Province Of Nova Scotia 18-K Annual report (foreign governments)

Exhibit 99.1

Province of Nova Scotia

(Canada)

This description of the Province of Nova Scotia is dated as of December 11, 2017, and appears as Exhibit (1) to the Province of Nova Scotia’s Annual Report on Form 18-K to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

This document (otherwise than as a prospectus contained in a registration statement filed under the Securities Act of 1933) does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any Securities of the Province of Nova Scotia. The delivery of this document at any time does not imply that the information herein is correct as of any time subsequent to its date.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
Further Information		2
Forward-Looking Statements		3
Summary		4
Map of Nova Scotia		5
Introduction
Overview		6
Political System		6
Constitutional Framework		6
Economy
Principal Economic Indicators		8
Recent Developments		10
Economic Structure		11
Population and Labor Force		12
Income and Prices		14
Capital Expenditures		15
Goods Producing Industries		16
Exports		18
Service Sector		22
Energy		23
Government Finance
Overview		26
Specific Accounting Policies		26
Summary of Budget Transactions and Borrowing Requirements		29
Revenue		30
Program Expenditures/Expenses		35
Loans and Investments		38

	Page
Provincial Debt
Funded Debt		39
Derivative Financial Instruments		40
Debt Maturities and Sinking Funds		40
Current Liabilities		43
Guaranteed Debt		43
Pension Funds		44
Public Sector Debt
Public Sector Funded Debt		47
Certain Crown Corporations and Agencies
Sydney Steel Corporation and Sydney Tar Ponds Agency		48
Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation		48
Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation		48
Foreign Exchange		49
Official Statements
Table 1 – Statement of Debentures Outstanding		51

FURTHER INFORMATION

This document appears as an exhibit to the Province of Nova Scotia’s Annual Report to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on the Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. Additional information with respect to the Province of Nova Scotia is available in such Annual Report, the other exhibits to such Annual Report, and in amendments thereto. Such Annual Report, exhibits and amendments can be inspected and copied at the public reference facility maintained by the SEC at: 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of such documents may also be obtained at prescribed rates from the Public Reference Section of the Commission at its Washington address or, without charge, from Province of Nova Scotia, Department of Finance & Treasury Board, Deputy Minister of Finance & Treasury Board, PO Box 187, 7^th Floor, 1723 Hollis Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3J 2N3.

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address for the SEC’s Internet site is http://www.sec.gov.

In this document, unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, all dollar amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars. On December 8, 2017, the noon spot rate for the U.S. dollar in Canada, as reported by the Bank of Canada, expressed in Canadian dollars, and was $1.2860. See “Foreign Exchange” for information regarding the rates of conversion of U.S. dollars and other foreign currencies into Canadian dollars. The fiscal year of the Province of Nova Scotia ends March 31. “Fiscal 2017” and “2016-2017” refers to the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, and unless otherwise indicated, “2016” means the calendar year ended December 31, 2016. Other fiscal and calendar years are referred to in a corresponding manner. Any discrepancies between the amounts listed and their totals in the tables set forth in this document are due to rounding.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This exhibit includes forward-looking statements. The Province of Nova Scotia has based these forward-looking statements on its current expectations and projections about future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about the Province of Nova Scotia, including, among other things:

• the Province of Nova Scotia’s economic and political trends; and

• the Province of Nova Scotia’s ability to control expenses and maintain revenues.

In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this annual report might not occur.

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SUMMARY

The information below is qualified in its entirety by the detailed information provided elsewhere in this document.

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA

Economy	Year Ended December 31
	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016
	(in millions unless otherwise indicated)
Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices	$	37,836		$	38,615		$	39,739		$	40,580		$	41,726
Household Income.		36,686			37,690			38,603			39,791			40,813
Capital Expenditures(1)		3,598.4			3,575.4			3,423.4			3,467.2			3,862.0
Annual Increase in Consumer Price Index		2.0%			1.2%			1.7%			0.4%			1.2%
Population by July 1 (in thousands)		944.9			943.0			942.2			941.5			948.6
Unemployment Rate		9.1%			9.1%			9.0%			8.6%			8.3%
Revenues and Expenses – Consolidated Entity	Fiscal Year Ended March 31
	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(in millions)
Revenues	$	9,749.8		$	9,708.9		$	10,310.5		$	10,549.8		$	10,833.7
Current Expenses		10,407.8			10,737.1			10,805.6			10,950.8			11,078.7
Surplus (Deficit) from Governmental Units		(658.0	)		(1,028.1	)		(495.1	)		(401.0	)		(245.0	)
Net Income from Government Business Enterprises		354.4			351.3			351.4			387.8			394.6
Provincial Surplus/(Deficit)	($	303.6	)	($	676.9	)	($	143.7	)	($	13.2	)	$	149.6
Public Sector Funded Debt	As at March 31
	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(in millions unless otherwise indicated)
General Revenue Fund Funded Debt	$	15,350.0		$	15,323.4		$	15,925.5		$	15,942.1		$	15,639.4
Miscellaneous Debt		11.3			9.5			8.0			10.1			10.0
Sub Total		15,361.3			15,332.9			15,933.5			15,952.3			15,649.4
Total Guaranteed Debt		143.3			138.6			124.0			118.3			98.1
Total Consolidated Entity Funded Debt		15,504.6			15,471.5			16,057.5			16,070.5			15,747.5
Less: Sinking Funds, Public Debt Management Fund		2,694.2			2,531.1			2,675.8			2,595.8			2,712.5
Net Public Sector Funded Debt	$	12,810.4		$	12,940.4		$	13,381.7		$	13,474.8		$	13,035.0
Per Capita ($)	$	13,557.4		$	13,721.9		$	14,202.5		$	14,311.3		$	13,741.0
As a Percentage of:
Household Income(2)		34.9%			34.3%			34.7%			33.9%			31.9%
Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices		33.9%			33.5%			33.7%			33.2%			31.2%

(1) Methodology used to calculate Capital Expenditures was revised in 2015 and adjusted for all included periods. Housing has been excluded in the new methodology since the primary goal of the program is to publish capital expenditures made by private- and public-sector organization.

(2) Population as of July 1 of the preceding calendar year Household Income (Personal Income has been replaced with Household Income by Statistics Canada, the concepts are similar) and Gross Domestic Product at market prices are for the previous calendar year.

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INTRODUCTION

Overview

The Province of Nova Scotia (“Nova Scotia” or the “Province”) is the most populous of the four Atlantic Provinces of Canada (“Atlantic Canada”) and covers 20,402 square miles. It extends 360 miles in length and varies in width from 50 miles to 105 miles.

According to estimates issued by Statistics Canada, the population of Nova Scotia was 953.9 thousand as of July 1, 2017, and represented 2.6% of Canada’s population of 36.7 million. The largest urban concentration in Atlantic Canada is the Halifax Regional Municipality (“Halifax”). Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, situated centrally on the Atlantic coast of the Province, had a population of 425,871 as of July 1, 2016. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is the commercial, governmental, educational, and financial center of the Province, and is also the location of an important naval base. The Government of Canada also has an extensive shipbuilding project in Halifax that started in 2013.

Political System

The Legislature of Nova Scotia consists of the Lieutenant Governor and the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The Nova Scotia House of Assembly is elected by the people for a term not to exceed five years. The House of Assembly may be dissolved at any time by the Lieutenant Governor on the advice of the Premier of the Province, who is traditionally the leader of the majority party in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.

The last provincial general election was held on May 30, 2017. The Liberal Party was elected to a majority government and holds 27 seats in the House of Assembly. The official opposition in the House of Assembly is the Progressive Conservative Party with 17 seats and the New Democratic Party holds 7 seats.

The executive power in the Province is vested in the Governor-in-Council, comprising the Lieutenant Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The Executive Council is responsible to the House of Assembly. The Governor General of Canada in Council appoints the Lieutenant Governor, who is the representative of the Queen in the Province. Members of the Executive Council are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, normally from members of the House of Assembly, on the nomination of the Premier.

The Parliament of Canada is composed of the Queen represented by the Governor General, the Senate, whose members are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, and the House of Commons, whose members are elected by the people. The people of Nova Scotia are entitled to send 11 elected representatives to the 338-member House of Commons. Ten Senators represent Nova Scotia in the Senate.

There are three levels of courts in Nova Scotia; provincially appointed courts are grouped together, the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal. The Provincial Court is a court of record and every judge thereof has jurisdiction throughout the Province to exercise all the power and perform all the duties conferred or imposed on a judge of the Provincial Court. In addition to hearing matters relating to provincial statutes and municipal by-laws, the Provincial Court is specifically authorized to hear certain matters under the Criminal Code of Canada. The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia is a court of original jurisdiction and as such has jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal, arising in the Province except those matters or cases expressly excluded by statute. The Nova Scotia Court of Appeal is the general court of appeal in both civil and criminal matters.

Constitutional Framework

Similar to the British Constitution, the Constitution of Canada (the “Constitution”) is not contained in a single document, but consists of a number of statutes, orders, and conventions. Canada is a federation of ten provinces and three Federal territories, with a constitutional division of responsibilities between the Federal and provincial governments, as set forth in The Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982. The Constitution Acts are divided into two fundamental documents. The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly the British North America Act, 1867), provides for the federation of British North America provinces, and the Constitution Act, 1982 (the “1982 Act”), enacted by the parliament of the United Kingdom, provides, among other things, that amendments to the Constitution be effected in Canada according to terms of an amending formula.

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The 1982 Act also includes a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which encompasses language rights, Aboriginal rights, principles of the reduction of regional economic disparities, and the making of fiscal equalization payments to the provinces by the Government of Canada, including an enumeration of other Acts and orders which are part of the Constitution.

Under the Constitution, each provincial government may exclusively make laws in relation to the following matters:

• health;

• education;

• municipal institutions;

• property and civil rights;

• forestry and non-renewable natural resources;

• social services;

• other matters of purely provincial or local concern;

• raise revenue through direct taxation within its territorial limits; and

• borrow monies on the credit of the province.

The Federal Parliament of Canada is empowered to raise revenue by any system of taxation, and generally has jurisdiction over matters or subjects not assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures. The Federal Parliament may exclusively make laws in relation to the following matters:

• the Federal public debt and property;

• the borrowing of money on the public credit of Canada;

• the regulation of trade and commerce;

• currency and coinage;

• banks and banking;

• national defense;

• the postal service;

• shipping; and

• navigation.

As a province of Canada, Nova Scotia could be affected by political events in another province. For instance, on September 7, 1995, the Government of Quebec presented a Bill to the National Assembly entitled An Act respecting the future of Quebec (the “Act”) that included, among others, provisions authorizing the National Assembly to proclaim the sovereignty of Quebec. The Act was to be enacted only following a favorable vote in a referendum. Such a referendum was held on October 30, 1995. The results were 49.4% in favor and 50.6% against.

In 1996, the Government of Canada, by way of reference to the Supreme Court of Canada (the “Supreme Court”), asked the court to determine the legality of a unilateral secession of the Province of Quebec from Canada, either under the Canadian Constitution or international law. On August 20, 1998, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Province of Quebec did not have the unilateral right of secession, and that any proposal to secede authorized by a clear majority in response to a clear question in the referendum should be construed as a proposal to amend the Constitution, which would require negotiations. These negotiations would have to deal with a wide array of issues, such as the interest of the other provinces, the Federal Government, the Province of Quebec, and the rights of all Canadians both within and outside the Province of Quebec, and specifically, the rights of minorities, including Aboriginal peoples.

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ECONOMY

Nova Scotia has a diversified economy. The geographic location of Nova Scotia, being surrounded almost completely by water with more than 4,598 miles of coastline, has significantly contributed to the economy. The importance of the sea to the economy is witnessed in many industries such as fishing and aquaculture, oil and gas, naval defense, shipbuilding, tourism, transportation and research.

While many of the goods and services producing industries are directly or indirectly related to the processing of Nova Scotia’s natural resources such as seafood products, pulp and paper products, and natural gas, the provincial economy is also diversified into information age technologies and other goods as diverse as motor vehicle tires and naval shipbuilding.

Export of goods are important to the economy of Nova Scotia as export of goods and services represents 36.9% of Nova Scotia’s GDP at market prices. Of international merchandise exports, approximately 69.0% are exported to the United States.

Nova Scotia’s economy features the general characteristics of developed economies. Nova Scotia’s service sector is disproportionately larger than that of Canada. This represents Nova Scotia’s long-established position as the principal private sector service center for Atlantic Canada and the center for regional public administration and defense.

Principal Economic Indicators

The economy of Nova Scotia is influenced by the economic situation of its principal trading partners in Canada and abroad, particularly the United States. In 2016, Nova Scotia’s gross domestic product (“GDP”) at market prices was $41.7 billion, or 2.0% of Canada’s GDP. Compared with the levels for 2015, real GDP at market prices in chained 2007 dollars for Nova Scotia increased by 0.8% while GDP in Canada increased by 1.4% in 2016. Total exports of goods and services from Nova Scotia, to international and inter-provincial destinations, in 2016 increased by 3.1%.

Manufacturing sales in 2016 increased by 4.2% for Nova Scotia compared to an increase of 1.2% for Canada.

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The following table sets forth certain information about economic activity in Nova Scotia and, where provided, Canada, for the calendar years 2012 through 2016.

SELECTED ECONOMIC INFORMATION

																Compound Annual rate of growth(1)
	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of $ in current prices unless otherwise indicated)
Gross Domestic Product (Nova Scotia)
At Market Prices(2)	$	37,836		$	38,615		$	39,739		$	40,580		$	41,726			2.5	%
Chained 2007 Dollars		35,530			35,483			35,871			36,356			36,654			0.8	%
GDP at Basic Prices (Chained 2007)		32,116			32,020			32,347			32,723			33,066			0.7	%
Gross Domestic Product (Canada)
At Market Prices(2)		1,822,808			1,897,531			1,990,183			1,994,911			2,035,506			2.8	%
Chained 2007 Dollars		1,668,524			1,709,821			1,758,648			1,776,251			1,801,368			1.9	%
Household Income (Nova Scotia)		36,686			37,690			38,603			39,791			40,813			2.7	%
Household Income ($ per capita)		38,825.3			39,968.2			40,971.1			42,263.4			43,024.5			2.6	%
Capital Expenditures(3)		3,598.4			3,575.4			3,423.4			3,467.2			3,862.0			1.8	%
Retail Trade.		13,238.8			13,663.0			14,038.4			14,062.8			14,703.3			2.7	%
Value of Manufacturing Sales		10,459.8			9,450.2			7,347.1			7,729.3			8,052.7			-6.3	%
Unemployment Rate		9.1	%		9.1	%		9.0	%		8.6	%		8.3	%
Annual Increase in Consumer Price Index:
Nova Scotia		2.0	%		1.2	%		1.7	%		0.4	%		1.2	%
Canada		1.5	%		0.9	%		2.0	%		1.1	%		1.4	%

(1) Compound annual rate of growth is computed by distributing the aggregate amount of growth during the period on the basis of a single annual rate of growth compounded annually. These rates are not adjusted for inflation unless otherwise indicated.

(2) Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) at market prices represents the value added by each of the factors of production plus indirect taxes less subsidies. GDP at Basic Prices represents the value added by each of the factors of production.

(3) Methodology used to calculate Capital Expenditures was revised in 2015 for all periods listed. Housing has been excluded in the new methodology since the primary goal of the program is to publish capital expenditures made by private- and public-sector organization.

Sources: Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 384-0037, 384-0038, 379-0030, 384-0042, 029-0045, 080-0020, 304-0015, 282-0002, and 326-0021.

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Recent Developments

The following table sets forth the most recently available information with respect to certain economic indicators for Nova Scotia and Canada.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

			Percentage Change, except where noted
	Period		Nova Scotia			Canada
Retail Trade (1)		Jan. – Sep. 2017/ Jan. – Sep. 2016		6.4	%		6.8	%
Manufacturing Sales (1)		Jan. – Aug. 2017/ Jan. – Aug. 2016		2.5	%		6.4	%
Housing Starts (all areas) (2)		Jan. – Oct. 2017/ Jan. – Oct. 2016		18.7	%		8.7	%
Employment Growth (3)		Jan. – Oct. 2017/ Jan. – Oct. 2016		0.7	%		1.8	%
Unemployment Rate (3)		Jan. – Oct. 2017		8.4	%		6.5	%
Consumer Price Index		Jan. – Oct. 2017/ Jan. – Oct. 2016		1.0	%		1.5	%

(1) Seasonally adjusted.

(2) These figures represent residential housing starts in both urban and rural areas, seasonally adjusted at annual rates.

(3) These figures reflect the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment.

Sources: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 080-0020, 304-0014, 304-0015, 027-0008, 282-0087, and 326-0020.

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Economic Structure

Nova Scotia’s economy features the general characteristics of developed economies. Nova Scotia’s service sector is disproportionately larger than that of Canada. This represents Nova Scotia’s long-established position as the principal private sector service center for Atlantic Canada and the center for regional public administration and defense.

The following table shows the relative contribution of each sector to GDP in basic prices (chained 2007 dollars) for Nova Scotia and Canada for the calendar years indicated.

NOVA SCOTIA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY INDUSTRY IN BASIC PRICES

(CHAINED 2007 DOLLARS)

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Compound Annual Rate of Growth 2012-2016			% of GDP in Basic Prices, 2016
	(In millions)
														Nova Scotia			Canada
Primary Sector:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting	$	806.9	$	792.8	$	822.4	$	824.2	$	769.9		-1.2	%		2.3	%		1.7	%
Mining and Oil, and Gas Extraction		689.7		586.4		881.3		711.5		677.3		-0.5	%		2.1	%		7.9	%
Utilities		560.1		588.4		589.5		576.4		566.9		0.3	%		1.7	%		2.2	%
		2,056.7		1,967.6		2,293.2		2,112.1		2,014.1		-0.5	%		6.1	%		11.8	%
Secondary Sector:
Construction		1,730.3		1,697.9		1,608.5		1,711.0		1,861.5		1.8	%		5.6	%		7.0	%
Manufacturing		2,651.0		2,564.4		2,455.2		2,499.1		2,570.1		-0.8	%		7.8	%		10.4	%
		4,381.3		4,262.3		4,063.7		4,210.1		4,431.6		0.3	%		13.4	%		17.4	%
Service Sector:
Transportation and Warehousing		1,080.6		1,081.4		1,125.7		1,154.7		1,171.4		2.0	%		3.5	%		4.5	%
Wholesale Trade		1,341.6		1,377.5		1,434.9		1,459.6		1,421.0		1.4	%		4.3	%		5.8	%
Retail Trade		2,181.3		2,234.2		2,232.5		2,241.7		2,307.2		1.4	%		7.0	%		5.5	%
Finance and Insurance		1,811.3		1,788.0		1,771.0		1,805.6		1,830.9		0.3	%		5.5	%		7.1	%
Real Estate, rental and leasing(1)		5,056.1		5,166.8		5,239.0		5,341.2		5,437.9		1.8	%		16.5	%		13.1	%
Management of Companies		142.1		141.8		130.8		124.9		117.4		-4.7	%		0.4	%		0.7	%
Professional, scientific and technical services		1,314.3		1,359.3		1,398.2		1,483.1		1,516.5		3.6	%		4.6	%		5.4	%
Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services		695.3		658.4		675.0		659.4		642.6		-2.0	%		1.9	%		2.5	%
Information and Cultural Industries		1,084.5		1,080.2		1,083.8		1,071.1		1,050.3		-0.8	%		3.2	%		3.0	%
Education Services		2,221.1		2,215.1		2,234.1		2,264.0		2,252.4		0.4	%		6.8	%		5.2	%
Health Care and Social Assistance		3,101.5		3,124.1		3,206.8		3,230.4		3,270.2		1.3	%		9.9	%		6.7	%
Accommodation and Food Services		777.4		759.5		780.1		788.5		802.7		0.8	%		2.4	%		2.1	%
Arts, entertainment, and recreation		173.6		168.3		176.6		189.4		198.9		3.5	%		0.6	%		0.7	%
Other Services (except Public Administration)		645.0		653.1		660.1		651.7		649.4		0.2	%		2.0	%		1.9	%
Public Administration		3,978.0		3,886.2		3,860.3		3,884.9		3,887.2		-0.6	%		11.8	%		6.4	%
		25,603.7		25,693.9		26,008.9		26,350.2		26,556.0		0.9	%		80.5	%		70.8	%
Gross Domestic Product at Basic Prices		32,116.1		32,019.5		32,346.7		32,722.8		33,066.2		0.7	%		100.0	%		100.0	%

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table 379-0030, 379-0031 (Canada GDP by industry).

(1) Includes imputed values of output from owner-occupied housing.

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Population and Labor Force

According to estimates by Statistics Canada, at July 1, 2016, the population of Nova Scotia was 948.6 thousand or 2.6% of Canada’s population of 36.3 million. Over the period July 2012 to July 2016, the population of Nova Scotia grew by 0.4%, as compared to growth of 4.4% for Canada. Nova Scotia’s labor force decreased at a compounded annual rate of 0.8% compared to an increase of 0.8% for Canada for the 2012 to 2016 calendar year period.

According to Statistics Canada data for 2016, the Province’s labor force averaged 486,600 persons, representing 61.7% of the population 15 years of age and over. This level is a decrease of 0.7 percentage points in the participation rate compared to 2015. The figures for the calendar year 2016 show a decline in the unemployment rate to 8.3% from a rate of 8.6% in 2015. The labor force and the number of unemployed persons in 2016 showed declines from the levels observed in 2015, while the labor force employed decreased marginally from 2015 levels.

As the baby boom cohort of Nova Scotia’s population ages, an increasing share of the population is found among age cohorts that have lower participation rates. Between 2012 and 2016, the share of the working age population as measured by the Labor Force Survey aged 55 and older grew from 37.0% to 40.0% while the share aged between 25 and 54 declined from 47.9% to 45.5%. In 2016, the labor force participation rate of those aged 55 and up (the cohort with rising share of the population) was 34.7% while the labor force participation rate of those aged 25-54 (the cohort with declining share of the population) was 85.4%.

Nova Scotia’s unemployment rate was 8.7% in October 2017, on a seasonally adjusted basis, which was the same as the October 2016 level. The unemployment rate over the same period for Canada decreased to 6.2% from 6.9% a year earlier. The unemployment rate for Nova Scotia in October 2017 reflects an increase of 1.6% in the labor force from a year earlier, a 14.8% increase in the number of individuals unemployed and a 0.5% increase in the number of individuals employed, compared to the same month in 2016.

The following table sets forth Nova Scotia’s population and labor force for the 2012 to 2016 calendar years.

POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE

	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016			Compound Annual Rate of Growth
	(In thousands unless otherwise indicated)
Total Population (July 1)		944.9			943.0			942.2			941.5			948.6			0.1	%
Population 15 Years of Age and Over		781.6			781.9			783.0			785.5			788.7			0.2	%
Labor Force		503.5			497.7			491.6			490.2			486.6			-0.8	%
Labor Force Employed		457.6			452.6			447.6			448.1			446.2			-0.6	%
Labor Force Unemployed		46.0			45.1			44.0			42.0			40.4			-3.2	%
Participation Rate (%):
Nova Scotia		64.4	%		63.7	%		62.8	%		62.4	%		61.7	%
Canada		66.5	%		66.5	%		66.0	%		65.8	%		65.7	%
Unemployment Rate (%):
Nova Scotia		9.1	%		9.1	%		9.0	%		8.6	%		8.3	%
Canada		7.3	%		7.1	%		6.9	%		6.9	%		7.0	%

Sources: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 051-0001, 282-0002.

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The following table illustrates the distribution of employment in Nova Scotia by industry for the calendar years 2012 through 2016, and the compound annual rate of growth over the period 2012 to 2016.

EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Compound Annual Rate of Growth
	(In thousands)
Agriculture		6.1		5.7		5.2		5.4		4.5		-7.3	%
Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Oil, and Gas		11.5		11.5		11.2		11.8		11.3		-0.4	%
Utilities		3.8		4.2		3.8		3.7		3.3		-3.5	%
Construction		32.3		34.7		34.0		33.6		32.9		0.5	%
Manufacturing		32.8		30.6		29.9		28.7		29.1		-2.9	%
Wholesale and Retail Trade		74.8		75.2		73.9		71.8		71.9		-1.0	%
Wholesale Trade		12.9		12.1		13.2		11.9		13.2		0.6	%
Retail Trade		61.9		63.0		60.7		59.9		58.7		-1.3	%
Transportation and Warehousing		20.9		19.6		20.9		20.5		20.3		-0.7	%
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Leasing		21.8		20.9		22.2		23.4		23.6		2.0	%
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services		23.9		26.5		26.1		27.8		27.5		3.6	%
Business, Building and Other Support Services		21.2		22.8		19.7		20.3		17.5		-4.7	%
Educational Services		35.6		34.6		35.4		36.4		36.7		0.8	%
Health Care and Social Assistance		70.6		69.8		69.2		72.4		74.9		1.5	%
Information, Culture, and Recreation		19.7		18.4		19.2		17.5		16.2		-4.8	%
Accommodation and Food Services		32.6		31.4		32.1		30.9		29.5		-2.5	%
Other Services		20.6		19.4		18.3		17.1		19.4		-1.5	%
Public Administration		29.2		27.5		26.7		27.0		27.6		-1.4	%
Total - All Industries		457.6		452.6		447.6		448.1		446.2		-0.6	%

Source: Statistics Canada, Table 282-0008.

13

Income and Prices

Household income in Nova Scotia increased 2.6% to $40.8 billion in 2016 from 2015, and average weekly wages in 2016 were $847.26, up 1.5% from the level in 2015.

The following table reflects the percentage increases in average weekly wages and salaries for calendar years 2012 through 2016 as well as the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) for Nova Scotia and Canada to 2016. On an annual basis in 2016, Nova Scotia’s CPI increased by 1.2% from 2015, while Canada’s CPI increased by 1.4% from 2015.

CPI AND AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES AND SALARIES, INDUSTRIAL

AGGREGATE (PERCENT INCREASE OVER PREVIOUS YEAR)

	Nova Scotia						Canada
	Average Weekly Wages and Salaries			CPI			Average Weekly Wages and Salaries			CPI
2012		3.0	%		2.0	%		2.5	%		1.5	%
2013		1.2	%		1.2	%		1.8	%		0.9	%
2014		2.8	%		1.7	%		2.7	%		2.0	%
2015		1.8	%		0.4	%		1.8	%		1.1	%
2016		1.5	%		1.2	%		0.5	%		1.4	%

Sources: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 281-0027 and 326-0021.

14

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures consist of investment in new construction, and purchases of machinery and equipment in Nova Scotia by the private sector and all levels of government.

The following table sets forth capital expenditures for the 2013 to 2016 calendar years and investment spending intentions for 2017.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES⁽¹⁾

	2013		2014		2015		2016(2)		2017(3)
	(in millions)
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	$	106.9	$	100.6	$	89.5	$	87.6	$	78.0
Mining & oil and gas extraction		92.5		59.5		x		155.5		109.0
Utilities		290.5		348.6		391.0		537.0		591.5
Construction		132.6		130.6		103.7		94.5		95.9
Manufacturing		335.0		441.4		352.6		218.3		206.1
Wholesale trade		111.8		104.4		84.4		112.7		120.4
Retail trade		233.7		178.8		F		172.3		162.4
Transportation & warehousing		326.2		300.3		392.3		522.9		357.3
Information & cultural industries		276.1		189.8		234.4		245.8		234.9
Finance & insurance		x		37.5		53.1		59.6		51.1
Real estate and rental and lending		235.8		305.1		x		303.4		332.5
Professional, scientific & technical services		x		46.7		48.3		F		58.0
Management of companies and enterprises		x		2.7		x		6.3		F
Administrative support, waste management and remediation services		x		x		36.9		26.3		35.0
Educational services		283.5		187.6		133.4		237.9		358.3
Health care and social assistance		157.9		115.6		83.7		115.5		106.8
Arts, entertainment and recreation		x		44.4		71.5		109.9		82.8
Accommodation and food services		86.7		86.5		x		54.0		58.8
Other services (except public administration)		x		x		x		29.6		20.9
Public administration		754.4		681.7		657.2		724.5		772.2
Total	$	3,575.4	$	3,423.4	$	3,467.2	$	3,862.0	$	3,836.9
Private Sector		2,280.6		2,302.6		2,336.8		2,772.9		2,636.9
Public Sector		1,294.8		1,120.8		1,130.4		1,089.2		1,200.0
Total	$	3,575.4	$	3,423.4	$	3,467.2	$	3,862.0	$	3,836.9
Construction		1,948.1		1,786.3		1,952.7		2,229.4		2,297.2
Machinery and Equipment		1,627.3		1,637.1		1,514.5		1,632.7		1,539.7
Total	$	3,575.4	$	3,423.4	$	3,467.2	$	3,862.0	$	3,836.9

(1) Capital Expenditures are classified under the North American Industrial Classification System (“NAICS”), x—suppressed by Statistics Canada to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act, F—too unreliable to be published by Statistics Canada

(2) Preliminary Actual.

(3) Investment Intentions.

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 029-0045 and 029-0048.

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According to the “Annual Capital and Repair Expenditures Survey,” capital expenditure intentions showed a 0.6% decrease for Nova Scotia in 2017 from 2016, reflecting expectations of decreased capital spending in mining and gas extraction, and transportation and warehousing. The decrease was partly offset by increases in utilities, educational services and public administration. Capital expenditures as used in this survey, released in February 2017, is defined as the collection of data on intentions for capital investment and expenditures and does not include housing.

According to the “Annual Capital and Repair Expenditures Survey,” capital expenditures showed a 11.4% increase for Nova Scotia in 2016 over 2015, reflecting expectations of increased capital spending in utilities, transportation and warehousing, and educational services. The increase was partly offset by decreases in manufacturing.

Capital expenditures for 2015 showed a 1.3% increase over 2014. The change reflected an increase in utilities, transportation and warehousing, and information and cultural industries. Partially offsetting the above increases were decreases in manufacturing and educational services.

Capital expenditures for 2014 showed a 4.3% decrease compared to 2013. The change reflected a decrease in capital spending in educational services, information and cultural industries, and public administration. The decrease was partially offset by increases in real estate and rental and leasing, manufacturing, and utilities.

Goods Producing Industries

Manufacturing. The manufacturing industry is the largest contributor to the goods producing portion of Nova Scotia’s economy and accounted for 7.8% of real GDP (basic prices in chained 2007 dollars) in 2016. The gross selling value of manufacturing sales for Nova Scotia in the years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows: $10,460 million, $9,450 million, $7,347 million, $7,729 and $8,053 million, a compounded annual rate of decrease of 6.3% over the period. This compares with an increase of 1.1% for Canada over the same period. In 2016, over 60% of manufacturing sales were from the food, plastics and rubber products and paper and wood products subsectors.

The employment level in the manufacturing sector in 2016 was 29,100, an increase of 400 persons compared to 2015. The manufacturing sector employed 6.5% of all workers in Nova Scotia in 2016, compared to 9.4% in Canada. Most of the employment in the manufacturing sector occurs outside of the province’s largest urban center (Halifax Regional Municipality) making the sector directly and indirectly a key employer in many of the more rural areas of the Province.

The United States is the primary market for Nova Scotia’s international total exports. In 2016, $3.7 billion or 68.4% of the value of Nova Scotia’s international total exports went to the United States.

Construction. The construction industry is the second largest goods-producing industry in Nova Scotia. Its contribution to real GDP (basic prices in chained 2007 dollars) was $1.9 billion in 2016 and accounted for 5.6% of total real GDP. Construction activity accounted for 57.7% of total capital expenditures in 2016. Compounded annually capital expenditures on construction in Nova Scotia increased 1.3% for the 2012 to 2016 period, as compared to a 1.5% decrease for Canada.

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation reported that housing starts in all areas of Nova Scotia decreased by 1.5% in 2016 from 2015, compared to an increase of 1.2% at the national level over the same period.

The Federal government’s new mortgage policies will expand the use and stringency of stress tests in mortgage insurance and elevate insurance criteria for low-ratio mortgages/mortgage loans that constitute greater than 80% of the value of a home. These Federal regulatory changes were directed at housing markets in Toronto and Vancouver. It is not clear that the Federal changes will have an impact on Nova Scotia homebuyers, especially those who would consider purchasing newly-built dwellings. Although Federal government policy can have an impact on housing markets through restrictions in mortgage financing, the recent performance of the Province’s housing sector is more likely attributable to longer-term demographic trends and a shift of the market away from single-detached dwellings to multi-unit apartments.

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Housing price growth in Halifax has been variable from year to year but generally flat since 2012. The Royal Bank of Canada’s measure of housing affordability shows Halifax to be one of the most affordable of the major cities in Canada suggesting that new mortgage rules may not impair housing affordability in the Halifax market.

Overall residential activity in Nova Scotia has slowed over the past decade. Nova Scotia’s aging demographics has driven a shift in demand away from single-detached housing toward multiple-unit construction intended for the rental market. Housing starts outpaced the relatively slow population growth and household formation rates in the Province over the past five years. Most of the construction has been in Halifax where population growth rates have been higher.

HOUSING STARTS, ALL AREAS, NOVA SCOTIA

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
Single-detached		2,258		1,639		1,355		1,350		1,656
Multiples		2,264		2,280		1,701		2,475		2,111
Semi-detached		420		332		220		259		318
Row		218		259		179		129		144
Apartment and other unit type		1,626		1,689		1,302		2,087		1,649
Total units		4,522		3,919		3,056		3,825		3,767

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 027-0008.

Employment in the construction sector during 2016 was 32,900, a decrease of 700 persons from levels in 2015.

Fisheries. A large and diverse commercial fish and processing industry exists in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia harvests over 50 different species of seafood, and exports these products to all major seafood markets. The Federal Government, through detailed stock assessment plans and quotas, manages fisheries resources. The primary fishing sector contributed $417.3 million (in chained 2007 dollars) to the provinces’ GDP in 2016, a decrease of 9.0% from 2015 levels.

Nova Scotia’s fish landings had a value of $1,211.5 million in 2015, and total volume of commercial fish landings increased by 2.5% in 2015 compared to the level in 2014. The value of Nova Scotia’s fish landings for 2016 have not been released by the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The impact of fishing on the province’s GDP is also seen in the manufacturing segment, which includes fish processing. Lobster is the predominant species and represented 57.4% of the total landed value in 2015. Scallop, Shrimp, and Queen Crab were the next predominant species in 2015 at 13.8%, 7.7%, and 6.0% respectively.

Nova Scotia was the largest exporter of fresh and processed seafood in 2016 among all provinces, at $1,666.7 million. The United States is Nova Scotia’s top destination, representing 53.1% of fresh and processed seafood exports in 2016. Nova Scotia exports to over 70 countries including China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Denmark, Hong Kong and France. The export value of seafood in 2016 increased by 5.0% compared to the total value in 2015.

The harvesting sector employed 4,900 persons throughout all of Nova Scotia in 2016, a decrease of approximately 600 persons from 2015.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the value of fish landings in Nova Scotia for the calendar years 2011 through 2015, and the value of exports of fresh and processed fish, including the value of exports of major species.

17

FISHING AND FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRY

	2011		2012		2013		2014		2015
	(in Millions)
Value of Fish Landings	$	732.0	$	768.5	$	844.7	$	1,046.7	$	1.211.5
	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
	(in Millions)
Value of Exports of fresh and processed fish	$	872.7	$	1,001.7	$	1,197.7	$	1,588.0	$	1,666.7
Lobster, fresh or frozen		362.9		422.9		549.2		893.0		952.9
Scallops, fresh or frozen		98.1		130.5		163.0		168.7		139.0
Crab, frozen		132.0		139.0		167.2		179.1		222.6
Shrimp, frozen		75.8		102.7		109.5		128.1		107.1

Sources: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Industry Canada.

Mining and Mineral Exploration The value of mineral production (excluding oil and gas) in Nova Scotia was $230.1 million in 2016, unchanged from 2015 levels. The major minerals reported being produced in Nova Scotia in 2016 were crushed stone, sand and gravel. Nova Scotia’s gypsum and anhydrite deposits have been reported to be among the largest workable deposits in Canada. Gypsum outcrops occur throughout the whole of the northern half of the province’s mainland and Cape Breton Island. Gypsum data has been suppressed by Natural Resources Canada for confidentiality reasons. However, according to 2012 statistics, Nova Scotia produced about 65% of gypsum for all of Canada.

Real GDP in the sector, including the oil and gas sector, decreased by 4.8% in 2016 from 2015. The industry, including the oil and gas sector, employed 4,000 persons in 2016.

There are currently two surface coal mines operating in Nova Scotia, at Stellarton and Point Aconi, operated by Pioneer Coal. In March 2017, an underground coal mine in Cape Breton started initial production at Donkin from a single continuous miner. Production information on the sector is currently unavailable due to confidentiality requirements of Statistics Canada.

Agriculture Real GDP in 2016 in the crop and animal production sector decreased by 1.7% compared to 2015. Total farm cash receipts in 2016 decreased by 0.7%, comprised of a decline in crop receipts of 1.7%, a decrease in the receipts for livestock production of 7.9%, offset by an increase of 305.5% in total receipts from direct payments (these are primarily government support payments and crop insurance). The number of people employed in the agricultural sector stood at 4,500 persons in 2016, a decrease of about 900 from 2015. The major components of agricultural production in Nova Scotia include dairy products, fruit, livestock, field vegetables, eggs and furs.

Forestry In 2016, the value of manufacturing shipments for wood products was $465.2 million, an increase of 15.3% from 2015. The forestry logging and logging support sector employed 2,400 workers in 2016, unchanged from 2015. In 2016, the total provincial harvest of solid wood was 3,736,468 cubic meters, an increase of 2.6% over 2015. Of this amount, 320,596 cubic meters or 8.6% was exported.

Lumber shipments in 2016 were 1.13 million cubic meters, up 21.5% from 2014 (data for 2015 were suppressed by Statistics Canada due to confidentially reasons). Export sales of lumber and wood products decreased 11.2% in 2016 from 2015. The largest export destination for forestry products is the United States (50.4% in 2016), and exports to the US decreased by 17.3% in 2016 compared to 2015. In 2016, export sales for pulp and paper products were down 16.6% over 2015.

Exports

The total value of exports of goods and services from Nova Scotia in 2016, under Statistics Canada’s Provincial Economic Accounts data system, stood at $15,410 million, giving an annual compound growth rate of 0.5% over the 2012 to 2016 period. The value of exports of goods and services represented 36.9% of the total value of GDP in 2015.

18

Of the $15,410 million in exports of goods and services, 45.8%, or $7,058 million, was shipped to other countries, leaving 54.2% or $8,352 million as exports to other provinces within Canada. Exports of goods accounted for 60.7% of the total exports while exports of services accounted for 39.3%. Most of the goods are exported to other countries (57.9%), while services are mostly exported to other provinces (72.8%).

Over the 2012 to 2016 period, the total value of exports of goods had an annual compound rate of decline of 1.1% compared to a growth rate of 3.2% for the total value of export of services.

Statistics Canada reports in their Provincial Economic Accounts that the total value of international exports of goods in 2016 was $5,413 million, experiencing an annual compound rate of decline of 1.4% since 2012. The Provincial Economic Accounts figure can be contrasted with Nova Scotia’s international merchandise domestic exports of goods based on customs clearing data that amounted to $5,230 million in 2016. The Provincial Economic Accounts adjusts the customs data for other costs such as transportation margins and duties. Additionally, “domestic” international exports do not include exports from the Province that originated outside the Province. During the years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 the average Canadian dollar/US dollar noon exchange rate, according to the Bank of Canada, was $0.9996, $1.0299, $1.1045, $1.2787 and $1.3248 Canadian dollars per one U.S. dollar respectively.

The following table sets forth categories of Selected Trade indicators for the calendar years 2012 through 2016.

SELECTED TRADE INDICATORS

	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016
	(In millions $)
Exports of goods to other countries	$	5,726		$	5,251		$	5,023		$	5,315		$	5,413
Export of services to other countries		1,427			1,468			1,519			1,592			1,645
Exports to other countries		7,153			6,719			6,542			6,907			7,058
Exports of goods to other provinces		4,036			4,262			3,589			3,710			3,941
Export of services to other provinces		3,909			3,950			4,196			4,330			4,411
Exports to other provinces		7,945			8,212			7,785			8,040			8,352
Total Exports of goods and services:		15,098			14,931			14,327			14,947			15,410
Imports of goods from other countries		11,051			11,163			10,488			11,264			11,481
Import of services from other countries		1,444			1,532			1,602			1,707			1,845
Imports from other countries		12,495			12,695			12,090			12,971			13,326
Imports of goods from other provinces		5,859			5,963			5,348			5,089			5,245
Imports of services from other provinces		7,164			7,490			7,769			8,032			8,389
Imports from other provinces		13,023			13,453			13,117			13,121			13,634
Total Imports of goods and services:		25,518			26,148			25,207			26,092			26,960
Trade Balance		(10,420	)		(11,217	)		(10,880	)		(11,145	)		(11,550	)
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Tables 384-0038.

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The following two tables sets forth Nova Scotia’s top international merchandise exports by industry and the top imports by product for the calendar years 2012 through 2016, and the compound annual growth rate over the 2012 to 2016 period.

INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE EXPORTS BY INDUSTRY

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Compound Annual Rate of Growth
			(in millions)
Tire Manufacturing	$	1,028.1	$	1,002.7		1,087.8	$	1,182.2	$	1,195.3		3.8	%
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging		489.2		545.2		625.2		800.1		917.9		17.0	%
Fishing		432.9		507.0		640.3		885.1		878.0		19.3	%
Pulp Mills		164.9		201.1		221.1		241.5		224.4		8.0	%
Paper Mills		111.7		294.7		229.7		243.3		174.8		11.8	%
Sawmills and Wood Preservation		80.9		99.5		118.6		107.0		118.1		9.9	%
Frozen Food Manufacturing		120.7		114.9		122.9		129.6		108.3		-2.7	%
Navigational, Measuring Medical, and control instruments		88.3		94.8		107.1		108.3		85.3		-0.9	%
Unsupported Plastic Film, Sheet, and Bag Manufacturing		64.1		54.5		61.8		85.8		85.1		7.3	%
Recyclable Metal Wholesaler-Distributors		76.0		72.2		80.4		58.9		79.7		1.2	%
Sub-total		2,656.8		2,986.7		3,295.0		3,841.8		3,866.9		9.8	%
Other		1,177.7		1,337.2		1,954.9		1,504.2		1,363.3		3.7	%
Grand total	$	3,834.5	$	4,323.9	$	5,249.9	$	5,346.0	$	5,230.2		8.1	%

Source: Industry Canada, 5 digit NAICS codes.

INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE IMPORTS BY PRODUCT

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Compound Annual Rate of Growth
			(in millions)
Motor Vehicles for Passenger Transport	$	2,555.1	$	2,600.2	$	2,965.5	$	3,196.2	$	3,672.5		9.5	%
Preparations of non-crude petroleum oils		116.6		284.2		1,402.2		1,303.2		1,033.4		72.5	%
Trucks and Other Vehicles for Transport of Goods		114.1		111.4		150.9		188.8		190.7		13.7	%
Ferry boats, Cruise Ships and Excursion Boats				66.7						141.0		n/a
Coal and Solid Fuels Manufactured from Coal		143.0		193.2		161.9		171.3		119.6		-4.4	%
Electrical Transformers, Static Converters		9.6		12.4		27.0		13.7		107.8		83.0	%
Fish Fillets and Other Fish Meat—Fresh, Chilled		69.4		71.1		89.7		88.2		103.4		10.5	%
Natural Rubber; Balata, Gutta-Percha, Guayule, Chicle and Similar Natural Gums		217.5		173.0		139.5		123.4		100.7		-17.5	%
Helicopters, Airplanes and Spacecraft		72.1		2.4		134.2		317.1		93.2		6.6	%
Self-Propelled Bulldozers, Scapers, Graders		92.5		58.0		75.8		82.9		71.4		-6.3	%
Sub-Total		3,390.0		3,572.6		5,146.7		5,484.7		5,633.7		13.5	%
Other		3,240.6		2,446.5		2,661.0		2,806.4		2,526.6		-6.0	%
Grand Total	$	6,630.6	$	6,019.0	$	7,807.7	$	8,291.1	$	8,160.3		5.3	%

Source: Industry Canada, HS4 codes.

Merchandise imports by commodity are assessed based on their port of clearance, rather than their intended destination in Canada (or beyond). Of note in the table on imports into Nova Scotia by product grouping is the large amount of motor vehicle for passenger transport. Most of these vehicles arrive from Europe, and are then shipped across Canada.

20

The following tables show top export destinations and import sources. The ranking for the top countries is based on their value in 2016, but the same countries are shown for all five years.

INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE EXPORTS BY TOP 10 COUNTRIES

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
			(in millions)
United States	$	2,780.0	$	3,071.6	$	3,885.1	$	3,787.0	$	3,606.3
China		149.6		197.3		275.6		420.3		491.1
United Kingdom		74.5		72.5		79.4		78.1		88.8
France (incl. Monaco, French Antilles)		80.9		68.5		75.9		84.3		85.5
Japan		41.6		36.1		45.6		59.1		85.0
Hong Kong		70.1		68.9		85.7		102.9		84.7
Korea, South		35.1		37.6		57.8		65.3		83.8
Mexico		31.3		35.1		47.0		65.0		79.8
Vietnam		8.7		20.7		29.4		33.9		53.6
Germany		46.4		44.0		44.4		45.1		44.3
Sub-total		3,318.3		3,652.2		4,626.0		4,741.1		4,703.0
Other		516.2		671.6		624.0		604.9		527.3
Total All Countries(1)	$	3,834.5	$	4,323.9	$	5,249.9	$	5,346.0	$	5,230.2
Source: Industry Canada.

INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE IMPORTS BY TOP 10 COUNTRIES⁽¹⁾

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
			(in millions)
Germany	$	2,312.2	$	2,388.6	$	2,389.8	$	2,697.9	$	2,855.7
United States		461.4		564.5		1,849.2		1,618.7		1,039.4
United Kingdom		588.9		587.1		769.8		847.9		982.2
Sweden		198.2		165.1		198.4		203.9		376.1
Cuba		525.3		470.1		533.9		492.6		366.5
China		244.8		262.6		291.4		318.2		340.9
France (incl. Monaco, French Antilles)		161.9		73.2		107.5		71.4		157.1
Romania		3.0		2.6		3.3		1.3		142.1
Lithuania		0.1		0.3		0.1		0.0		114.0
Estonia		0.3		0.8		0.3		56.6		112.6
Sub-total		4,496.0		4,514.9		6,143.7		6,308.6		6,486.6
Other		2,134.6		1,504.2		1,664.0		1,982.5		1,673.6
Total All Countries	$	6,630.6	$	6,019.0	$	7,807.7	$	8,291.1	$	8,160.3
Source: Industry Canada.

(1) Merchandise trade data on a customs basis reports imports based on their province of clearance. Much of the value of goods cleared at Nova Scotia ports is not in fact destined for Nova Scotia customers and as such does not reflect the nature of economic relationship between the Province and the countries listed as major import sources. For example, Halifax has a significant auto port at which a large number of high valued cars from Germany (and elsewhere in Europe) are cleared, loaded onto trains and shipped elsewhere in North America.

The new U.S. Administration is currently renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) with Canada and Mexico. The form and extent of the renegotiations of NAFTA are uncertain at this time. Consequently, it is unclear how this would impact Nova Scotia’s trade with the U.S.

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The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with the European Union (CETA) became effective on September 21, 2017. The removal of most tariff lines from European Union imports from Canada is anticipated to make Canadian goods more competitively priced in European markets.

After the United States, the European Union is the second largest destination of Nova Scotia goods exports. The bulk of Nova Scotia exports to European Union destinations are fish and agricultural products as well as aerospace parts.

Service Sector

Overview. The Halifax metropolitan area is the largest financial and commercial service center in Atlantic Canada. The area is also one of Canada’s major medical and scientific communities, and the location of several federally sponsored scientific research institutions, including the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. The Halifax region is also home to several universities as it is a major education center for Atlantic Canada.

The Halifax region accounted for 50.7% of the total employment in Nova Scotia in 2016 producing an unemployment rate of 6.1% for 2016 compared to the 8.3% unemployment rate for the Province as a whole, and a 7.0% unemployment rate for Canada.

The following table sets forth the percentage contribution to the GDP for the service sector by component for the calendar years 2012 through 2016.

SERVICE INDUSTRIES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SERVICE PRODUCING INDUSTRIES

	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016
Wholesale trade		5.2	%		5.4	%		5.5	%		5.5	%		5.4	%
Retail trade		8.5	%		8.7	%		8.6	%		8.5	%		8.7	%
Transportation and warehousing(1)		4.2	%		4.2	%		4.3	%		4.4	%		4.4	%
Information and cultural industries		4.2	%		4.2	%		4.2	%		4.1	%		4.0	%
Finance and insurance		7.1	%		7.0	%		6.8	%		6.9	%		6.9	%
Real estate and rental and leasing		19.7	%		20.1	%		20.2	%		20.3	%		20.5	%
Professional, scientific and technical services		5.1	%		5.3	%		5.4	%		5.6	%		5.7	%
Management of companies and enterprises		0.6	%		0.6	%		0.5	%		0.5	%		0.4	%
Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services		2.7	%		2.6	%		2.6	%		2.5	%		2.4	%
Educational services		8.7	%		8.6	%		8.6	%		8.6	%		8.5	%
Health care and social assistance		12.1	%		12.2	%		12.3	%		12.3	%		12.3	%
Arts, entertainment and recreation		0.7	%		0.7	%		0.7	%		0.7	%		0.7	%
Accommodation and food services		3.0	%		3.0	%		3.0	%		3.0	%		3.0	%
Other services (except public administration)		2.5	%		2.5	%		2.5	%		2.5	%		2.4	%
Public administration		15.5	%		15.1	%		14.9	%		14.8	%		14.7	%
Total (2)		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%

(1) Includes Pipeline Transportation – See “Offshore Exploration and Development”.

(2) Numbers may not add up due to rounding.

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table 379-0030.

Trade. In 2016, wholesale merchants’ sales increased 0.5% and retail sales increased by 4.6% respectively in Nova Scotia compared to an increase of 2.7% and 5.1% respectively in Canada over 2015. The value of retail sales in 2016 in Nova Scotia was $14.7 billion. The compound annual rate of growth in retail sales was 2.7% in Nova Scotia and 4.1% in Canada during the 2012 to 2016 period. Employment in the wholesale sector and retail sector stood at 13,200 and 58,700 persons respectively in 2016. This represents an increase of approximately 1,300 persons in the wholesale sector and a decrease of 1,200 persons in the retail sector compared to 2015.

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The value of wholesale merchants’ sales was $9.3 billion in 2016, an increase of 0.5% compared to 2015. In 2016, the wholesale sector had a real GDP negative rate of change of 2.6%. The combined wholesale and retail trade sector accounts for 11.3% of the total value of real GDP at basic prices for the Province.

Transportation and Warehousing. Transportation and warehousing have been important factors in the economy of Nova Scotia throughout its history. Halifax harbor and the Strait of Canso are deep-water, ice-free harbors. The Port of Halifax is capable of handling vessels up to 150,000 metric tonnes, and the Strait of Canso can accommodate the world’s largest super-tankers.

The sector’s real GDP (chained 2007 dollars) in 2016 increased by 1.4% from 2015. In 2016, the sector employed about 20,300 persons, a decrease of 200 from 2015.

Port facilities at Halifax include 35 deep-water berths that are complemented by rail, air, and motor freight services. With two container terminals, each capable of berthing two container ships simultaneously, Halifax is Canada’s fourth largest container port and is capable of handling fully laden Post-Panamax vessels. Halifax’s south end container terminal is undergoing a project to simultaneously berth and service two post-Panamax vessels. The total volume of cargo handled by the Port of Halifax in 2016 was 8.3 million metric tonnes. In 2016, containerized cargo tonnage amounted for 4.1 million metric tonnes. The Port of Halifax handled 480,722 TEU (twenty foot equivalent units) in 2016, up 14.9% from the number in 2015. Non-containerized cargo accounted for approximately 4.2 million metric tonnes. Non-containerized cargo consists of Bulk cargo (chiefly consisting of petroleum products and gypsum), Ro/Ro (roll-on/roll-off) and break-bulk. This port serves as a trans-shipment point for automobile distribution throughout Atlantic Canada via ship and rail. The Port of Halifax had visitation by 136 cruise vessels in 2016 with 238,217 passengers.

Tourism. Nova Scotia had approximately 2.237 million non-resident overnight tourists during 2016, an increase of 8.2% over 2015. Overall in 2016, the majority of visitors, 86.4%, came from other parts of Canada, while 9.9% from the United States, and 3.7% from overseas. About 68.7% of visitors to Nova Scotia travelled by road with the remaining 31.3% arriving by air.

Energy

Nova Scotia is not currently a substantial oil producer. Natural gas production in Nova Scotia is from two developments: Sable Offshore Energy Project and the Deep Panuke development. Both of these fields are beyond their peak of production and their output is declining, which is unrelated to the decline in oil prices.

The more substantial effect of lower oil prices has been on the Nova Scotia’s international trade. With lower oil prices since 2014, the Canadian dollar has depreciated significantly against the U.S. dollar since early 2013, and, in combination with rising domestic spending in the U.S. has provided support to Nova Scotia’s international exports, with the exception of energy products.

The majority of electricity generated in Nova Scotia is from coal and oil-fired facilities. Overall total electricity production from utilities and independent power producers in Nova Scotia for 2016 was 9,914 gigawatt hours, a 3.0% decrease in production from 2015. Total hydro, tidal, wind and solar generation was 1,907 gigawatt hours, a 4.2% increase over 2015. The Province of Nova Scotia’s regulations require that nearly 25 per cent of the province’s electricity supply come from renewable sources (wind, solar, tidal and biomass technology) in 2015, and has a target of 40% renewable electricity by 2020. The Province achieved the 2015 target, with the actual figure being 26.6 per cent as reported by Nova Scotia Power.

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ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION (MEGAWATT HOURS)

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
Hydro, Tidal, Wind, Solar and other		1,677,398		1,784,229		1,892,847		1,829,565		1,906,520
Thermal generation		9,428,660		8,985,526		8,748,063		8,390,471		8,007,834
Total		11,106,058		10,769,755		10,640,910		10,220,036		9,914,354

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table 127-0007

Offshore Exploration and Development

Since the beginning of exploration activity in the late 1960’s, substantial gas reserves and modest oil reserves have been discovered, including the six fields that are part of the Sable Offshore Energy Project (“SOEP”), and the Deep Panuke field. In addition to the producing gas field, the SOEP project includes a gas plant at Goldboro and a fractionation plant at Point Tupper. The Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline provides transportation of SOEP gas to markets in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the northeastern United States. This pipeline originates at the “tailgate” of the gas plant in Goldboro, Nova Scotia, continues in a westerly direction and crosses the New Brunswick-Nova Scotia border near Tidnish, Nova Scotia. During 2016, production levels declined a further 9.1% from 2015 levels, and are down 76.1% from the peak production in 2002.

Encana’s Deep Panuke natural gas project is located approximately 109 miles off the coast of Nova Scotia. The natural gas is currently being processed on the production platform and exported to shore by a dedicated pipeline to the SOEP gas processing facility in Goldboro, and then the natural gas is fed into the Maritime and Northeast Pipeline. At the time of development, the Deep Panuke project was anticipated to have a mean production life of 13 years. The Deep Panuke project was expected to deliver between 200 million and 300 million cubic feet of natural gas per day. However, due to production challenges, Deep Panuke production averaged only 58.3 mmcf/d in 2016. The Deep Panuke project has encountered significant production challenges with water seeping into the wells. In 2015, Encana, the interest holder in Deep Panuke, decided to operate the field on a seasonal basis to capitalize on high winter gas prices in the New England market. In the spring of 2016, Encana decided to produce natural gas on a year-round basis. However, production during 2016 was 16.2% below 2015 levels.

NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION

	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
SOEP Production (mmcf/d)		207.8		140.2		145.1		139.6		126.6
Deep Panuke Production (mmcf/d)		—		46.2		203.3		69.7		58.3
Total Production (mmcf/d)		207.8		186.4		348.4		209.3		184.9

ExxonMobil Canada Properties Ltd., Shell Canada Ltd., Imperial Oil Reserves, Pengrowth Energy Trust and Mosbacher Operating Ltd. are interest holders in SOEP. In 1999, the project partners signed a royalty agreement for this project with the Province. The current year’s royalty income (considering current decommissioning costs as discussed below) from offshore gas and natural gas liquids for the fiscal year 2016-2017 was $9.9 million. In 2016-2017, the Province incurred Prior Years’ Adjustments (“PYA”) of negative $8.1 million – resulting in net royalty revenues of $1.8 million for 2016-2017. These PYAs arise from two sources: a) the recalculation of actual royalty income to be paid by the interest holders, and b) when the SOEP reaches the end of its technical viability, interest holders are entitled to deduct decommissioning cost from royalties paid to the Province. The Province has been accruing a liability for the Province’s share of the costs associated with the decommissioning of the project. When royalties estimated for future years are insufficient to fully offset the Province’s share of these costs, Prior Years’ Adjustments (“PYA”) are required for royalty revenue previously recorded.

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OFFSHORE ROYALTY INCOME

	Fiscal Year Ended March 31
	2013			2014			2015		2016			2017
Current Royalty Income (‘000)	$	22,748		$	20,732		$	30,019	$	14,068		$	9,870
Prior Years’ Adjustments (‘000)		(19,213	)		(145,551	)		3,069		(105,820	)		(8,071	)
Total Royalty Income (‘000)	$	3,535		($	124,819	)	$	33,088	($	91,752	)	$	1,799

While the decline in SOEP production has been a contributing factor to the decline in current royalty income, the total royalty income is primarily being determined by the accrual of the change in abandonment costs as estimated by SOEP interest holders.

As of January 17, 2017, there were 4,183,457 hectares of land in the offshore region under active exploration licenses, 76,680 hectares under significant discovery licenses and 39,441 hectares under production licenses. Since April 4, 2013, there have been no changes to significant discoveries licenses or to production licenses.

Exploration Rights

Exploration rights are awarded for a nine-year period to the bidder making the highest work commitment. If this amount is not spent within an initial five-year period (extendable by one year more upon payment of $250,000), 25% of the deficiency is paid to the Provincial government. The exploration rights are forfeited to the Crown if an exploration well is not drilled within this initial period. On January 20, 2012, the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board (“CNSOPB”) awarded four bids on offshore Nova Scotia lands for four separate parcels resulting in $970 million in work expenditure bids, and on November 16, 2012 the Board awarded a further $1,081.9 million in work expenditure bids on 8 additional parcels. The work expenditure bid represents the amount of money the bidder intends to spend exploring the land parcels during the initial six-year period of a nine-year exploration license. Successful bidders are required to post a deposit of 25% of the amount of the bid to demonstrate their commitment to conduct the intended work. The original total exploration spending commitment in the 14 active exploration license areas offshore Nova Scotia is $2,133.9 million as of January 17, 2017.

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GOVERNMENT FINANCE

Overview

Under the Canadian Constitution, the Province of Nova Scotia is granted certain exclusive powers, including the power to impose direct taxation within the Province to raise revenue for Provincial purposes and the power to borrow money on the sole credit of the Province. Certain responsibilities assigned to the Province are, in turn, delegated to municipal governments and other local bodies within the province, such as school boards and local service commissions, under varying degrees of Provincial control.

Municipal governments raise their own revenues from a number of sources, the most important of which is real property taxes, and also receive financial assistance from the Province. Municipal borrowing powers are strictly limited; operating deficits in any given year must be recaptured through taxation or other current revenues the following year. Under the incorporating legislation, municipalities and municipal enterprises long-term capital requirements are subject to the approval of the Minister of Municipal Affairs of the Province and must be made through the Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation except for borrowings from the Federal Government, the Province, another municipality, or their agencies. The municipalities may carry debt with financial institutions until long-term financing is arranged with the MFC. (See “Certain Crown Corporations and Agencies – Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation”).

The receipt of public revenues, the disbursement of public funds, the control of expenditures, and the keeping and auditing of the Public Accounts of the Province are governed by various Provincial statutes. All receipts and disbursements of public money of the Province’s departments and public service units flow through the General Revenue Fund. Such receipts and disbursements consist of revenue, expenditures, and other transactions. Any net cash requirement of the General Revenue Fund is provided for by the Province’s traditional sources of financing, including borrowings in the public and private financial markets and internal sources.

Anticipated revenue, program expenses, capital expenditures, and debt servicing costs included in the budgetary estimates of the Province are submitted for approval to the House of Assembly for each fiscal year. Authority for expenditure expires at the end of each fiscal year. Funds for expenditure may also be provided by special legislation and by order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council pursuant to the authority of the Finance Act. Loans and investments, including those to or on behalf of corporations and agencies owned or controlled by the Province, are generally made pursuant to the authority and limitations of various Provincial statutes and are not included in the annual budgetary estimates submitted to the House of Assembly for approval.

The accounts and financial operations of the Province and the financial statements of certain crown corporations and agencies are subject to audit by the Auditor General, an official appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under the Auditor General Act. The Auditor General audits the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Province.

On September 26, 2017, the Minister of Finance and Treasury Board submitted the Budget for the fiscal year 2017-2018, which is referred to herein as “Estimate 2018”.

Specific Accounting Policies

Financial statements of the Province are prepared in accordance with Canadian generally accepted accounting principles for the public sector, which for purposes of the Province’s financial statements are represented by accounting recommendations of the Public Sector Accounting Board (“PSAB”) of the Chartered Professional Accountants (“CPA”) of Canada, supplemented where appropriate by other CPA of Canada and International Federation of Accountants accounting standards or pronouncements.

The Government Reporting Entity

The Government Reporting Entity is comprised of the General Revenue Fund, other Governmental Units, Government Business Enterprises, and Government Partnership Arrangements. Governmental Units and Government Business Enterprises represent the entities that are controlled by the Province. Government Partnership Arrangements represent entities for which decision making and significant risks and benefits are shared with other parties outside of the Government Reporting Entity.

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Principles of Consolidation

This section describes the accounting treatment for each type of entity included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Province. A Governmental Unit is a government organization that is not a Government Business Enterprise. Governmental Units include government departments, public service votes, funds, agencies, service organizations, boards, government not-for-profit organizations, and government business-type organizations. The accounts of Government Units are consolidated on a line-by-line basis after adjusting for differences in significant accounting policies with the exception of capitalization thresholds and depreciation methods and rates of accounting for tangible capital assets for which no accounting policy adjustments are performed. Significant inter-organization accounts and transactions are eliminated.

A Government Business Enterprise is a self-sustaining organization that has the financial and operating authority to sell goods and services to individuals and non-government organizations as its principal activity and source of revenue. Government Business Enterprises have been accounted for on the modified equity basis that does not require any accounting policy adjustments. Net equity of Government Business Enterprises is included in government consolidated financial statements in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, while any net income or net loss is shown as a separate line item in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Accumulated Deficits. The largest Government Business Enterprises, in terms of revenues, are the Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation and the Nova Scotia Provincial Lotteries and Casino Corporation.

A Government Partnership is a contractual arrangement between the government and a party or parties outside the reporting entity. The partners have clearly defined common goals, make a financial investment in the partnership, share control of decision-making, and share, on an equitable basis, the significant risks and benefits associated with the operations of the government partnership. Where significant, government’s interest in partnerships is accounted for using proportionate consolidation.

A complete overview of the organizations within the Government Reporting Entity is available within the Province’s Public Accounts, Volumes I and II for the fiscal year 2016-2017. See Exhibit (2) to the Province’s Form 18-K, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

Revenues

Revenues are recorded on an accrual basis. The main components of revenue include federal transfers such as Equalization, Canada Health Transfer, and Canada Social Transfer, as well as interest, various taxes, and legislated levies. Revenues from Personal and Corporate Income Taxes and Harmonized Sales Taxes, are accrued in the year earned based on estimates using statistical models. These revenues are recorded at the net amount estimated, after considering adjustments for tax credits and administrative costs related to the collection and processing performed by the Federal Government. Petroleum Royalties may be reduced by a portion of estimated abandonment cost for the future decommissioning of restoration of offshore field assets.

Expenses

Expenses are recorded on an accrual basis. Grants are recognized in the period during which the grant is authorized and any eligibility criteria are met. Provisions are made for probable losses on certain loans, investments, loan guarantees, accounts receivable, advances, forgivable loans, and for contingent liabilities when it is likely that a liability exists and the amount can be reasonably determined. These provisions are updated as estimates and revised, at least annually.

Measurement Uncertainty

Uncertainty in the determination of the amount at which an item is recorded in the Province’s Consolidated Financial Statements is known as measurement uncertainty. Uncertainty exists whenever estimates are used because it is reasonably possible that there could be material difference between the recognized amount and another reasonably possible amount.

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Measurement uncertainty exists in the Province’s Consolidated Financial Statements in the accruals for such items as pension, retirement and other obligations, environmental remediation obligations, and federal and provincial source revenues. The nature of the uncertainty in the accruals for pension, retirement, and other obligations arise because actual results may differ significantly from the Province’s various assumptions about plan members and economic conditions in the marketplace. Uncertainty exists for environmental remediation obligations because the actual extent of remediation activities required may differ significantly based on the actual extent of site contamination and the chosen remediation process. Uncertainty related to sales and income taxes, petroleum royalties, Canada Health Transfer and Canada Social Transfer arises because of the possible differences between estimated and actual economic growth assumptions used in statistical models by the Province to accrue these revenues.

Additional accounting policies are set forth in the Notes to the Public Accounts filed as Exhibit (2) to the Province’s Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

The financial information with respect to the Province set forth herein has been derived from several sources, including the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Province. Unless otherwise indicated, amounts shown in this document have been restated as described above.

Unless otherwise indicated, amounts referred to as “Estimate for the year ended March 31, 2018” have been taken from the Budget 2017-2018 tabled on September 26, 2017. The Budget, however, is not prepared on the same basis as the historical financial information. Revenues and expenses in the Estimates reflect only those of the General Revenue Fund. The Provincial surplus includes results of the General Revenue Fund, consolidation and accounting adjustments for Governmental Units, and net income for Government Business Enterprises.

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Summary of Budget Transactions and Borrowing Requirements

SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AND NET FUNDING REQUIREMENTS

OF THE CONSOLIDATED ENTITY

	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(in millions)
Revenues	$	9,749.8		$	9,708.9		$	10,310.5		$	10,549.8		$	10,833.7
Program Expenses		9,486.3			9,850.9			9,907.6			10,082.2			10,241.7
Debt Servicing Costs		921.5			886.2			898.1			868.5			837.0
Total Expenses		10,407.8			10,737.1			10,805.6			10,950.8			11,078.7
Surplus/(Deficit) from Governmental Units		(658.0	)		(1,028.1	)		(495.1	)		(401.0	)		(245.0	)
Net Income from Government Business
Enterprises		354.4			351.3			351.4			387.8			394.6
Provincial Surplus / (Deficit) (1)		(303.6	)		(676.9	)		(143.7	)		(13.2	)		149.6
Net Funding Requirements
Deficit/(Surplus)		303.6			676.9			143.7			13.2			(149.6	)
Non-Cash Items (2)		(763.8	)		(990.8	)		(340.7	)		(424.6	)		(1,079.7	)
Operating Requirements		(460.2	)		(314.0	)		(197.0	)		(411.4	)		(1,229.3	)
Loan advances and Investing, net of repayments		68.0			122.5			240.3			33.1			39.5
Acquisition of Tangible Capital Assets		690.9			545.9			542.2			466.5			458.9
Sinking Fund Installments and Serial Retirements		44.1			(274.6	)		40.8			(177.7	)		26.3
Net Refinancing Transactions(3)		999.7			1,014.0			592.8			1,032.1			1,010.3
Net Funding Requirement		1,342.4			1,093.8			1,219.1			942.6			305.7
Financing of Net Funding Retirement
Change in Cash and Short-term Investments		(17.1	)		129.0			32.4			(97.3	)		(369.4	)
Debt Issued		1,359.5			964.8			1,186.7			1,039.8			675.0
Total	$	1,342.4		$	1,093.8		$	1,219.1		$	942.6		$	305.7

(1) As of December 11, 2017, the Province is forecasting a surplus of $131.6 million for the fiscal year 2017-2018.

(2) Includes amortization of tangible capital assets, net proceeds on disposal of tangible capital assets, foreign exchange amortization, net income from Government Business Enterprises, changes in receivables, payables, and other non-cash items, and sinking fund earnings, which are retained in the Sinking Funds and Public Debt Management Fund, and are not available for general purposes, profit distribution from Government Business Enterprises and foreign currency swaps and adjustments. Also includes the draw-downs from sinking funds and the Public Debt Management Fund.

(3) Net Refinancing Transactions consist of proceeds from Sinking Funds and Repayment of Debentures and Other Long-term obligations.

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Revenue

The following table sets forth the revenue, by source, of the General Revenue Fund, as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above, for fiscal years 2013 to 2017 inclusive and Budget Estimate for fiscal year 2018, each adopting the accounting policies, other than consolidation of government entities, described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies”.

REVENUE BY SOURCE FOR GENERAL REVENUE FUND⁽¹⁾

	2013			2014			��	2015		2016			2017			Budget 2018
	(in millions)
Provincial Sources:
Personal Income Taxes	$	2,142.5		$	2,192.8			$	2,349.7	$	2,562.5		$	2,636.6		$	2,710.6
Corporate Income Taxes		429.5			425.9				474.0		461.7			513.0			506.6
Sales Taxes		1,648.7			1,660.1				1,702.4		1,760.2			1,778.5			1,829.4
Tobacco Taxes		206.3			217.2				206.3		217.0			222.2			220.1
Motive Fuel Taxes		243.4			246.8				248.3		254.0			258.5			266.7
Registry of Motor Vehicles		113.4			120.5				123.0		130.3			133.1			131.5
Offshore Royalties		22.7			20.7				30.0		14.1			9.9			12.0
Other Provincial Sources		285.9			301.0				285.6		308.9			299.2			310.2
TCA Cost Shared Revenue		9.1			17.0				8.6		2.1			2.7			60.3
Prior Years’ Adjustments		57.7			(258.5	)			110.2		(68.4	)		(5.8	)		—
Fees & Other Charges		68.7			60.0				62.2		61.6			62.5			61.7
Ordinary Recoveries		304.0			347.6				340.7		354.7			363.8			359.1
Gain on Disposal of Crown Assets		15.4			4.6				4.8		(0.3	)		5.8			0.4
Interest Revenues		76.3			77.1				83.7		89.5			88.6			79.6
Sinking Fund Earnings		111.1			111.5				103.9		96.0			90.5			100.5
Total Provincial Sources		5,734.7			5,544.3				6,133.3		6,244.0			6,459.1			6,648.7
Federal Sources:
Equalization		1,578.8			1,718.2				1,750.7		1,777.8			1,732.9			1,750.6
Canada Health Transfer		795.0			829.9				852.2		895.7			944.4			967.2
Canada Social Transfer		323.0			327.4				334.0		341.1			349.5			358.0
Crown Share		12.9			4.6				14.1		(2.7	)		2.2			3.0
Offshore Accord		146.1			89.5				64.5		36.8			33.3			20.0
Other Federal Sources		18.3			15.3				3.6		2.1			2.3			24.0
TCA Cost Shared Revenue		24.5			22.5				22.0		32.4			24.3			73.0
Prior Years’ Adjustments		(0.8	)		3.2				9.0		3.8			1.2			—
Ordinary Recoveries		247.4			262.1				204.0		215.5			264.1			350.3
Total Federal Sources		3,145.1			3,272.5				3,253.9		3,302.5			3,354.3			3,546.2
Total Revenue	$	8,879.9		$	8,816.9			$	9,387.2	$	9,546.4		$	9,813.4		$	10,194.9

(1) Revenue by source is presented for the Province’s General Revenue Fund. This information does not include the revenues from other Governmental Units, Government Business Enterprises, and Government Partnership Arrangements. The revenues and expenses of these entities are included within statements prepared for the Consolidated Entity. (See “Government Finance – Summary of Budget Transactions and Borrowing Requirements”.)

Provincial Sources

Provincial own-source revenues of the General Revenue Fund for fiscal year 2016-2017 totaled $6,459.1 million (representing 65.8% of the General Revenue Fund’s revenues) and are estimated to be $6,648.7 million for fiscal year 2017-2018, representing 65.2% of the General Revenue Fund’s revenues. The largest of the Province’s own-source revenues, Personal Income Tax (“PIT”), totaled $2,636.6 million in fiscal year 2016-2017 and are estimated to increase to $2,710.6 million for 2017-2018. The second largest own-source revenue, Harmonized Sales Tax (“HST”), totaled $1,778.5 million for 2016-2017 and is estimated to increase to $1,829.4 million for fiscal year 2017-2018. Corporate Income Taxes (“CIT”) totaled $513.0 million in 2016-2017 and are estimated to decline to $506.6 million in 2017-2018.

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The Federal Government collects several taxes on behalf of the Province, including personal and corporate income taxes, and the HST.

The Province has a tax on income system for personal income tax. The Provincial tax on income is calculated on federally defined taxable income, and consists of five income tax brackets. The rate for the first bracket, on taxable income up to $29,590, is 8.79%. The rates on the second (taxable income between $29,591 and $59,180) and third (taxable income between $59,181 and $93,000) brackets are 14.95% and 16.67% respectively. The fourth bracket for income above $93,000 is 17.5% and was revised to taxable income between $93,001 and $150,000 effective for the 2010 taxation year and beyond. A fifth bracket was added in 2010 with a rate of 21% on taxable income above $150,000. Prior to 2010 there was a surtax of 10% of provincial tax in excess of $10,000. The fifth tax bracket and the removal of the surtax were temporary measures until the Province returned to a balanced budget position, but the Province announced in the 2017-2018 Budget that the measures would remain in place for the 2017-2018 fiscal year.

The general corporate income tax rate is 16% of the corporate taxable income allocated to Nova Scotia under a federally-defined formula set out in regulations. A small business rate of 3.0% applies to the first $500,000 of active business income for Canadian Controlled Private Corporations that have capital of less than $10 million.

On April 1, 1997, HST was implemented in Nova Scotia, replacing the province’s Health Services Tax (11%) and harmonizing the tax base with the Federal Goods and Services Tax (“GST”) of 7%, which was subsequently reduced by the Federal government to 6% on July 1, 2006 and 5% effective January 1, 2008. The HST is a combined Federal and Provincial tax and is collected by the Canada Revenue Agency. Revenues are shared with the Province. The provincial component of the HST is 10%, for a combined rate of 15%.

The HST is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services purchased in Nova Scotia. Certain items such as basic groceries and exports are zero-rated, while others such as residential rents are exempt. Zero-rated supplies are taxable at a rate of zero percent, meaning there is no HST charged on the supply of these goods and services, but the HST registrant can claim an input tax credit. Exempt supplies are goods and services that are not subject to HST, and the registrant cannot claim an input tax credit on expenses related to making exempt goods and services. The Province provides consumer rebates on the provincial component of the HST for residential energy, printed books, first time homebuyers of new residential homes, children’s clothing, children’s footwear, children’s diapers, firefighting equipment, computers for visually and mentally challenged individuals and exterior renovations to heritage properties. Rebates are also available to municipalities, universities, schools, hospitals, charities and non-profit organizations.

Offshore petroleum royalties were $9.9 million in 2016-2017, and are estimated to be $12.0 million in 2017-2018. The Sable Offshore Energy Project (“SOEP”) and Deep Panuke project are nearing their technical end date and production volumes continue to decline. In addition, an accrual has been made for estimated abandonment costs that interest holders in the SOEP may deduct from offshore royalties. While there are several factors contributing to the decline in royalty revenues over the past few years, it is primarily being driven by the accrual of abandonment costs estimated by SOEP interest holders.

Federal Sources

Federal sources are made up of three major transfers, Equalization ($1,732.9 million in 2016-2017), the Canada Health Transfer (“CHT”) ($944.4 million in 2016-2017) and the Canada Social Transfer (“CST”) ($349.5 million in 2016-2017). Equalization, CHT and CST are estimated to be $1,750.6 million, $967.2 million, and $358.0 million respectively, for the fiscal year 2017-2018 Budget Estimates.

Equalization. Equalization is an unconditional Federal Government transfer that is paid out of Federal Government revenues. First introduced in Canada in 1957, Equalization was subsequently entrenched in the Constitution Act, 1982. Until a new framework agreement in 2004-2005, Equalization was calculated by comparing the fiscal capacity of a province, based on 33 tax bases, to a representative standard. This standard was made up of five provinces:

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Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and British Columbia. If a province’s fiscal capacity was below the per capita capacity of the standard, that province would receive Equalization entitlements. If the province’s fiscal capacity was above the per capita capacity of the standard, it would not receive Equalization entitlements.

The Equalization program has traditionally been renewed every five years, except for the 1992 renewal that was for two years only. The 2004 renewal was never implemented because a transitional approach, referred to below as the “Interim Approach”, was agreed upon at a First Ministers’ Meeting in September 2004 to allow the Federal Government an opportunity to develop a new framework for the program. Under the Interim Approach, the total entitlement to the Equalization receiving provinces was established at $10.9 billion for 2005-2006, and was to increase by 3.5% per annum in each subsequent year. Equalization payments were based on 50% of a Province’s three-year average of entitlements and 50% of a Province’s three-year average of fiscal capacity.

The Offshore Offset Agreement (Offshore Accord) between the Federal Government and the Province of Nova Scotia was signed in February 2005. Essentially, the agreement was to protect Nova Scotia’s offshore natural resource revenues from clawbacks under the Equalization program by providing an offset payment for the difference between Equalization payments with Nova Scotia’s offshore natural resource revenues included and Equalization payments with these revenues excluded. This arrangement had an estimated value of $1.1 billion at production levels expected at the time of the agreement. On June 30, 2005, Nova Scotia received an $830 million advance cash payment from the Federal Government under the Offshore Accord. The Province accounted for the annual value of the offset payment on an accrual basis until the $830 million was fully realized as income, recognizing the $830 million in revenues over the period 2005-2006 to 2011-2012. The Province earned a further $31.7 million in Offshore Accord monies above the $830 million advance cash payment, an additional amount recorded in 2011-2012. The Province qualifies for the second eight-year phase of the Offshore Accord which runs from 2012-2013 to 2019-2020; receiving $146.1 million in 2012-2013, $89.5 million in 2013-2014, $64.5 million in 2014-2015, $36.8 million in 2015-2016, $33.3 million in 2016-2017 and is estimated to receive $20.0 million in 2017-2018.

As a part of Federal Budget 2006, the Federal Government committed to resolving the issue of fiscal imbalance including a principle-based, formula-driven Equalization program. The Federal Budget documents indicated that the resolution to this issue would be guided by three reports including a Federal budget discussion paper on fiscal imbalance, the Council of the Federation Advisory Panel on Fiscal Imbalance and the Report of the Expert Panel on Equalization. The Federal Budget 2007 tabled on March 19, 2007 adopted the approach recommended by the Expert Panel on Equalization to resolve the fiscal imbalance. The new formula compares the fiscal capacity of a province to the average fiscal capacity of all provinces (a so-called “ten province” standard) using five tax bases and is calculated based on a three-year weighted moving average. The new formula was intended to make payments under the Equalization program more predictable.

A province that is below the national average fiscal capacity receives an Equalization payment while a province above the national average fiscal capacity does not. A fiscal capacity “cap” was introduced in 2007 to ensure that no Equalization-receiving province would have a post-Equalization fiscal capacity greater than the lowest fiscal capacity of the non-Equalization-receiving provinces.

The Federal Government in November 2008 announced that the annual expenditure growth in the Equalization program would be limited to the change in the three-year moving average of Canada’s nominal gross domestic product. Furthermore, the fiscal capacity cap will be set at the average post-Equalization fiscal capacity of the Equalization-receiving provinces when the population of Equalization-receiving provinces exceeds 50 per cent of the national population. If the population of Equalization-receiving provinces is less than 50 per cent of the national population the fiscal capacity cap reverts to the lowest fiscal capacity of the non-Equalization-receiving provinces.

Under the implementation of the Expert Panel on Equalization, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador were also provided with an option to use the 2004 Renewal formula noted above, which included the benefits of the Offshore Accord Agreements. The two provinces were permitted to elect to opt into the Expert Panel approach in any fiscal year. However, once the Expert Panel approach was selected, the 2004 Renewal formula would no longer be an option. Following several months of discussions, on October 10, 2007, the Province and the Federal Government agreed upon a “clarification” of the understanding that Nova Scotia is to be the principal beneficiary of its offshore natural resources. The clarification enables the Province to opt into the Expert Panel

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approach commencing in 2008-2009 and provides a “Cumulative Best-of Guarantee” to ensure that the Province will in the future be treated as favorably as under the formula in place when the Offshore Accord was signed in 2005 (now referred to as the Interim Approach) over the life of the Offshore Accord. If the cumulative total of Equalization payments and Offshore Offset payments under the Expert Panel approach is less than the cumulative total of Equalization payments and Offshore Offset payments calculated under the Interim Approach formula, the Federal Government will make a payment representing the difference to the Province.

The Province received $82.7 million in 2011-2012 Equalization related to a payment under the Cumulative Best-of Guarantee. This payment was the first year that the cumulative value of the Interim Approach exceeded the cumulative value of the Expert Panel approach. In subsequent years, the Province received additional payments under the Cumulative Best-of Guarantee; $297.3 million in 2012-2013, $260.3 million in 2013-2014, $131.2 million in 2014-2015, $88.2 million in 2015-2016, $10.6 million in 2016-2017 and negative $27.9 million has been included in the 2017-2018 Equalization Estimates for the Cumulative Best-of Guarantee as the cumulative value of the Expert Panel approach is projected to exceed the cumulative value of the Interim Approach.

As part of the October 10, 2007 clarification, the Province and the Federal Government agreed to allow a joint independent panel to determine the value of the Crown Share Adjustment Payments due to the Province. This payment arose under Canada’s National Energy Program (“NEP”), enacted by the Government of Canada in 1980. That energy policy reserved to Canada a 25 per cent share interest with respect to oil and gas resource projects, referred to as the “Federal Crown Share”. In 1982, the Province agreed to set aside ownership claims regarding offshore resources in exchange for financial compensation. Nova Scotia, having entered into the 1982 “Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Agreement” with Canada, would receive financial compensation in a 6.25 per cent and 12.5 per cent share of Canada’s interest in oil and gas field projects, respectively. This was referred to as Nova Scotia’s “Crown Share”. With the dismantling of the NEP in 1985 and subsequent repeal of Nova Scotia’s “Crown Share” interests, the “Canada–Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord”, signed by Nova Scotia and the Federal Government in 1986, introduced the Crown Share Adjustment Payments (“CSAP”). This was to ensure that, “Nova Scotia receive financial benefits equivalent to those it would have achieved had it exercised its Crown Share options”. With respect to CSAP, Part VIII of the 1988 Federal Government legislation implementing the 1986 Accord provided that Canada would pay to Nova Scotia an amount equal to at least 75% of the “deemed profit” in respect of a project.

In December 2009, the Federal Government announced that provinces would receive transitional protection, under a program called Total Transfer Protection (“TTP”), from any year-over year decline in transfer payments (Equalization, CHT, and CST) in 2010-2011. The Federal Government committed to maintaining the TTP in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, and as a result the Province received a payment of $13.5 million in 2012-2013, included in the Equalization estimate.

In subsequent years, the Province has received total equalization payments under the Expert Panel approach plus the cumulative-best-of-guarantee and Total Transfer Protection Payment as shown in the following table:

EQUALIZATION BY COMPONENT

	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		Budget 2018
	(in millions)
Components:
Equalization – Expert Panel	$	1,268.0	$	1,457.9	$	1,619.5	$	1,689.6	$	1,722.3	$	1,778.6
Cumulative Best-of-Guarantee		297.3		260.3		131.2		88.2		10.6		(27.9	)
Total Transfer Protection		13.5		—		—		—		—
Total Equalization Receipts	$	1,578.8	$	1,718.2	$	1,750.7	$	1,777.8	$	1,732.9	$	1,750.6

CHT and CST. The CHT and the CST are the Federal Government’s contribution to the Province in respect of its health care, post-secondary education, child care, early childhood development and social service programs. The amount of Federal assistance does not bear a direct relationship to actual program costs.

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In September 2004, the Provincial and Territorial governments reached an agreement with the Federal Government for additional Federal assistance with respect to provincial and territorial health care programs. Under this agreement, the Federal Government provided an additional $41.3 billion through 2013-2014. The national cash pool for CHT was set at $19.0 billion for fiscal year 2005-2006 with an annual escalator mechanism of 6.0% from 2006-2007 through 2013-2014. In the 2007 Federal Budget, the Federal Government announced an intention to move to an equal per capita cash funding mechanism when CHT legislation expired in 2013-2014. Prior to 2014-2015, the allocation of funding across provinces was based on a per capita allocation comprised of a cash transfer portion and on a complex tax points’ transfer portion.

The 2007 Federal Budget provided an increase in funding to the CST program of $1.0 billion in 2007-2008 and legislated annual 3.0% increases in funding starting in 2009-2010. The amount of Federal assistance under the CST was not determined in relation to actual program cost; starting in fiscal year 2007-2008 it was allocated on an equal per capita cash basis.

The CHT and CST programs were renewed by the Federal Government in 2014-2015 for a 10-year period. For the first three years, the 6.0% annual escalator mechanism remains in place for the CHT. Commencing in 2017-2018, the annual escalator will be a moving average of the 3-year average growth rate of national nominal GDP, with a minimum growth rate of 3.0% per year. The floor rate of 3.0% applies for the 2017-2018 fiscal year. For the CST, the annual escalator remains at 3.0% for the next ten years.

Stabilization. The Federal Government provides to provinces a stabilization formula under the Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act. This legislation provides for Federal grants and interest-free loans to a province if revenue from the province’s own-sources plus equalization falls below 95 per cent of the previous year’s level, excluding variations of natural resource revenue. The Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act also provides a limited guarantee arrangement to compensate provinces for certain losses incurred during the calendar year in which a national personal income tax change results in provincial income tax reductions.

Prior Years’ Adjustment (PYA). The Federal Government periodically refines and adjusts prior years’ estimates of CHT and CST based upon revised population estimates. HST and income tax payment forecasts for open taxation years are revised when actual data for the taxation years are received by the Province. PYA from both Federal and Provincial sources were a positive $56.8 million in 2012-2013, a negative $255.3 million in 2013-2014, a positive $119.2 million in 2014-2015, negative $64.6 million in 2015-2016, and a negative $4.6 million in 2016-2017. A significant upward adjustment to estimates of abandonment costs on the SOEP and other price fluctuations altered the accrual of underlying cost causing a negative $145.6 million PYA on Offshore Royalties during 2013-2014.

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Program Expenditures / Expenses

The following table sets forth the expenses by department, interest on public debt, restructuring costs, and pension valuation adjustment of the General Revenue Fund for the fiscal years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 and the Budget Estimate for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2018.

EXPENSES BY DEPARTMENT FOR GENERAL REVENUE FUND⁽¹⁾

	Fiscal Year Ending March 31
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		Budget 2018
	(in millions)
Department Expenses
Agriculture	$	63.8	$	61.7	$	73.1	$	60.9	$	65.1	$	42.0
Business		—		—		151.9		113.7		131.7		196.1
Communities, Culture and Heritage		57.2		58.1		60.6		77.7		97.9		84.3
Community Services		941.8		889.7		920.0		921.3		932.7		949.6
Economic and Rural Development & Tourism		171.9		133.5		—		—		—		—
Education and Early Childhood Development		1,110.6		1,169.0		1,222.4		1,240.7		1,274.1		1,317.7
Energy		29.3		30.3		31.7		30.0		36.7		29.0
Environment		24.7		24.6		25.9		24.8		36.4		37.2
Finance		37.7		—		—		—		—		—
Finance and Treasury Board		—		13.0		12.7		20.7		26.9		23.1
Fisheries & Aquaculture		8.5		9.0		9.4		9.9		12.3		15.1
Health & Wellness		3,857.5		3,938.5		4,076.9		4,090.6		4,104.6		4,214.2
Internal Services		—		124.6		155.5		144.2		186.1		189.1
Justice		311.6		305.9		322.2		326.5		329.6		340.7
Labor & Advanced Education		345.5		359.5		357.7		358.2		381.6		376.2
Assistance to Universities		380.8		336.7		375.5		374.7		441.6		433.1
Municipal Affairs		—		180.7		151.5		158.8		198.4		332.4
Natural Resources		99.4		84.8		88.5		82.0		79.5		77.2
Public Service		149.0		224.4		206.4		191.2		198.8		217.2
Seniors		1.7		1.8		1.4		1.5		1.5		2.3
Service NS & Municipal Relations		269.6		—		—		—		—		—
Transportation & Infrastructure Renewal		419.3		395.3		433.4		502.9		522.3		465.8
Restructuring Costs(2)		171.2		148.7		138.7		98.6		53.6		163.4
Total Department Expenses		8,451.1		8,489.9		8,815.5		8,829.0		9,111.6		9,505.5
Tax Credits and Rebates		127.145		102.0		134.0		120.6		133.7		125.5
Pension Valuation Adjustment		107.4		388.2		76.2		141.8		17.2		31.2
Debt Servicing Costs		897.4		857.3		874.1		854.0		823.8		850.2
Total Expenses	$	9,583.0	$	9,837.4	$	9,899.8	$	9,945.4	$	10,086.3	$	10,512.4

(1) Expenses by department and debt servicing costs are presented for the General Revenue Fund. The cost of tangible capital assets are capitalized and amortized to Expenses over the useful life of the assets. This information does not include the expenses from other Governmental Units, Government Business Enterprises, or Government Partnership Arrangements. The revenue and expenses of the entities are included within statements prepared for the Consolidated Entity. See “Government Finance – Summary of Budget Transactions and Borrowing Requirements.”

(2) Includes retroactive wage payments due to subsequent wage negotiations, provides for the current and prior year’s costs expended on corporate initiatives – costs that are not incurred at the discretion of a department, and would not normally be part of a department’s operations and/or may not be directly attributable to any one department.

Departmental expenses, consisting of program expenses and the amortization of tangible capital assets, were $9,111.6 million for fiscal year 2016-2017 and are estimated to be $9,505.5 million for fiscal year 2017-2018.

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Health, Education, and Community Services

Health and Wellness and education (including Assistance to Universities) are the two largest areas of expense from the General Revenue Fund. These amounts totaled $4,104.6 million and $1,715.7 million, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, and are estimated to be $4,214.2 million and $1,750.7 million, respectively, for the fiscal year 2017-2018.

In the field of health care, the Province administers a universal and comprehensive medical services and hospital care plan, a dental care program for residents less than 10 years of age, and provides pharmaceutical services for residents 65 years of age and over and Nova Scotians with no other health coverage. In the field of education, the Province makes grants to school boards and community colleges, and assists universities through operating grants.

Community Services include the provision of direct assistance to persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged individuals and families who require long-term assistance, residential care for persons with disabilities, short-term social assistance, and the provision of direct service to the public. Community Services expenses from the General Revenue Fund totaled $932.7 million for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, and are estimated to be $949.6 million for the fiscal year 2017-2018.

Business

The Department of Business was created effective April 1, 2015. Also effective April 1, 2015, the Department of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism ceased to exist. The Department of Business has continued some functions of the former Department of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism while other functions were transferred to other departments or eliminated altogether. The Business department provides strategic direction and leadership to all Nova Scotia government departments, crown corporations and agencies to achieve alignment on strategy and operations for business and social enterprise growth. Tourism activities are mandated to Tourism Nova Scotia with the Department of Business assuming responsibility for the agency. Expenses from the General Revenue Fund under the Department of Business totaled $131.7 million in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, and are estimated to increase to $196.1 million in fiscal year 2017-2018. The increase in expenses for 2017-2018 over 2016-2017 are the result of higher transfers to a number of crown corporations and partnerships.

Resource and Industrial Development

The Province is engaged in a wide range of resource and industrial development activities, including direct assistance grants, development and maintenance of natural resources, and consulting services to industry (the Departments of Agriculture, Fisheries & Aquaculture, and Natural Resources). Expenses from the General Revenue Fund in these areas totaled $156.9 million for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, and are estimated to be $134.2 million in fiscal year 2017-2018.

Internal Services

The Department of Internal Services was created effective April 1, 2014. Internal Services had taken over certain programs and services previously performed by the following departments: Communities, Culture and Heritage; Economic and Rural Development and Tourism; Finance and Treasury Board; Justice; Public Service (Chief Information Office and Communications Nova Scotia); and Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal. Expenses from the General Revenue Fund under Internal Services totaled $186.1 million in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, and are estimated to increase to $189.1 million in fiscal year 2017-2018.

Public Service

The Province provides a number of essential services, statutory or other, which are necessary for the efficient and/or effective operation of government. There are also programs and activities that provide a benefit to the whole of government but cannot be specifically identified with any other function. Effective October 22, 2013, the Treasury Board Office, formerly associated with the Public Service Offices, was integrated with the Department of Finance, now called Department of Finance and Treasury Board. Also, beginning April 1, 2014 Public Service was reorganized to exclude the Chief Information Office and now includes the Office of Immigration and Service Nova Scotia. The former had been transferred to a new department called Internal Services, while the latter had been transferred from the Department of Labor and Advanced Education and the Department of Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations, respectively. Expenses from the General Revenue Fund under Public Service totaled $198.8 million in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 and are estimated to increase to $217.2 million in fiscal year 2017-2018.

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Justice

The Province is engaged in activities for the provision of protection of a legal nature to persons and property; public services of a general nature, which lead to a higher degree of personal safety; and the protection of the environment. Expenses from the General Revenue Fund for Justice were $329.6 million in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 and are estimated to be $340.7 million in fiscal year 2017-2018.

Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal

The Province is engaged in a wide range of activities to facilitate the effective and efficient movement of persons and property and general communications between people, with the associated dispersal of knowledge. Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal expenses from the General Revenue Fund are estimated to decrease from $522.3 million in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 to $465.8 million in fiscal year 2017-2018. There was an increase in expenses for 2016-2017 over 2015-2016 primarily due to a $44.5 million increase to the accrual for the Boat Harbour remediation project, and $9.3 million for increased snow and ice removal costs and equipment repairs.

Municipal Affairs

The Department of Municipal Affairs was created effective April 1, 2014. Municipal Affairs consists of programs and services transferred from various other departments. These programs and services include Municipal Services (formerly held in the Department of Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations); the Office of the Fire Marshal (formerly held in the Department of Labor and Advance Education); and the Emergency Management Office (formerly held in the Department of Justice). Expenses in fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 were $198.4 million and are estimated to increase to $332.4 million in fiscal year 2017-2018. The increase in expenses in this department are primarily due to increased municipal grants and programs made by the Province, and in part from increased monies received from the Federal government through the following programs: Federal Gas Tax Building Canada Fund, Clean Water Wastewater Fund, and Public Transit and Infrastructure Fund.

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Loans and Investments

Under the authority of various Provincial statutes, the Province provides loans to, and makes investments in, its own corporations and agencies, and other entities. The loans and investments relate to programs for the promotion of resource and industrial development, the provision of low-cost and senior-citizen housing and the provision of funding for various Crown agencies and municipalities. Loans are repayable, and assets of Government-owned or other entities support investments.

The following table sets forth the balances of loans and investments of the Province for the Consolidated Entity, net of allowances for un-collectable amounts adopting the accounting policies described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above.

LOANS AND INVESTMENTS FOR CONSOLIDATED ENTITY

	As at March 31, 2017
	(in millions)
	Gross		Provisions		Net
Loans of the General Revenue Fund
Nova Scotia Farm Loan Board	$	183.2	$	15.6	$	167.7
Student Loans, direct lending		222.7		111.8		110.8
Fisheries Loan Board		104.0		2.3		101.6
Halifax Dartmouth Bridge Commission		160.0		—		160.0
Nova Scotia Business Incorporated		33.4		11.2		22.3
Housing Nova Scotia		560.9		4.5		556.4
Nova Scotia Innovation Corporation		9.1		4.6		4.4
Nova Scotia Jobs Fund		597.0		216.2		380.8
Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation		792.6		—		792.6
Nova Scotia Strategic Opportunities Fund Inc		12.1		—		12.1
Miscellaneous		0.8		0.6		0.2
		2,675.7		366.8		2,308.9
Investments of the General Revenue Fund
Art Gallery of Nova Scotia	$	3.9	$	—	$	3.9
Gambling Awareness Foundation		3.9		—		3.9
Nova Scotia Business Incorporated		29.6		16.7		12.8
Nova Scotia Community College		10.1		—		10.1
Nova Scotia Health Authority		44.9		—		44.9
Nova Scotia Innovation Corporation		42.9		15.4		27.6
Nova Scotia Jobs Fund		25.7		22.7		3.0
Nova Scotia School Insurance Program		8.4		—		8.4
Nova Scotia Strategic Opportunities Fund Inc		65.0		—		65.0
Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc		1.8		—		1.8
Public Archives of Nova Scotia		2.0		—		2.0
		238.1		54.8		183.3
Total Loan and Investments	$	2,913.9	$	421.6	$	2,492.2

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PROVINCIAL DEBT

Funded Debt

The following table sets forth the funded debt of the Province for the General Revenue Fund as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above, outstanding at March 31 in each of the five fiscal years ended March 31, 2013 through to March 31, 2017, each as audited under the Province’s accounting policies in effect at the time. Figures have not been restated for accounting changes, and as a result may not be directly comparable.

FUNDED DEBT FOR THE GENERAL REVENUE FUND⁽¹⁾

	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(millions $)
General Revenue Fund Funded Debt:
Payable in Canadian Dollars
Canadian Pension Plan Fund (2)(3)	$	1,079.4		$	1,079.4		$	1,079.4		$	1,079.4		$	1,079.4
Other		14,005.6			14,007.4			14,557.4			14,619.9			14,407.4
	15,084.9			15,086.7			15,636.7			15,699.3			15,486.8
Capital Leases		249.1			223.3			195.1			165.0			134.3
Other Long-term Indebtedness		15.9			13.3			93.7			77.9			18.4
Total General Revenue Fund Funded Debt	$	15,350.0		$	15,323.4		$	15,925.5		$	15,942.1		$	15,639.4
Less: Sinking Fund and Public Debt Management Fund(3)(4)		2,694.2			2,531.1			2,675.8			2,595.8			2,712.5
Net Funded Debt(5)	$	12,655.8		$	12,792.3		$	13,249.7		$	13,346.4		$	12,926.9
Per Capita ($)(6)	$	13,393.8		$	13,564.8		$	14,062.4		$	14,175.0		$	13,627.1
As a Percentage of:
Household Income(6)		34.5	%		33.9	%		34.3	%		33.5	%		31.7	%
Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices(6)		33.4	%		33.1	%		33.3	%		32.9	%		31.0	%

(1) As of December 11, 2017, there were debt retirements of $200 million, and a debt issuance of $387.5 million in 2017-2018.

(2) Debentures held by the Canada Pension Plan Fund are payable 30 years after their respective dates of issue, are not negotiable, are not transferable or assignable, but are redeemable in whole or in part before maturity at the option of the Minister of Finance of Canada, on six months’ prior notice, if deemed necessary to meet the requirements of the Canada Pension Plan.

(3) Debentures payable in foreign currencies and related sinking funds invested in foreign currencies are reflected at rates of the currency-swap contracts.

(4) At March 31, 2017, the Public Debt Management Fund held $876.5 million that is available to repay or retire debentures of the Province at the discretion of the Minister of Finance and Treasury Board.

(5) Funded debt does not include any unfunded pension liabilities or other retirement benefits of the Province.

(6) Population at July 1 for the previous calendar year. Household Income (Personal Income has been replaced with Household Income by Statistics Canada, the concepts are similar) and Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices for the previous calendar year.

In addition to the debt of the General Revenue Fund, there is funded debt with other entities that comprise part of the Consolidated Entity. The major entities not included in the General Revenue Fund are Nova Scotia Power Finance Inc., the Housing Nova Scotia, and the Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation. As at March 31, 2017, total funded debt of the Consolidated Entity was $16,551.7 million.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

The Province is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, either to hedge against the risks associated with fluctuations in foreign exchange rates or to manage risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. Foreign currency contracts are used by the Province to convert the liability for foreign currency borrowing and associated costs into Canadian dollars. The Province uses interest rate swap contracts to convert certain interest payments from fixed interest rates to floating interest rates.

The Department of Finance and Treasury Board credit policy states that it executes derivative transactions only with counterparties that have a minimum credit rating of “A” with a stable outlook as determined by major credit rating agencies.

As at March 31, 2017, the Province had outstanding 38 interest rate swap contracts to convert certain interest payments from a fixed to floating basis. These swaps have terms remaining of 0.2 to 14.6 years, a notional principal value of $1.1 billion and a mark-to-market value of ($10.2) million. (Mark-to-Market is an indication of the swap’s market value at a certain date. This represents the estimated realizable gain (loss), and is equivalent to the present value of future savings (losses) based on market conditions as at March 31, 2017.)

The Province has also executed numerous foreign currency swap contracts to convert foreign currency denominated debt into Canadian dollar denominated debt. The mark-to-market of these swap contracts are as follows:

Termination Date	Original Currency		Original Principal		Current Currency	Current Principal		Mark-to-Market
			(thousands)			(thousands Canadian $)		(millions Canadian $)
SWAPS:
April 16, 2019		UK£		60,000	CDN$	$	114,387	($	17.0	)
Sub-total:		UK£		60,000	CDN$		114,387		(17.0	)
February 1, 2019		US$		200,000	CDN$		198,000		64.9
July 1, 2019		US$		200,000	CDN$		199,900		56.9
November 15, 2019		US$		244,000	CDN$		246,318		71.4
March 1, 2020		US$		300,000	CDN$		409,200		(17.1	)
May 1, 2021		US$		300,000	CDN$		312,002		85.4
April 1, 2022		US$		300,000	CDN$		379,517		18.1
July 30, 2022		US$		300,000	CDN$		329,310		58.7
Sub-total:		US$	$	1,844,000	CDN$	$	2,074,246.9	$	338.3
Grand total:						$	2,188,633.9	$	321.3

Debt Maturities and Sinking Funds

The following table sets forth the maturities of total funded debt and related sinking fund balances, at March 31, 2017, from the General Revenue Fund as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above, adopting the accounting policies, other than consolidation of government entities, described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above. At March 31, 2017, all debt denominated in currencies other than Canadian dollars had been swapped to Canadian dollars.

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SCHEDULE OF DEBT MATURITIES, CAPITAL LEASE PRINCIPAL PAYMENTS

AND RELATED SINKING FUND BALANCES FOR THE GENERAL REVENUE FUND

Period Ending March 31	Total Debt in Canadian Dollars (1)		Sinking Fund & PDMF
	(in millions)
Public Debt Management Fund			$	876.5
2018	$	478.0		—
2019		1,259.1		177.3
2020		2,070.7		763.4
2021		1,078.7		—
2022		1,713.6		384.9
2018-2022		6,600.0		1,325.6
2023-2027		1,398.1		510.4
2028-2032		1,500.0		—
2033-2037		1,151.4		—
2038-2042		2,070.2		—
2043-2047		1,430.8		—
2048-2063		1,488.8		—
Sub-total:	$	15,639.4	$	1,836.0
Total:			$	2,712.5

(1) Canadian dollar-equivalent at rates of exchange in effect on swap contracts at March 31, 2017.

The Province makes sinking fund instalments on eight debentures that contain sinking fund bond covenants. The last of those debentures matures on July 30, 2022. On these sinking fund issues, annual sinking fund installments are required to be either the minimum of 0.75 per cent or 1 per cent of the par value of each original issue, or in the case where the existing sinking fund plus interest and reinvested interest to be earned thereon, together with the sinking fund contribution to be paid into the sinking fund and reinvested interest to be earned thereon, would be in excess of the principal amount of the debenture outstanding at maturity, the amount to be paid by the province on such payment date may be reduced by the amount of such excess. The contribution rates on the remaining eight sinking fund debentures ranges from zero to 1.9 per cent of the par value, with these rates being based on actual cash flows on the existing sinking fund assets and the anticipated rates of return on expected future cash flows of sinking fund assets. These figures are recalculated annually based on actual and expected investment returns. Sinking fund payments relating to debentures payable in US dollars were adjusted each year to reflect exchange rate movements from the date of issuance of the debentures to the date of being hedged to Canadian dollars. Sinking funds required by bond covenant are treated as restricted assets and are used solely for the retirement of specific debt issues. During the fiscal year 2016-2017, a $26.3 million contribution was made to the sinking fund, and total earnings of the sinking fund and Public Debt Management Fund were $90.5 million.

Sinking fund assets are recorded at cost, which includes premiums and discounts associated with the purchase of these investments. These premiums and discounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the related investment. The unamortized portion of the premiums and discounts are included as part of the value of sinking funds. As of March 31, 2017, the net unamortized premium was $22.4 million.

Annual cash contributions into the sinking fund and Public Debt Management Fund are invested in approved securities. Assets consist primarily of debentures of the provinces and Government of Canada with floating and fixed interest rates. Regarding the latter, the fixed interest rates on funds held at March 31, 2017, ranged from 2.0% to 9.6%, for Canadian funds, and from 8.25% to 9.50%, for U.S. funds. Earnings on investments are retained and reinvested in each of the sinking fund and Public Debt Management Fund. Sinking funds for debentures

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payable in U.S. currency are maintained in both Canadian and U.S. dollars. Debentures payable in foreign currencies, accrued interest thereon, and related sinking funds invested in foreign currencies are reflected in the accounts of the Province at the rate associated with the swap contract.

At March 31, 2017, the Province held $493.9 million in carrying value of its own debentures (carrying value of $493.9 million at March 31, 2016) in sinking funds as investments. Of the $2,712.5 million the Province held in financial assets for debt retirement at March 31, 2017, $876.5 million is held in the Public Debt Management Fund, and $1,836.0 million in restricted sinking funds. Total market value of both funds was $2,979.5 million at March 31, 2017.

The following table sets forth the sinking funds, by currency, of funded debt of the Province for the General Revenue Fund (as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above) at March 31, 2017, adopting the accounting policies, other than consolidation of government entities, described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above.

PROVINCIAL RESTRICTED SINKING FUNDS FOR THE GENERAL REVENUE FUND

	As at March 31, 2017
	(in millions)
For Issues Payable in:
Canadian Dollars	$	145.4
United States Dollars(1)		1,690.6
	$	1,836.0

(1) Canadian dollar-equivalent at rates of exchange in effect on swap contracts at March 31, 2017.

Based on rates of return on investments held in the sinking funds and the schedule of maturities for debt outstanding at March 31, 2017, the Province estimates debt refinancing requirements (net principal repayments, capital lease payments and sinking fund contributions) for the Consolidated Entity to be $485.2 for the fiscal year 2017-2018, $1,081.5 million for the fiscal year 2018-2019, $1,136.3 million for the fiscal year 2019-2020, $1,199.4 for the fiscal year 2020-2021, and $1,217.8 million for the fiscal year 2021-2022.

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Current Liabilities

The following table sets forth the amount of short-term debt of the Consolidated Entity (as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above) for the fiscal years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, adopting the accounting policies as described in “Government Finance – Specific Accounting Policies” above.

SHORT-TERM DEBT FOR THE CONSOLIDATED ENTITY

	Fiscal years Ended March 31
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
	(Millions $)
Bank Advances and Short-term Borrowings	$	550.4	$	539.6	$	549.9	$	576.2	$	1,171.0
Accounts Payable & Accrued Liabilities		1,796.1		2,030.1		1,931.6		1,937.2		2,064.1
Accrued Interest		221.6		209.7		215.8		216.8		215.0
	$	2,568.1	$	2,779.4	$	2,697.3	$	2,730.2	$	3,450.1

Offsetting the above current liabilities, current assets (cash and short-term investments, accounts receivable, and loans receivable) for the Consolidated Entity at March 31, 2017 totaled $4,301.7 million.

Guaranteed Debt

The Province provides the guarantee of repayment on certain payment obligations to third parties. The majority of guarantees are related to social housing and economic development initiatives. The following table sets forth the guaranteed debt of the Consolidated Entity, excluding MFC debt that is guaranteed by the Province that is also owned by the Province, which is eliminated upon consolidation, for the fiscal years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. All guaranteed debt is denominated in Canadian dollars except for a US $5 million guarantee by the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal.

GUARANTEED DEBT FOR CONSOLIDATED ENTITY

	Fiscal years Ended March 31
	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(Millions $)
Total Guaranteed Debt	$	143.3		$	138.6		$	124.0		$	118.3		$	98.1
Deduct:
Provision for Guarantee Payout		(24.1	)		(15.9	)		(11.9	)		(5.8	)		(6.6	)
Net Guarantees not Reflected in Statements	$	119.2		$	122.7		$	112.1		$	112.5		$	91.4

The table for guaranteed debt for the Consolidated Entity does not include the $749.3 million of gross debt, as at March 31, 2017, of the Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation debt guaranteed by the Province of Nova Scotia, which has been fully defeased.

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Pension Funds

The Province evaluates its pension funds using two methods. The first method, as prescribed by the CPA of Canada, measures a plan sponsor’s potential liability, with rates of return based on management’s best estimate (and gains and losses amortized over time). The financial statements of the Province’s pension plans calculated on this basis are provided in Note 5 to the Public Accounts filed as Exhibit (2) to the Province’s Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. The second method, used for the purpose of determining the funded status of the plan on a going-concern basis, as well as the total current service cost and contributions to the plan for the upcoming year, uses a rate of return based on management’s best estimate less a margin for conservatism. The tables and discussions included in the following section are shown using the latter funding basis of calculation.

Public Service Superannuation Fund

The Public Service Superannuation Plan (“PSSP”) is governed by its own pension legislation, the Public Service Superannuation Act, which was extensively updated in April 2012. The PSSP transitioned to a joint governance structure on April 1, 2013. Prior to that date the Minister of Finance and Treasury Board was sole trustee. The trustee of the Public Service Superannuation Plan is the Public Service Superannuation Plan Trustee Inc (“PSSPTI”). At the direction of, and under the oversight of the trustee, the Nova Scotia Pension Services Corporation administers the PSSP.

Due to the 2012 legislative changes, the Province no longer has legal liability for the PSSP as of April 1, 2013, and therefore no longer carries an asset or liability associated with the PSSP on its financial statements. The Province’s pension expenses for the PSSP are now limited to contributions paid to the PSSP as an employer, which are equal to the employee contributions. The contribution rate is set by PSSPTI pursuant to the funding policy and is set for a five-year cycle. Based on PSSPTI’s review of the PSSP’s funded health as of March 31, 2015, indexing of 0.85 per cent per year was approved for January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2020 and no changes to member and employer plan contribution. The employer contributions to the PSSP in 2016-2017 were $81.8 million.

Provincial legislation and regulations provide that certain payments to pensioners are charged to the General Revenue Fund rather than to the Superannuation Fund. These payments, total and net of recoveries, amounted to $22.5 million and $16.8 million, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

Teachers’ Pension Fund

Until April 1, 2006, the Minister of Finance & Treasury Board was the trustee of the Teachers’ Pension Fund (the “Teachers’ Fund”). Effective April 1, 2006, under a joint trust agreement between the Province of Nova Scotia and the Nova Scotia Teachers’ Union, the Teachers’ Pension Plan Trustee Incorporated replaced the Minister of Finance & Treasury Board as trustee.

On June 12, 2014, the Government of Nova Scotia and the Nova Scotia Teachers Union agreed to changes to the Teachers’ Pension Plan. The contribution rate increased by three percentage points and the disability pension provisions moved from the pension plan to the teachers’ long-term disability insurance plan. The contribution rate increase was spread over three years, with the first one percentage point increase beginning August 1, 2014.

Teachers employed by the school boards and Nova Scotia Community College are entitled to receive pension benefits pursuant to the provisions of a plan established under the Teachers’ Pension Act. Employees’ and matching employer contributions are paid into the Teachers’ Fund, while pensions, refunds and transfer values are paid from it. The Teachers’ Fund is invested in Federal, provincial, municipal and corporate securities, hedge funds and real estate.

The annual financial statements of the Teachers’ Fund are audited by an auditor appointed by the trustee. The auditor for the most recent financial statements was KPMG. The following table sets the continuity of the Teachers’ Fund, as audited, for the five fiscal years ended December 31, 2016.

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STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS AVAILABLE FOR BENEFITS OF THE

TEACHERS’ PENSION FUND

	Fiscal Year Ended December 31
	2012		2013(1)		2014		2015		2016
	(in millions)
Opening Balance	$	4,024.7	$	4,235.6	$	4,559.3	$	4,729.0	$	4,740.5
Add:
Employee Contributions		66.4		68.8		72.3		83.7		92.4
Employer Contributions		79.1		73.9		80.1		96.6		101.9
Income Earned and change in Market
Value of Investments		454.0		575.6		415.8		237.0		376.7
Transfers from other pension plans		1.9		1.1		3.1		1.1		1.0
		601.4		719.3		571.3		418.4		571.9
		4,626.1		4,954.9		5,130.6		5,147.4		5,312.4
Deduct:
Pensions Paid		361.6		371.5		376.7		381.6		387.0
Refunds & Transfers Out		3.4		5.3		4.9		3.9		3.5
Operating Expenses		25.4		18.8		19.9		21.5		21.7
		390.4		395.6		401.6		406.9		412.2
Closing Balance	$	4,235.6	$	4,559.3	$	4,729.0	$	4,740.5	$	4,900.2

(1) Reclassified investment management and performance fees during fiscal year ending December 31, 2014 for comparative year ending December 31, 2013. Investment management and performance fees were accounted as out-of-pocket expense under operating expense, but are now netted against the change in the value of investments to reflect consistency with other pension plans.

The latest actuarial valuation, for funding purposes, of the Teachers’ Fund was performed by Eckler Limited as at December 31, 2016. The major economic and demographic assumption used in the December 31, 2016 valuation remained unchanged from those used in the December 31, 2015 valuation. The assumption for promotional salary increases continues to range from 0.00% to 3.25%. The net of expenses discount rate (total rate of return on assets) changed in the December 31, 2016 valuation to 6.15%, down from the previous assumption of 6.25%. The assumed retirement age remained unchanged from a 50% probability of active members who achieve eligibility for an unreduced pension under the rule of 85 prior to age 62 retiring when they first become eligible and the remainder of active members and all inactive members retiring at the earliest of; (i) age 65 with 2 years of services, (ii) 35 years of service, and (iii) age 62 with 10 years of service. The mortality table also remained unchanged from the 2014 Public Sector Mortality Table projected generationally with CPM Improvement Scale B. The actuarial valuation indicated that at December 31, 2016, the Teachers’ Fund had actuarial liabilities with a present value of $6,309.6 million, assets of $4,900.2 million, resulting in an unfunded liability of $1,409.3 million and a funded ratio of 77.7%.

The benefit of any actuarial surpluses or the responsibility for any actuarial deficits are shared equally by the Province and the beneficiaries of the Fund.

Sydney Steel Corporation Superannuation Fund

The Sydney Steel Corporation Superannuation Fund was established under the Sydney Steel Corporation Sale Act effective February 28, 2001. The Fund assumed responsibility for the assets and obligations of the former Sydney Steel Corporation pension plans. Under subsection 7(9) of the Sydney Steel Corporation Sale Act, the Province of Nova Scotia has assumed responsibility to fund any shortfalls arising under this Fund. Three pension plans are covered by the Fund.

• United Steelworkers of America Pension Plan is a non-contributory defined benefit plan that covers employees of Sydney Steel Corporation who are member of Locals 1064, 6516, 6537 of the United Steelworkers of America. Under the plan, contributions were made only by Sydney Steel Corporation.

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• Salaried Pension Plan is a partially contributory defined pension plan covering the salaried employees of Sydney Steel Corporation. Under the plan, contributions were made by plan members and by Sydney Steel Corporation.

• Canadian Union of Public Employees’ Pension Plan is a non-contributory defined benefit plan that covers employees of Sydney Steel Corporation who are members of Local 1675 of the Canadian Union of Public Employees. Under the plan, contributions were made only by Sydney Steel Corporation.

Grant Thornton audits the annual financial statements of the Sydney Steel Corporation Superannuation Fund.

There are no active pension plan members in the Sydney Steel Corporation Superannuation plan. As at March 31, 2007 the United Steelworkers of America Pension Plan and the Canadian Union of Public Employees’ Pension Plan were exhausted of funds. The funds of the Salaried Pension Plan were exhausted in October 2007. All benefit payments and administration expenses are funded by the Minister of Finance and Treasury Board through special payments to the Fund from the Province’s General Revenue Fund. The Province has provided the following payments in recent years: $19.2 million in 2011-2012, $18.3 million in 2012-2013, $17.3 million in 2013-2014, $16.3 million in 2014-2015, $15.0 million in 2015-2016, and $14.0 million in 2016-2017.

The most recent actuarial valuations of the three pension plans funded from the Sydney Steel Corporation Superannuation Fund were performed by Mercer as at September 30, 2014 and extrapolated to March 31, 2015. During 2016 Eckler Limited became the new Fund Consultant and extrapolated the March 31, 2014 actuarial valuations to March 31, 2017. The major economic and demographic assumptions used in an extrapolation to March 31, 2017 included a discount rate of 3.59%, an inflation rate of 2.0% and a 100% probability that a member would retire at the earliest age at which he or she would be eligible for an unreduced pension. The actuarial valuations performed on September 30, 2014 and extrapolated to March 31, 2017 indicate the plans had a combined unfunded pension liability of $153.4 million, allocated as follows: United Steelworkers of America Pension Plan had $109.8 million, Salaried Pension Plan had $41.7 million, and Canadian Union of Public Employees’ Pension Plan had $1.9 million.

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PUBLIC SECTOR FUNDED DEBT

Public Sector Funded Debt

The debt burden for which the Province is responsible consists of the funded debt and guaranteed debt of the Consolidated Entity. Debt of the Consolidated Entity includes debt borrowed by the Province, the proceeds of which are lent to municipalities through the Municipal Finance Corporation (“MFC”). This debt does not include the debt of municipalities that is either borrowed from the Federal Government or third party sources. Borrowings by municipalities from the Federal Government or third party sources are not material. By law, municipalities may only incur debt with financial institutions on a short-term basis until long-term financing is arranged with the MFC. Also, Debt of the Consolidated Entity does not include debt of Government Business Enterprises totaling $62.7 million, which is deemed to be self-supporting. For further information regarding the Government Business Enterprises, see Schedule 6 to the Public Accounts for the fiscal year 2016-2017, Volume 1, filed as Exhibit (2) to the Province’s Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

The following table sets forth the Consolidated Entity outstanding and guaranteed funded debt for the five fiscal years ended March 31, 2013 through to March 31, 2017.

CONSOLIDATED ENTITY FUNDED DEBT⁽¹⁾

	2013			2014			2015			2016			2017
	(in millions unless otherwise indicated)
General Revenue Fund Funded Debt (2)	$	15,350.0		$	15,323.4		$	15,925.5		$	15,942.1		$	15,639.4
Miscellaneous Debt(3)		11.3			9.5			8.0			10.1			10.0
Debt of the Consolidated Entity		15,361.3			15,332.9			15,933.5			15,952.2			15,649.4
Guarantees of the Consolidated Entity:
Industrial Development and Other		56.0			61.6			57.1			61.8			50.3
Mortgages(4)		87.2			77.0			66.9			56.5			47.8
Total Guaranteed Debt		143.3			138.6			124.0			118.3			98.1
Total Consolidated Entity Funded Debt & Guaranteed Debt		15,504.6			15,471.5			16,057.5			16,070.5			15,747.5
Deduct Sinking Funds and Debt Management Fund		2,694.2			2,531.1			2,675.8			2,595.8			2,712.5
Net Funded Debt & Guaranteed Debt of the Consolidated Entity	$	12,810.4		$	12,940.4		$	13,381.7		$	13,474.8		$	13,035.0
Per Capita ($)(5)	$	13,557.4		$	13,721.9		$	14,202.5		$	14,311.3		$	13,741.0
As a Percentage of:
Household Income(5)		34.9	%		34.3	%		34.7	%		33.9	%		31.9	%
Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices(5)		33.9	%		33.5	%		33.7	%		33.2	%		31.2	%

(1) Debentures payable in foreign currencies and related sinking funds invested in foreign currencies are reflected at rates of exchange in currency-swap contracts. This measure of debt does not include the debt of Government Business Enterprises.

(2) See table on “Funded Debt for the General Revenue Fund”, for more detailed information on this figure.

(3) Miscellaneous debt does not include debt of Housing Nova Scotia ($152.9 million at March 31, 2017), a Provincial crown corporation, which debt is secured by mortgages held by the Corporation, or NS Power Finance Corporation ($749.3 million at March 31, 2017), as this debt is fully defeased.

(4) The Province guarantees certain debt of industrial development agencies, and mortgages of Housing Nova Scotia.

(5) Population as of July 1 of the preceding calendar year, Household Income and Gross Domestic Product at market prices are for the previous calendar year.

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CERTAIN CROWN CORPORATIONS AND AGENCIES

Crown corporations and agencies are special purpose entities to which the Province has delegated responsibility for the operation of certain of its programs. These entities are subject to policy direction by the Government and have been provided with financial assistance from the Province, where required, either through debt guarantees, loans, equity investments, or grants. See “Government Finance – Loans and Investments”, and “Provincial Debt – Guaranteed Debt”. The Province prepares Consolidated Financial Statements whereby the operating results of the crown corporations and agencies became part of the consolidated Provincial surplus / (deficit).

Sydney Steel Corporation and Sydney Tar Ponds Agency

Sydney Steel Corporation (“Sysco”), a Provincial Crown Corporation established by an Act of the House of Assembly in 1967, owned a steel mill in Sydney, Nova Scotia that ceased operations in July 2000. With the Corporation’s operations being discontinued, work was undertaken to dismantle and sell the remaining assets, perform environmental cleanup, and conduct development activities for future land use. Sysco will continue to exist to address residual issues arising from historic operations.

The Sydney Tar Ponds was a hazardous chemical waste site adjacent to Sysco created by discharges from Sysco’s coke ovens into an adjacent creek. Engineering and environmental studies generated estimates for the cost of remediation of the Sydney Steel Corporation and adjacent sites as well as the Sydney Tar Ponds site. The Province recorded liabilities totaling $318.5 million in 2000, and in 2006-2007 there was a further $58.8 million contributed by Sydney Steel Corporation to the environmental site clean-up provision (Sysco Decommissioning Fund). At March 31, 2017, $68.1 million remains unspent in the Sysco Decommissioning Fund. The provision will continue to be utilized for long-term maintenance and monitoring of the Sydney Tar Ponds site. Based on currently available information, the provision, in aggregate, appears to be sufficient to cover the estimated costs to remediate these sites.

Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation

Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation (“MFC”) acts as a central borrowing agency for municipalities and municipal enterprises in Nova Scotia. The MFC also has two loans to provincial health authorities. Under the incorporating legislation, municipalities and municipal enterprises are required to raise their long-term capital requirements through the MFC except for borrowings from the Federal Government, the Province, another municipality, or their agencies. At March 31, 2017, the outstanding borrowings by municipalities ($571.1 million), municipal enterprises ($221.5 million) and health authorities ($4.8 million) from the MFC stood at $797.4 million.

Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation

On August 12, 1992, the Province of Nova Scotia completed the public sale of all the common shares of Nova Scotia Power Inc. (“NSPI”), an electric utility that had assumed the net operating assets of Nova Scotia Power Corporation (“NSPC”). Prior to that date, the utility was a Provincial Crown Corporation. Neither the Province nor Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation will guarantee, assume or otherwise be responsible for any obligations of NSPI, and NSPI agreed to indemnify Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation and the Province against any claims arising out of the liabilities and commitments assumed by NSPI.

In accordance with the Nova Scotia Power Corporation Privatization Agreement passed in 1992, the Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation provided for defeasance of its debt. The portfolio of defeasance assets consists of Nova Scotia Power Corporation, other provincial government and utilities, Federal Government and Federal U.S. Treasury bonds, coupons or residuals.

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FOREIGN EXCHANGE

Canada maintains a floating exchange rate for the Canadian dollar, which permits the rate to be determined by fundamental market forces without intervention except as required to maintain orderly market conditions.

Closing spot exchange rates for the U.S. dollar in Canada, expressed in Canadian dollars per U.S. dollar, are shown in the table below for 2012 through 2016.

Daily Closing Rates	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
High		1.0397		1.0704		1.1656		1.3965		1.4559
Low		0.9683		0.9838		1.0639		1.1749		1.2536
Close		0.9949		1.0636		1.1601		1.3840		1.3427
Average Noon		0.9996		1.0299		1.1045		1.2787		1.3245

Source: Bank of Canada

On March 31, 2017, the noon rate for the U.S. dollar in Canada, as reported by the Bank of Canada, was $1.3310.

Unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, the following table sets forth the conversion rates used in this Annual Report for foreign currency borrowings.

Noon Rate	at March 31		U.S. Dollar		Pound Sterling
		2012		0.9975		1.5970
		2013		1.0156		1.5417
		2014		1.1053		1.8430
		2015		1.2683		1.8834
		2016		1.2971		1.8652
		2017		1.3310		1.6650

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OFFICIAL STATEMENTS

The Minister of Finance and Treasury Board or his authorized representatives acting in their official capacities have supplied the information set forth in this Exhibit to Form 18-K.

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TABLE 1 - STATEMENT OF DEBENTURES OUTSTANDING AS AT MARCH 31, 2017

Public Debt Management Fund												$	876,542,504
Canada Pension Plan Fund (A)
	Date Of Issue		Maturity Date		Amount Outstanding (in thousands)			Coupon Rate		Canadian Dollars		Sinking Fund (B)
Series
C36		01-Mar-99		01-Mar-19	$	27,102,000	CAD		5.870	$	27,102,000		—
C37		03-Mar-00		03-Mar-20		73,922,000	CAD		6.610		73,922,000		—
C38		02-Mar-01		02-Mar-21		78,277,000	CAD		6.400		78,277,000		—
C39		01-Mar-02		01-Mar-22		96,251,000	CAD		6.400		96,251,000		—
C40 (C)		01-Mar-04		01-Mar-24		90,597,000	CAD		5.390		90,597,000		—
C41		02-Jan-05		02-Jan-25		85,762,000	CAD		5.270		85,762,000		—
C42		03-Mar-06		03-Mar-36		91,752,000	CAD		4.700		91,752,000		—
C43		02-Mar-07		03-Mar-37		109,641,000	CAD		4.570		109,641,000		—
C44		03-Mar-08		03-Mar-38		81,516,000	CAD		4.850		81,516,000		—
C45		01-Dec-08		01-Dec-38		78,450,000	CAD		5.370		78,450,000		—
C46		01-Mar-10		01-Mar-40		85,218,000	CAD		4.820		85,218,000		—
C47		01-Aug-10		01-Aug-40		46,648,000	CAD		4.720		46,648,000		—
C48		04-July-11		04-July-41		78,408,000	CAD		4.290		78,408,000		—
C49		03-July-12		03-July-42		55,808,000	CAD		3.440		55,808,000		—
					$	1,079,352,000				$	1,079,352,000	$	—

TABLE 1 - STATEMENT OF DEBENTURES OUTSTANDING AS AT MARCH 31, 2017

Medium-Term Promissory Notes
Series	Date of Original Issue		Maturity Date		Amount Outstanding			Coupon Rate		Canadian Dollars		Sinking Fund (B)
P78 (C)		02-Sep-03		01-Jun-17	$	50,000,000	CAD		5.460	$	50,000,000		—
P103 (C)		24-Oct-06		24-Oct-21		200,000,000	CAD		4.450		200,000,000		—
P112		20-Jan-12		02-Jun-62		1,488,800,000	CAD		3.500		1,488,800,000		—
P113		09-Nov-12		09-Nov-17		150,000,000	CAD		CDOR FRN		150,000,000		—
P114		15-Aug-13		15-Aug-18		500,000,000	CAD		CDOR FRN		500,000,000		—
P116		19-Feb-14		19-Feb-18		225,000,000	CAD		CORRA-FRN		225,000,000		—
P117		19-Feb-14		19-Feb-19		500,000,000	CAD		CORRA-FRN		500,000,000		—
P118		06-Feb-15		01-Jun-22		200,000,000	CAD		1.600		200,000,000		—
P119		15-Jun-15		15-Jun-20		980,000,000	CAD		CDOR FRN		980,000,000		—
P120		19-Feb-17		19-Feb-20		100,000,000	CAD		CORRA-FRN		100,000,000		—
					$	4,393,800,000				$	4,393,800,000	$	—

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TABLE 1 - STATEMENT OF DEBENTURES OUTSTANDING AS AT MARCH 31, 2017

Payable in Canadian Dollars
Series	Date of Original Issue		Maturity Date		Amount Outstanding			Rate		Canadian Dollars		Sinking Fund in Canadian Dollars (B)
9K		30-Jan-92		30-Jan-22	$	200,000,000	CAD		9.600	$	200,000,000	$	145,359,129
9Z		03-Oct-97		01-Jun-27		550,000,000	CAD		6.600		550,000,000
B2		12-Jun-01		01-Dec-31		300,000,000	CAD		6.600		300,000,000
B5		12-Sep-03		01-Jun-33		600,000,000	CAD		5.800		600,000,000
B7		03-Jun-05		01-Jun-35		350,000,000	CAD		4.900		350,000,000
B8		25-Jan-06		01-Jun-37		750,000,000	CAD		4.500		750,000,000
D2		25-Nov-09		25-Nov-19		900,000,000	CAD		4.150		900,000,000
D3		14-Dec-09		01-Jun-41		950,000,000	CAD		4.700		950,000,000
D5		08-Mar-11		01-Jun-21		900,000,000	CAD		4.100		900,000,000
D6		01-Jun-11		01-Jun-42		1,050,000,000	CAD		4.400		1,050,000,000
D7		27-Oct-14		01-Jun-45		325,000,000	CAD		3.450		325,000,000
D8		06-Feb-15		01-Jun-25		300,000,000	CAD		2.150		300,000,000
D9		06-Oct-16		01-June-27		650,000,000	CAD		2.100		650,000,000
Total Payable in Canadian dollars					$	7,825,000,000				$	7,825,000,000	$	145,359,129

TABLE 1 - STATEMENT OF DEBENTURES OUTSTANDING AS AT MARCH 31, 2017

Payable in Pound Sterling
Series	Date Of Issue		Maturity Date		Amount Outstanding				Rate		Equivalent in Canadian Dollars			Sinking Fund in Canadian Dollars (B)
8P (D)		18-Apr-84		18-Apr-19		60,000,000		GBP		11.75	$	114,386,580			—
					£	60,000,000					$	114,386,580		$	—
Adjustments relating to swap agreements					(£	60,000,000	)				($	114,386,580	)
Total Payable in Pound Sterling after swap:						—						—			—

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TABLE 1 - STATEMENT OF DEBENTURES OUTSTANDING AS AT MARCH 31, 2017

Payable in United States Dollars
Series	Date Of Issue		Maturity Date		Amount Outstanding				Rate		Equivalent in Canadian Dollars			Sinking Fund in Canadian Dollars (B)
9B (D)		01-Feb-89		01-Feb-19	$	200,000,000		USD		9.500	$	198,000,000		$	177,284,989
9C (D)		01-Jul-89		01-Jul-19		200,000,000		USD		8.875		199,900,000			172,312,147
9D (D)		15-Nov-89		15-Nov-19		244,000,000		USD		8.250		246,318,000			246,318,000
9E (D)		01-Mar-90		01-Mar-20		300,000,000		USD		9.250		409,200,000			344,765,318
9J (D)		01-May-91		01-May-21		300,000,000		USD		9.125		312,002,107			239,586,281
9L (D)		01-Apr-92		01-Apr-22		300,000,000		USD		8.750		379,516,788			273,293,212
9M (D)		30-Jul-92		30-Jul-22		300,000,000		USD		8.250		329,309,999			237,070,464
					$	1,844,000,000					$	2,074,246,894		$	1,690,630,411
Adjustments relating to swap agreements					($	1,844,000,000	)				($	2,074,246,894	)
Total Payable in USD after swaps:						—						—			—
LONG TERM TOTAL											$	15,486,785,474		$	2,712,532,044

(A) Debentures held by the Canada Pension Plan Fund are payable up to 30 years after their respective dated of issue, are not negotiable, not transferable or assignable, but are redeemable in whole or in part before maturity at the option of the Minister of Finance of Canada, on six months’ prior notice when he deems it necessary in order to meet the requirements of the Canada Pension Plan.

(B) For designated sinking funds, payments normally commence on the first anniversary date of the issue of the debenture and are designed to retire the debt over the term of the issue. Sinking Fund investments consist primarily of debentures of the Province of Nova Scotia, other provincial governments and the Government of Canada.

(C) The Province has executed swap contracts to convert certain interest payments from a fixed to floating for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

(D) The Province has executed currency swap contracts to convert foreign denominated debt into Canadian denominated debt.

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