net income for t he years ended December 31, 2015 and 201 4 . All of the C&I and commercial real estate TDR s were already considered impaired and sufficiently reserved for prior to being identified as a TDR. The reserve for a TDR loan is based upon the present value of the future expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or upon the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, if the loan is deemed to be collateral dependent. At December 31, 201 5 , there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors owing loans or leases whose term s have been modified in TDRs. The general practice of the Bank is to work with borrowers so that they are able to repay their loan in full. If a borrower continues to be delinquent or cannot meet the term s of a TDR and the loan is determined to be uncollectible, the loan will be charged- off to its co llateral value. A loan is considered in default when the loan or lease is 90 days past due or is charged- off. The following table presents loans which were classified as TDR s during the preceding twelve months and which have subsequently defaulted during the twelve month period s ended December 31 , 2015 and 2014, respectively : Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands) (in thousands) Troubled Debt Restructurings Number of Recorded Number of Recorded That Subsequently Defaulted Contracts Investment Contracts Investment Commercial and Industrial - - 3 $ 191 Residential Real Estate: Residential - - - - Construction - - - - Commercial Real Estate: Commercial and multi-family - - 1 250 Construction - - - - Home Equities 1 66 1 54 Consumer loans - - - - Other - - - - |