See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements which are an integral part of the financial statements.
21 Invesco High Income Trust II
The following schedule presents financial highlights for a share of the Trust outstanding throughout the periods indicated.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
Net asset value per common share, beginning of period | | | $ 11.58 | | | $ | 13.91 | | | $ | 14.99 | | | $ | 14.94 | | | $ | 15.46 | |
| |
| | | 0.72 | | | | 0.69 | | | | 0.73 | | | | 0.93 | | | | 0.92 | |
| |
Net gains (losses) on securities (both realized and unrealized) | | | 0.34 | | | | (1.86 | ) | | | (0.65 | ) | | | 0.28 | | | | (0.28) | |
| |
Total from investment operations | | | 1.06 | | | | (1.17 | ) | | | 0.08 | | | | 1.21 | | | | 0.64 | |
| |
Less: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dividends paid to common shareholders from net investment income | | | (0.76 | ) | | | (0.76 | ) | | | (0.89 | ) | | | (1.00 | ) | | | (1.03) | |
| |
Return of capital | | | (0.40 | ) | | | (0.40 | ) | | | (0.27 | ) | | | (0.16 | ) | | | (0.13) | |
| |
Total distributions | | | (1.16 | ) | | | (1.16 | ) | | | (1.16 | ) | | | (1.16 | ) | | | (1.16) | |
| |
Net asset value per common share, end of period | | | $ 11.48 | | | $ | 11.58 | | | $ | 13.91 | | | $ | 14.99 | | | $ | 14.94 | |
| |
Market value per common share, end of period | | | $ 10.58 | | | $ | 10.90 | | | $ | 12.70 | | | $ | 13.56 | | | $ | 13.53 | |
| |
Total return at net asset value (b) | | | 10.82 | % | | | (7.50 | )% | | | 0.58 | % | | | 10.16 | % | | | 4.72% | |
| |
Total return at market value (c) | | | 8.51 | % | | | (4.64 | )% | | | 1.52 | % | | | 10.04 | % | | | 2.81% | |
| |
Net assets applicable to common shares, end of period (000’s omitted) | | | $74,594 | | | $ | 75,240 | | | $ | 90,383 | | | $ | 97,369 | | | $ | 97,007 | |
| |
Portfolio turnover rate (d) | | | 142 | % | | | 86 | % | | | 89 | % | | | 101 | % | | | 41% | |
| |
| | | | | |
Ratios/supplemental data based on average net assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
With fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements | | | 4.00 | % | | | 2.63 | % | | | 1.55 | % | | | 1.63 | % | | | 2.41% | |
| |
With fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements excluding interest, facilities and maintenance fees | | | 1.31 | % | | | 1.23 | % | | | 1.12 | % | | | 1.20 | % | | | 1.24% | |
| |
Without fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements | | | 4.00 | % | | | 2.63 | % | | | 1.55 | % | | | 1.63 | % | | | 2.42% | |
| |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets | | | 6.29 | % | | | 5.63 | % | | | 4.92 | % | | | 6.68 | % | | | 5.93% | |
| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Asset coverage per $1,000 unit of senior indebtedness (e) | | | $ 3,442 | | | $ | 3,463 | | | $ | 3,959 | | | $ | 4,187 | | | $ | 3,280 | |
| |
Total borrowings (000’s omitted) | | | $30,550 | | | $ | 30,550 | | | $ | 30,550 | | | $ | 30,550 | | | $ | 42,550 | |
| |
(a) | Calculated using average shares outstanding. |
(b) | Includes adjustments in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and as such, the net asset value for financial reporting purposes and the returns based upon those net asset values may differ from the net asset value and returns for shareholder transactions. Not annualized for periods less than one year, if applicable. |
(c) | Total return assumes an investment at the common share market price at the beginning of the period indicated, reinvestment of all distributions for the period in accordance with the Trust’s dividend reinvestment plan, and sale of all shares at the closing common share market price at the end of the period indicated. Not annualized for periods less than one year, if applicable. |
(d) | Portfolio turnover is calculated at the fund level and is not annualized for periods less than one year, if applicable. |
(e) | Calculated by subtracting the Trust’s total liabilities (not including the Borrowings) from the Trust’s total assets and dividing by the total number of senior indebtedness units, where one unit equals $1,000 of senior indebtedness. |
See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements which are an integral part of the financial statements.
22 Invesco High Income Trust II
Notes to Financial Statements
NOTE 1–Significant Accounting Policies
Invesco High Income Trust II (the “Trust”) is a Delaware statutory trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”),as a
closed-end
management investment company.
The Trust’s investment objective is to provide its common shareholders high current income, while seeking to preserve shareholders’ capital, through investment in a professionally managed, diversified portfolio of high-income producing fixed-income securities.
The Trust is an investment company and accordingly follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 946,
Financial Services – Investment Companies
.
The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Trust in the preparation of its financial statements.
| – Securities, including restricted securities, are valued according to the following policy. |
Fixed income securities (including convertible debt securities) generally are valued on the basis of prices provided by independent pricing services. Prices provided by the pricing service may be determined without exclusive reliance on quoted prices, and may reflect appropriate factors such as
institution-size
trading in similar groups of securities, developments related to specific securities, dividend rate (for unlisted equities), yield (for debt obligations), quality, type of issue, coupon rate (for debt obligations), maturity (for debt obligations), individual trading characteristics and other market data. Pricing services generally value debt obligations assuming orderly transactions of institutional round lot size, but a trust may hold or transact in the same securities in smaller, odd lot sizes. Odd lots often trade at lower prices than institutional round lots, and their value may be adjusted accordingly. Debt obligations are subject to interest rate and credit risks. In addition, all debt obligations involve some risk of default with respect to interest and/or principal payments.
Variable rate senior loan interests are fair valued using quotes provided by an independent pricing service. Quotes provided by the pricing service may reflect appropriate factors such as ratings, tranche type, industry, company performance, spread, individual trading characteristics,
institution-size
trading in similar groups of securities and other market data.
A security listed or traded on an exchange is generally valued at its trade price or official closing price that day as of the close of the exchange where the security is principally traded, or lacking any trades or official closing price on a particular day, the security may be valued at the closing bid or ask price on that day. Securities traded in the
market are valued based on prices furnished by independent pricing services or market makers. When such securities are valued using prices provided by an independent pricing service they may be considered fair valued. Futures contracts are valued at the daily settlement price set by an exchange on which they are principally traded. Where a final settlement price exists, exchange-traded options are valued at the final settlement price from the exchange where the option principally trades. Where a final settlement price does not exist, exchange-traded options are valued at the mean between the last bid and ask price generally from the exchange where the option principally trades.
Securities of investment companies that are not exchange-traded (e.g.,
open-end
mutual funds) are valued using such company’s
net asset value per share.
Deposits, other obligations of U.S. and
non-U.S.
banks and financial institutions are valued at their daily account value.
Swap agreements are fair valued using an evaluated quote, if available, provided by an independent pricing service. Evaluated quotes provided by the pricing service are valued based on a model which may include
net present values, spreads, ratings, industry, company performance and returns of referenced assets. Centrally cleared swap agreements are valued at the daily settlement price determined by the relevant exchange or clearinghouse.
Foreign securities’ (including foreign exchange contracts) prices are converted into U.S. dollar amounts using the applicable exchange rates as of the close of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). If market quotations are available and reliable for foreign exchange-traded equity securities, the securities will be valued at the market quotations. Invesco Advisers, Inc. (the “Adviser” or “Invesco”) may use various pricing services to obtain market quotations as well as fair value prices. Because trading hours for certain foreign securities end before the close of the NYSE, closing market quotations may become not representative of market value in the Adviser’s judgment (“unreliable”). If, between the time trading ends on a particular security and the close of the customary trading session on the NYSE, a significant event occurs that makes the closing price of the security unreliable, the Adviser may fair value the security. If the event is likely to have affected the closing price of the security, the security will be valued at fair value in good faith in accordance with Board-approved policies and related Adviser procedures (“Valuation Procedures”). Adjustments to closing prices to reflect fair value may also be based on a screening process of an independent pricing service to indicate the degree of certainty, based on historical data, that the closing price in the principal market where a foreign security trades is not the current value as of the close of the NYSE. Foreign securities’ prices meeting the degree of certainty that the price is not reflective of current value will be priced at the indication of fair value from the independent pricing service. Multiple factors may be considered by the independent pricing service in determining adjustments to reflect fair value and may include information relating to sector indices, American Depositary Receipts and domestic and foreign index futures. Foreign securities may have additional risks including exchange rate changes, potential for sharply devalued currencies and high inflation, political and economic upheaval, the relative lack of issuer information, relatively low market liquidity and the potential lack of strict financial and accounting controls and standards.
Unlisted securities will be valued using prices provided by independent pricing services or by another method that the Adviser, in its judgment, believes better reflects the security’s fair value in accordance with the Valuation Procedures.
Non-traded
rights and warrants shall be valued at intrinsic value if the terms of the rights and warrants are available, specifically the subscription or exercise price and the ratio. Intrinsic value is calculated as the daily market closing price of the security to be received less the subscription price, which is then adjusted by the exercise ratio. In the case of warrants, an option pricing model supplied by an independent pricing service may be used based on market data such as volatility, stock price and interest rate from the independent pricing service and strike price and exercise period from verified terms.
Securities for which market prices are not provided by any of the above methods may be valued based upon quotes furnished by independent sources. The last bid price may be used to value equity securities. The mean between the last bid and asked prices may be used to value debt obligations, including corporate loans.
Securities for which market quotations are not readily available are fair valued by the Adviser in accordance with the Valuation Procedures. If a fair value price provided by a pricing service is unreliable, the Adviser will fair value the security using the Valuation Procedures. Issuer specific events, market trends, bid/asked quotes of brokers and information providers and other market data may be reviewed in the course of making a good faith determination of a security’s fair value.
The Trust may invest in securities that are subject to interest rate risk, meaning the risk that the prices will generally fall as interest rates rise and, conversely, the prices will generally rise as interest rates fall. Specific securities differ in their sensitivity to changes in interest rates depending on their individual characteristics. Changes in interest rates may result in increased market volatility, which may affect the value and/or liquidity of certain Trust investments.
Valuations change in response to many factors including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer, the value of the issuer’s assets, general market conditions which are not specifically related to the particular issuer, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for revenues or corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates, regional or global instability, natural or environmental disasters, widespread disease or other public health issues, war, acts of terrorism, significant governmental actions or adverse investor sentiment generally and market liquidity. Because of the inherent uncertainties of valuation, the values reflected in the financial statements may materially differ from the value received upon actual sale of those investments.
The price the Trust could receive upon the sale of any investment may differ from the Adviser’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that are valued using a fair valuation technique. When fair valuation techniques are applied, the Adviser uses available information, including both observable and
23 Invesco High Income Trust II
| unobservable inputs and assumptions, to determine a methodology that will result in a valuation that the Adviser believes approximates market value. Trust securities that are fair valued may be subject to greater fluctuation in their value from one day to the next than would be the case if market quotations were used. Because of the inherent uncertainties of valuation, and the degree of subjectivity in such decisions, the Trust could realize a greater or lesser than expected gain or loss upon the sale of the investment. |
| Securities Transactions and Investment Income – Securities transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. Realized gains or losses on sales are computed on the basis of specific identification of the securities sold. Interest income (net of withholding tax, if any) is recorded on an accrual basis from settlement date and includes coupon interest and amortization of premium and accretion of discount on debt securities as applicable. interest income and non-cash dividend income received in the form of securities in lieu of cash are recorded at the fair value of the securities received. Dividend income (net of withholding tax, if any) is recorded on the ex-dividend date. |
The Trust may periodically participate in litigation related to Trust investments. As such, the Trust may receive proceeds from litigation settlements. Any proceeds received are included in the Statement of Operations as realized gain (loss) for investments no longer held and as unrealized gain (loss) for investments still held.
Brokerage commissions and mark ups are considered transaction costs and are recorded as an increase to the cost basis of securities purchased and/or a reduction of proceeds on a sale of securities. Such transaction costs are included in the determination of net realized and unrealized gain (loss) from investment securities reported in the Statement of Operations and the Statement of Changes in Net Assets and the net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on securities per share in the Financial Highlights. Transaction costs are included in the calculation of the Trust’s net asset value and, accordingly, they reduce the Trust’s total returns. These transaction costs are not considered operating expenses and are not reflected in net investment income reported in the Statement of Operations and the Statement of Changes in Net Assets, or the net investment income per share and the ratios of expenses and net investment income reported in the Financial Highlights, nor are they limited by any expense limitation arrangements between the Trust and the investment adviser.
| – For the purposes of making investment selection decisions and presentation in the Schedule of Investments, the investment adviser may determine the country in which an issuer is located and/or credit risk exposure based on various factors. These factors include the laws of the country under which the issuer is organized, where the issuer maintains a principal office, the country in which the issuer derives 50% or more of its total revenues, the country that has the primary market for the issuer’s securities and its “country of risk” as determined by a third party service provider, as well as other criteria. Among the other criteria that may be evaluated for making this determination are the country in which the issuer maintains 50% or more of its assets, the type of security, financial guarantees and enhancements, the nature of the collateral and the sponsor organization. Country of issuer and/or credit risk exposure has been determined to be the United States of America, unless otherwise noted. |
| – The Trust has adopted a Managed Distribution Plan (the “Plan”) whereby the Trust will pay a monthly dividend to common shareholders at a stated fixed monthly distribution amount based on a distribution rate of 8.5% of the market price per share on August 1, 2018, the date the Plan became effective. The Plan is intended to provide shareholders with a consistent, but not guaranteed, periodic cash payment from the Trust, regardless of when or whether income is earned or capital gains are realized. If sufficient income is not available for a monthly distribution, the Trust will distribute long-term capital gains and/or return of capital in order to maintain its managed distribution level under the Plan. Distributions from net investment income are declared and paid monthly, and recorded on the ex-dividend date. The Plan may be amended or terminated at any time by the Board. |
| – The Trust intends to comply with the requirements of Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”) necessary to qualify as a regulated investment company and to distribute substantially all of the Trust’s taxable earnings to shareholders. As such, the Trust will not be subject to federal income taxes on otherwise taxable income (including net realized capital gain) that is distributed to shareholders. Therefore, no provision for federal income taxes is recorded in the financial statements. |
The Trust recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained. Management has analyzed the Trust’s uncertain tax positions and concluded that no liability for unrecognized tax benefits should be recorded related to uncertain tax positions. Management is not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will change materially in the next 12 months.
The Trust files tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction and certain other jurisdictions. Generally, the Trust is subject to examinations by such taxing authorities for up to three years after the filing of the return for the tax period.
| Interest, Facilities and Maintenance Fees – Interest, Facilities and Maintenance Fees include interest and related borrowing costs such as commitment fees, administrative expenses, negative or overdrawn balances on margin accounts and other expenses associated with establishing and maintaining a line of credit. |
| – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period including estimates and assumptions related to taxation. Actual results could differ from those estimates by a significant amount. In addition, the Trust monitors for material events or transactions that may occur or become known after the period-end date and before the date the financial statements are released to print. |
| – Under the Trust’s organizational documents, each Trustee, officer, employee or other agent of the Trust is indemnified against certain liabilities that may arise out of the performance of their duties to the Trust. Additionally, in the normal course of business, the Trust enters into contracts, including the Trust’s servicing agreements, that contain a variety of indemnification clauses. The Trust’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Trust that have not yet occurred. The risk of material loss as a result of such indemnification claims is considered remote. |
| Cash and Cash Equivalents – For the purposes of the Statement of Cash Flows, the Trust defines Cash and Cash Equivalents as cash (including foreign currency), money market funds and other investments held in lieu of cash and excludes investments made with cash collateral received. |
| Securities Purchased on a When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Basis – The Trust may purchase and sell interests in corporate loans and corporate debt securities and other portfolio securities on a when-issued and delayed delivery basis, with payment and delivery scheduled for a future date. No income accrues to the Trust on such interests or securities in connection with such transactions prior to the date the Trust actually takes delivery of such interests or securities. These transactions are subject to market fluctuations and are subject to the risk that the value at delivery may be more or less than the trade date purchase price. Although the Trust will generally purchase these securities with the intention of acquiring such securities, they may sell such securities prior to the settlement date. |
| Foreign Currency Translations – Foreign currency is valued at the close of the NYSE based on quotations posted by banks and major currency dealers. Portfolio securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollar amounts at date of valuation. Purchases and sales of portfolio securities (net of foreign taxes withheld on disposition) and income items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollar amounts on the respective dates of such transactions. The Trust does not separately account for the portion of the results of operations resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates on investments and the fluctuations arising from changes in market prices of securities held. The combined results of changes in foreign exchange rates and the fluctuation of market prices on investments (net of estimated foreign tax withholding) are included with the net realized and unrealized gain or loss from investments in the Statement of Operations. Reported net realized foreign currency gains or losses arise from (1) sales of foreign currencies, (2) currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and (3) the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Trust’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid. Net unrealized |
24 Invesco High Income Trust II
| foreign currency gains and losses arise from changes in the fair values of assets and liabilities, other than investments in securities at fiscal period end, resulting from changes in exchange rates. |
The Trust may invest in foreign securities, which may be subject to foreign taxes on income, gains on investments or currency repatriation, a portion of which may be recoverable. Foreign taxes, if any, are recorded based on the tax regulations and rates that exist in the foreign markets in which the Trust invests and are shown in the Statement of Operations.
The performance of the Trust may be materially affected positively or negatively by foreign currency strength or weakness relative to the U.S. dollar. Currency rates in foreign countries may fluctuate for a number of reasons, including changes in interest rates, political, economic, or social instability and development, and imposition of currency controls. Currency controls in certain foreign jurisdictions may cause the Trust to experience significant delays in its ability to repatriate its assets in U.S. dollars at quoted spot rates, and it is possible that the Trust’s ability to convert certain foreign currencies into U.S. dollars may be limited and may occur at discounts to quoted rates. As a result, the value the Trust’s assets and liabilities denominated in such currencies that would ultimately be realized could differ from those reported on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Certain foreign companies may be subject to sanctions, embargoes, or other governmental actions that may limit the ability to invest in, receive, hold, or sell the securities of such companies, all of which affect the market and/or credit risk of the investments. Because of the inherent uncertainties of valuation, the values reflected in the financial statements may materially differ from the value received upon actual sale of those investments.
| Forward Foreign Currency Contracts – The Trust may engage in foreign currency transactions either on a spot (i.e. for prompt delivery and settlement) basis, or through forward foreign currency contracts, to manage or minimize currency or exchange rate risk. |
The Trust may also enter into forward foreign currency contracts for the purchase or sale of a security denominated in a foreign currency in order to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of that security, or the Trust may also enter into forward foreign currency contracts that do not provide for physical exchange of the two currencies on the settlement date, but instead are settled by a single cash payment calculated as the difference between the agreed upon exchange rate and the spot rate at settlement based upon an agreed upon notional amount
(non-deliverable
forwards).
A forward foreign currency contract is an obligation between two parties (“Counterparties”) to purchase or sell a specific currency for an agreed-upon price at a future date. The use of forward foreign currency contracts for hedging does not eliminate fluctuations in the price of the underlying securities the Trust owns or intends to acquire but establishes a rate of exchange in advance. Fluctuations in the value of these contracts are measured by the difference in the contract date and reporting date exchange rates and are recorded as unrealized appreciation (depreciation) until the contracts are closed. When the contracts are closed, realized gains (losses) are recorded. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on the contracts are included in the Statement of Operations. The primary risks associated with forward foreign currency contracts include failure of the Counterparty to meet the terms of the contract and the value of the foreign currency changing unfavorably. These risks may be in excess of the amounts reflected in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities.
| – The Trust may enter into futures contracts to manage exposure to interest rate, equity and market price movements and/or currency risks. A futures contract is an agreement between Counterparties to purchase or sell a specified underlying security, currency or commodity (or delivery of a cash settlement price, in the case of an index future) for a fixed price at a future date. The Trust currently invests only in exchange-traded futures and they are standardized as to maturity date and underlying instrument or asset. Initial margin deposits required upon entering into futures contracts are satisfied by the segregation of specific securities or cash as collateral at the futures commission merchant (broker). During the period the futures contracts are open, changes in the value of the contracts are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by recalculating the value of the contracts on a daily basis. Subsequent or variation margin payments are received or made depending upon whether unrealized gains or losses are incurred. These amounts are reflected as receivables or payables on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. When the contracts are closed or expire, the Trust recognizes a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the proceeds from, or cost of, the closing transaction and the Trust’s basis in the contract. The net realized gain (loss) and the change in unrealized gain (loss) on futures contracts held during the period is included on the Statement of Operations. The primary risks associated with futures contracts are market risk and the absence of a liquid secondary market. If the Trust were unable to liquidate a futures contract and/or enter into an offsetting closing transaction, the Trust would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the value of the contracts and continue to be required to maintain the margin deposits on the futures contracts. Futures contracts have minimal Counterparty risk since the exchange’s clearinghouse, as Counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. Risks may exceed amounts recognized in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. |
| – The Trust may enter into various swap transactions, including interest rate, total return and credit default swap contracts (“CDS”) for investment purposes or to manage interest rate or credit risk. Such transactions are agreements between Counterparties. A swap agreement may be negotiated bilaterally and traded (“OTC”) between two parties (“uncleared/ OTC”) or, in some instances, must be transacted through a future commission merchant (“FCM”) and cleared through a clearinghouse that serves as a central Counterparty (“centrally cleared swap”). These agreements may contain among other conditions, events of default and termination events, and various covenants and representations such as provisions that require the Trust to maintain a pre-determined level of net assets, and/ or provide limits regarding the decline of the Trust’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share over specific periods of time. If the Trust were to trigger such provisions and have open derivative positions at that time, the Counterparty may be able to terminate such agreement and request immediate payment in an amount equal to the net liability positions, if any. |
Interest rate and total return swap agreements are
two-party
contracts entered into primarily to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of returns) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are calculated with respect to a notional amount, i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate or return of an underlying asset.
In a centrally cleared swap, the Trust’s ultimate Counterparty is a central clearinghouse. The Trust initially will enter into centrally cleared swaps through an executing broker. When a Trust enters into a centrally cleared swap, it must deliver to the central Counterparty (via the FCM) an amount referred to as “initial margin.” Initial margin requirements are determined by the central Counterparty, but an FCM may require additional initial margin above the amount required by the central Counterparty. Initial margin deposits required upon entering into centrally cleared swaps are satisfied by cash or securities as collateral at the FCM. Securities deposited as initial margin are designated on the Schedule of Investments and cash deposited is recorded on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. During the term of a cleared swap agreement, a “variation margin” amount may be required to be paid by the Trust or may be received by the Trust, based on the daily change in price of the underlying reference instrument subject to the swap agreement and is recorded as a receivable or payable for variation margin in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities until the centrally cleared swap is terminated at which time a realized gain or loss is recorded.
A CDS is an agreement between Counterparties to exchange the credit risk of an issuer. A buyer of a CDS is said to buy protection by paying a fixed payment over the life of the agreement and in some situations an upfront payment to the seller of the CDS. If a defined credit event occurs (such as payment default or bankruptcy), the Trust as a protection buyer would cease paying its fixed payment, the Trust would deliver eligible bonds issued by the reference entity to the seller, and the seller would pay the full notional value, or the “par value”, of the referenced obligation to the Trust. A seller of a CDS is said to sell protection and thus would receive a fixed payment over the life of the agreement and an upfront payment, if applicable. If a credit event occurs, the Trust as a protection seller would cease to receive the fixed payment stream, the Trust would pay the buyer “par value” or the full notional value of the referenced obligation, and the Trust would receive the eligible bonds issued by the reference entity. In turn, these bonds may be sold in order to realize a recovery value. Alternatively, the seller of the CDS and its Counterparty may agree to net the notional amount and the market value of the bonds and make a cash payment equal to the difference to the buyer of protection. If no credit event occurs, the Trust receives the fixed payment over the life of the agreement. As the seller, the Trust would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, the Trust would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the CDS. In connection with these agreements, cash and securities may be identified as collateral in accordance with the terms of the respective swap agreements to provide
25 Invesco High Income Trust II
| assets of value and recourse in the event of default under the swap agreement or bankruptcy/insolvency of a party to the swap agreement. If a Counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations due to financial difficulties, the Trust may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Trust may obtain only limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. The Trust’s maximum risk of loss from Counterparty risk, either as the protection seller or as the protection buyer, is the value of the contract. The risk may be mitigated by having a master netting arrangement between the Trust and the Counterparty and by the designation of collateral by the Counterparty to cover the Trust’s exposure to the Counterparty. |
Implied credit spreads represent the current level at which protection could be bought or sold given the terms of the existing CDS contract and serve as an indicator of the current status of the payment/performance risk of the CDS. An implied spread that has widened or increased since entry into the initial contract may indicate a deteriorating credit profile and increased risk of default for the reference entity. A declining or narrowing spread may indicate an improving credit profile or decreased risk of default for the reference entity. Alternatively, credit spreads may increase or decrease reflecting the general tolerance for risk in the credit markets.
An interest rate swap is an agreement between Counterparties pursuant to which the parties exchange a floating rate payment for a fixed rate payment based on a specified notional amount.
Changes in the value of centrally cleared and OTC swap agreements are recognized as unrealized gains (losses) in the Statement of Operations by “marking to market” on a daily basis to reflect the value of the swap agreement at the end of each trading day. Payments received or paid at the beginning of the agreement are reflected as such on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities and may be referred to as upfront payments. The Trust accrues for the fixed payment stream and amortizes upfront payments, if any, on swap agreements on a daily basis with the net amount, recorded as a component of realized gain (loss) on the Statement of Operations. A liquidation payment received or made at the termination of a swap agreement is recorded as realized gain (loss) on the Statement of Operations. Cash held as collateral is recorded as deposits with brokers on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Entering into these agreements involves, to varying degrees, lack of liquidity and elements of credit, market, and Counterparty risk in excess of amounts recognized on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Such risks involve the possibility that a swap is difficult to sell or liquidate; the Counterparty does not honor its obligations under the agreement and unfavorable interest rates and market fluctuations, which could result in the Trust accruing additional expenses. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Trust’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements. Additionally, an International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreement (“ISDA Master Agreement”) includes credit related contingent features which allow Counterparties to OTC derivatives to terminate derivative contracts prior to maturity in the event that, for example, the Trust’s net assets decline by a stated percentage or the Trust fails to meet the terms of its ISDA Master Agreement, which would cause the Trust to accelerate payment of any net liability owed to the Counterparty. A short position in a security poses more risk than holding the same security long. As there is no limit on how much the price of the security can increase, the Trust’s exposure is unlimited.
Notional amounts of each individual credit default swap agreement outstanding as of February 29, 2024, if any, for which the Trust is the seller of protection are disclosed in the open swap agreements table. These potential amounts would be partially offset by any recovery values of the respective referenced obligations, upfront payments received upon entering into the agreement, or net amounts received from the settlement of buy protection credit default swap agreements entered into by the Trust for the same referenced entity or entities.
| – Although the resale, or secondary market for floating rate loans has grown substantially over the past decade, both in overall size and number of market participants, there is no organized exchange or board of trade on which floating rate loans are traded. Instead, the secondary market for floating rate loans is a private, unregulated interdealer or interbank resale market. Such a market may therefore be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may impair the Trust’s ability to sell bank loans within its desired time frame or at an acceptable price and its ability to accurately value existing and prospective investments. Extended trade settlement periods may result in cash not being immediately available to the Trust. As a result, the Trust may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions to raise cash to meet its obligations. Similar to other asset classes, bank loan funds may be exposed to counterparty credit risk, or the risk that an entity with which the Trust has unsettled or open transactions may fail to or be unable to perform on its commitments. The Trust seeks to manage counterparty credit risk by entering into transactions only with counterparties that it believes have the financial resources to honor their obligations and by monitoring the financial stability of those counterparties. |
| – The Trust utilizes leverage to seek to enhance the yield of the Trust by borrowing. There are risks associated with borrowing in an effort to increase the yield and distributions on the shares, including that the costs of the financial leverage may exceed the income from investments purchased with such leverage proceeds, the higher volatility of the net asset value of the shares, and that fluctuations in the interest rates on the borrowing may affect the yield and distributions to the shareholders. There can be no assurance that the Trust’s leverage strategy will be successful. |
| – To the extent the Trust has designated or segregated a security as collateral and that security is subsequently sold, it is the Trust’s practice to replace such collateral no later than the next business day. |
| – The Trust invests in lower-quality debt securities, i.e., “junk bonds”. Investments in lower-rated securities or unrated securities of comparable quality tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher rated securities. Junk bonds involve a greater risk of default by the issuer because such securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors’ claim. |
Increases in the federal funds and equivalent foreign rates or other changes to monetary policy or regulatory actions may expose fixed income markets to heightened volatility and reduced liquidity for certain fixed income investments, particularly those with longer maturities. It is difficult to predict the impact of interest rate changes on various markets. In addition, decreases in fixed income dealer market-making capacity may also potentially lead to heightened volatility and reduced liquidity in the fixed income markets. As a result, the value of the Trust’s investments and share price may decline. Changes in central bank policies could also result in higher than normal redemptions by shareholders, which could potentially increase the Trust’s portfolio turnover rate and transaction costs.
Policy changes by the U.S. government or its regulatory agencies and political events within the U.S. and abroad may, among other things, affect investor and consumer confidence and increase volatility in the financial markets, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree, which may adversely impact the Trust’s operations, universe of potential investment options, and return potential.
Active trading of portfolio securities may result in added expenses, a lower return and increased tax liability.
NOTE 2–Advisory Fees and Other Fees Paid to Affiliates
The Trust has entered into a master investment advisory agreement with the Adviser. Under the terms of the investment advisory agreement, the Trust accrues daily and pays monthly an advisory fee to the Adviser based on the annual rate of 0.70% of the Trust’s average daily managed assets. Managed assets for this purpose means the Trust’s net assets, plus assets attributable to outstanding preferred shares and the amount of any borrowings incurred for the purpose of leverage (whether or not such borrowed amounts are reflected in the Trust’s financial statements for purposes of GAAP).
Under the terms of a master
sub-advisory
agreement between the Adviser and each of Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH, Invesco Asset Management Limited, Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited, Invesco Hong Kong Limited, Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc. and Invesco Canada Ltd. (collectively, the “Affiliated
Sub-Advisers”)
the Adviser, not the Trust, will pay 40% of the fees paid to the Adviser to any such Affiliated
Sub-Adviser(s)
that provide(s) discretionary investment management services to the Trust based on the percentage of assets allocated to such Affiliated
Sub-Adviser(s).
The Adviser has contractually agreed, through at least June 30, 2025, to waive the advisory fee payable by the Trust in an amount equal to 100% of the net advisory fees the Adviser receives from the affiliated money market funds on investments by the Trust of uninvested cash in such affiliated money market funds.
26 Invesco High Income Trust II