Significant Accounting Policies | (2) SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Zynex, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Non-controlling Interest Non-controlling interest in the equity of a subsidiary is accounted for and reported as stockholders’ (deficit) equity. Non-controlling interest represents the 20% ownership in the Company’s majority-owned (but currently inactive) subsidiary, ZBC. Use of Estimates Preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant management estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are associated with the allowance for contractual adjustments and uncollectible accounts receivable, the reserve for obsolete and damaged inventory, the life of its rented equipment, stock-based compensation, valuation of long-lived assets and income taxes. Revenue Recognition, Allowance for Contractual Adjustments and Collectability The Company recognizes revenue when each of the following four conditions are met: 1) a contract or sales arrangement exists, 2) products have been shipped and title has transferred, or rental services have been rendered, 3) the price of the products or services is fixed or determinable, and 4) collectability is reasonably assured. The Company recognizes revenue when medical units and supplies are shipped or, for medical units sold from consigned inventory, when it receives notice that the product has been prescribed and delivered to the patient. The Company, prior to recognizing revenue verifies the patient’s insurance coverage or obtained the insurance company preauthorization, when required. Revenue from supplies is recognized upon shipment. Revenue from the rental of products is normally on a month-to-month basis and is recognized ratably over the products’ rental period. Revenue from sales to distributors is recognized when the Company ships its products. Revenue is reported net, after adjustments for estimated insurance company or governmental agency (collectively “Third-party Payors”) reimbursement deductions and, for wholesale customers and patient billings, an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The Third-party Payor reimbursement deductions are known throughout the health care industry as “contractual adjustments” whereby the Third-party Payors unilaterally reduce the amount they reimburse for the Company’s products. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues are derived, and the related receivables are due, from Third-party Payors. The nature of these receivables within the medical industry has typically resulted in long collection cycles. The process of determining what products will be reimbursed by Third-party Payors and the amounts that they will reimburse is complex and depends on conditions and procedures that vary among providers and may change from time to time. The Company maintains an allowance for contractual adjustments and an allowance for doubtful accounts. Contractual adjustments result from reimbursements from Third-party Payors that are less than amounts claimed and from where the amount claimed by the Company exceeds the Third-party Payors usual, customary and reasonable reimbursement rate. The Company determines the amount of the allowance and adjusts it at the end of each reporting period, based on a number of factors, including historical rates of collection, the aging of the receivables, trends in the historical rates of collection and current relationships and experience with the Third-party Payors. If the rates of collection of past-due receivables recorded for previous fiscal periods changes, or if there is a trend in the rates of collection on those receivables, the Company may be required to change the rate at which it provides for additions to the allowance. A change in the rates of the Company’s collections can result from a number of factors, including experience and training of billing personnel, changes in the reimbursement policies or practices of Third-party Payors, or changes in industry rates of reimbursement. Accordingly, changes to the allowance for contractual adjustments and uncollectible accounts, which are recorded in the income statement as a reduction of revenue, have historically fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Due to the nature of the medical industry and the reimbursement environment in which the Company operates, estimates are required to record net revenues and accounts receivable at their net realizable values (also known as net collectible value). Inherent in these estimates is the risk that they will have to be revised or updated as additional information becomes available. Specifically, the complexity of third-party billing arrangements and the uncertainty of reimbursement amounts for certain products or services from payors or unanticipated requirements to refund payments previously received may result in adjustments to amounts originally recorded. Due to continuing changes in the health care industry and third-party reimbursement, as well as changes in our billing practices to increase cash collections, it is possible that management’s estimates could change in the near term, which could have an impact on our results of operations and cash flows. Any differences between estimated settlements and final determinations are reflected as an increase or a reduction to revenue in the period when such final determinations are known. The Company frequently receives refund requests from insurance providers relating to specific patients and dates of service. Billing and reimbursement disputes are very common in the Company’s industry. These requests are sometimes related to a limited number of patients or products; at other times, they include a significant number of refund claims in a single request. The Company reviews and evaluates these requests and determines if any refund request is appropriate. The Company also reviews these refund claims when it is rebilling or pursuing reimbursement from that insurance provider. The Company frequently has significant offsets against such refund requests, and sometimes amounts are due to the Company in excess of the amounts of refunds requested by the insurance providers. Therefore, at the time of receipt of such refund requests, the Company is generally unable to determine if a refund request is valid and should be accrued. Such refunds are accrued when the amount is fixed and determinable. However, no assurances can be given with respect to such estimates of reimbursements and offsets or the ultimate outcome of any refund requests. In addition to the allowance for contractual adjustments, the Company records an allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable for wholesale (sales to distributors) sales and certain patient billings. Uncollectible accounts receivable are primarily a result of non-payment from patients who have been direct billed for co-payments or deductibles, lack of appropriate insurance coverage and disallowances of charges by Third-party Payors. If there is a change to a material insurance provider contract or policy, application by a provider, a decline in the economic condition of providers or a significant turnover of Company billing personnel resulting in diminished collection effectiveness, the estimate of the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable may not be adequate and may result in an increase in the future. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable on commercial and wholesale accounts and patient billings total $1,996 and $936, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company believes its accounts receivable is reasonably stated at its net realizable / collectible value and has an adequate allowance for contractual adjustments relating to all known insurance disputes and refund requests. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded a liability for deferred revenue in the amount of $89 and $112, respectively. Deferred revenue represents amounts paid by Third-party Payors for consumable supplies that were not yet shipped to patients as of that date. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2015, include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and income taxes, for which current carrying amounts approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Financial instruments at December 31, 2015, also include the line of credit and capitalized leases, the carrying value of which approximates fair value because the interest rates on the outstanding borrowings are at rates that approximate market rates for borrowings with similar terms and average maturities. Inventory Inventory, which primarily represents finished goods, are valued at the lower of cost (average) or market. The Company monitors inventory for turnover and obsolescence and records losses for excess and obsolete inventory, as appropriate. The Company provides reserves for estimated excess and obsolete inventories equal to the difference between the costs of inventories on hand and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand. If future demand is less favorable than currently projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. To fulfill orders faster, the Company prior to 2015 placed a large amount of its inventory with field sales representatives and health care providers (field inventory). This increased the sensitivity of these products to reserve estimates. As this inventory is not in the Company’s possession, management maintained additional reserves for these inventories based on the Company’s aging. Finished goods at December 31, 2015 and 2014 includes products (finished goods, parts and supplies) held at the Company’s headquarters and, at December 31, 2014, finished goods at different locations by health care providers or other third parties for rental or sale to patients (field inventory). During 2015 the Company ramped up the EZ Rx Prescribe program, whereby the NexWave electrotherapy device is sold by prescription and is shipped from the Company manufacturing facilities. Company sales using the EZ Rx Prescription program represented 15% and 75% of sales during January and December of 2015, respectively. As a result, the Company is no longer holding substantial field inventory at different locations by healthcare or third party providers. During 2014 and 2015, in conjunction with the introduction and ramp up of the EZ Rx Prescribe program, industry conditions driven by health care reforms and the ongoing evaluation of field In addition, as a result of the change in Company’s market focus during 2014 on the NexWave, InWave and NeuroMove electrotherapy products and industry conditions driven primarily by health care reform These changes had caused a reduction in the Company’s field sales force which negatively impacted its field Total gross inventories at December 31, 2015 included $102 of finished goods and $231 of parts and supplies as compared to December 31, 2014, which included $2,364 of finished goods and $488 of parts and supplies. Inventory has been reduced by an allowance for slow moving and obsolete inventory of $28 at December 31, 2015 and $916 as of December 31, 2014. The Company had $295 of open inventory purchase commitments at December 31, 2015. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Products being rented are placed in property and equipment and depreciated over their estimated useful life. The Company removes the cost and the related accumulated depreciation from the accounts of assets sold or retired, and the resulting net gains or losses are included in the results of operations. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset. As rental inventory contributes directly to the revenue generating process, the Company classifies the depreciation of rental inventory in cost of revenue. As a result of the Company’s change in product focus discussed above, the Company recorded a charge to cost of revenue – noncore inventory write-off of $ 650 in the second quarter of 2014. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Intangible Assets – Capitalized Software Intangible assets include capitalized software. The Company capitalizes software development costs incurred during the application development stage related to new software or major enhancements to the functionality of existing software that is developed solely to meet the entity’s internal operational needs and when no substantive plans exist or are being developed to market the software externally. Costs capitalized include external direct costs of materials and services and internal payroll and payroll-related costs. Any costs during the preliminary project stage or related to training or maintenance is expensed as incurred. Capitalization ceases when the software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. The capitalization and ongoing assessment of recoverability of development costs requires considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors, including, but not limited to, technological and economic feasibility, and estimated economic life. When the projects are ready for their intended use, the Company amortizes such costs over their estimated useful lives of five years. Intangible assets with estimable lives are amortized in a pattern consistent with the asset’s identifiable cash flows or using a straight- line method over their remaining estimated benefit periods if the pattern of cash flows is not estimable. The Company reviews the carrying value of intangible and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is measured by comparison of their carrying amounts to the undiscounted cash flows that the asset or asset group is expected to generate. If the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the undiscounted cash flows the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Stock-based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation through recognition of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, which is measured based on the grant date fair value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest during the period. The stock-based compensation expenses are recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (the requisite service period, which in the Company’s case is the same as the vesting period). For awards subject to the achievement of performance metrics, stock-based compensation expense is recognized when it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. Advertising The Company expenses advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $ 78 and $47, respectively. Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed when incurred. Research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $ 256 and $394, respectively. Research and development costs as well as salaries related to research and development are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes includes taxes payable or refundable for the current period and the deferred tax consequences of transactions that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or income tax returns. Temporary differences result primarily from basis differences in property and equipment, accounts receivable, inventory and accrued expenses. The carrying value of deferred tax assets is determined based on an evaluation of whether the Company is more likely than not to realize the assets. A valuation allowance is established, when considered necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the accounting standard related to income taxes. The Company reports a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had uncertain tax benefits, penalties and interest of $250 and $250, respectively. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and various state jurisdictions, and there are open statutes of limitations for taxing authorities to audit our tax returns from 2010 through the current period. Foreign Currency Transactions Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Foreign currency transaction gains for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were insignificant. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations or cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-15 “Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern”. The amendments in this Update provide guidance in GAAP about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The amendments in this Update are effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016 and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect of this updated guidance on the disclosures in the footnotes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09—“Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) which amended revenue recognition guidance to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. The guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also requires expanded disclosures relating to the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required about customer contracts, significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. This accounting guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, using one of two prescribed retrospective methods. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the amended revenue recognition guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Management has evaluated other recently issued accounting pronouncements and does not believe that any of these pronouncements will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. |