| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business : Granite Construction Incorporated is one of the largest diversified, vertically integrated civil contractors and construction materials producers in the United States, engaged in infrastructure projects including the construction of streets, roads, highways, mass transit facilities, airport infrastructure, bridges, dams, power-related facilities, utilities, tunnels, water well drilling and other infrastructure-related projects, site preparation, mining services and infrastructure services for commercial and industrial sites, railways, residential development, energy development, as well as construction management professional services. We own and lease aggregate reserves and own processing plants that are vertically integrated into our construction operations and we also produce construction materials for sale to third parties. Our operations have primary offices located in Alaska, Arizona, California, Canada, Colorado, Florida, Guam, Illinois, Mississippi, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Washington. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company” and “Granite” refer to Granite Construction Incorporated and its wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries. Basis of Presentation: During the first quarter of 2024, we reorganized our operational structure to more closely align with our two reportable segments, Construction and Materials. Previously, leaders within our three operating groups of California, Central and Mountain managed both Construction and Materials operations within each group. This change will allow us to better leverage our expertise within each reportable segment with leadership having direct oversight of their respective segment operations. As a result of the reorganization, we will no longer disclose financial information by operating group. There were no material impacts to our consolidated financial statements and no changes to our reportable segments. Acquisitions and Divestitures: On August 9, 2024, we acquired Dickerson & Bowen, Inc. ("D&B"). D&B is an aggregates, asphalt, and highway construction company serving central and southern Mississippi. See Note 2 for more information. On November 30, 2023, we acquired Lehman-Roberts Company and Memphis Stone & Gravel Company (collectively, "LRC/MSG"). LRC/MSG operates strategically located asphalt plants and sand and gravel mines serving the greater Memphis area and northern Mississippi. See Note 2 for more information. On April 24, 2023, we acquired Coast Mountain Resources (2020) Ltd. which changed its name to Granite Infrastructure Canada, Ltd. ("Granite Canada") on May 13, 2024. Granite Canada is a construction aggregate producer based in British Columbia, Canada operating on Malahat First Nation land. See Note 2 for more information. On March 16, 2022, we sold our trenchless and pipe rehabilitation services business, Inliner, for a purchase price of $159.7 million, subject to certain adjustments. As a result of the sale and post-closing adjustments, we received cash proceeds of $140.6 million and recognized a gain of $1.8 million. This gain is included in Other costs, net in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. Principles of Consolidation : The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Granite Construction Incorporated and its wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries. All material inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Additionally, we participate in various construction joint ventures of which we are a limited member (“joint ventures”). Generally, each construction joint venture is formed to accomplish a specific project and is jointly controlled by the joint venture partners. The joint venture agreements typically provide that our interests in any profits and assets and our respective share in any losses and liabilities that may result from the performance of the contracts are limited to our stated percentage interest in the project. However, due to the joint and several nature of the performance obligations under the related owner contracts, if any of the partners fail to perform, we and the remaining partners, if any, would be responsible for performance of the outstanding work (i.e., we provide a performance guarantee). Under our joint venture contractual arrangements, we provide capital to these joint ventures in return for an ownership interest. In addition, partners dedicate resources to the joint ventures necessary to complete the contracts and are reimbursed for their cost. The operational risks of each construction joint venture are passed along to the joint venture members. As we absorb our share of these risks, our investment in each venture is exposed to potential gains and losses. We consolidate joint ventures if we determine that through our participation we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, Consolidation , and related standards. The factors we use to determine the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) may include the decision authority of each partner, which partner manages the day-to-day operations of the project and the amount of our equity investment in relation to that of our partners. Although not applicable for any of the years presented, if we determine that the power to direct the significant activities is shared equally by two or more joint venture parties, then there is no primary beneficiary and no party consolidates the VIE. If we have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of a joint venture but do exercise significant influence, we account for our share of the operations of the unconsolidated construction joint ventures on a pro rata basis in revenue and cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. We record the corresponding investment balance in equity in construction joint ventures in the consolidated balance sheets except when a project is in a loss position, the investment balance is recorded as a deficit in unconsolidated construction joint ventures and is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Our investment in unconsolidated construction joint ventures could extend beyond one year and is within the normal operating cycle of the associated construction projects. We account for non-construction unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and include our share of the operations in equity in income of affiliates in the consolidated statements of operations and in investment in affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets. We also participate in “line-item” joint venture agreements under which each partner is responsible for performing certain discrete items of the total scope of contracted work. The revenue for each line-item joint venture partners’ discrete items of work is defined in the contract with the project owner and each joint venture partner bears the profitability risk associated only with its own work. There is not a single set of books and records for a line-item joint venture. Each partner accounts for its items of work individually as it would for any self-performed contract. We account for our portion of these contracts as revenue and cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations and in relevant balances in the consolidated balance sheets. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements : The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our estimates and related judgments and assumptions are continually evaluated based on available information and experiences; however, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition: Our revenue is primarily derived from construction contracts that can span several quarters or years in our Construction segment and from sales of construction related materials in our Materials segment. We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and subsequently issued additional related Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”s) (“Topic 606”). Topic 606 provides for a five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers as follows: 1. Identify the contract 2. Identify performance obligations 3. Determine the transaction price 4. Allocate the transaction price 5. Recognize revenue Generally, our contracts contain one performance obligation. Contracts with customers in our Materials segment are typically defined by our customary business practices and are valued at the contractual selling price per unit. Our customary business practices are for the delivery of a separately identifiable good at a point in time which is typically when delivery to the customer occurs. Contracts in our Construction segment may contain multiple distinct promises or multiple contracts within a master agreement (e.g., contracts that cross multiple locations/geographies and task orders), which we review at contract inception to determine if they represent multiple performance obligations or multiple separate contracts. This review consists of determining if promises or groups of promises are distinct within the context of the contract, including whether contracts are physically contiguous, contain task orders, purchase or sales orders, termination clauses and/or elements not related to design and/or build. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. The contractual consideration from customers of our Construction segment may include both fixed amounts and variable amounts (e.g., bonuses/incentives or penalties/liquidated damages) to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved (i.e., probable and estimable). When a contract has a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is attributed to that performance obligation. When a contract has more than one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on estimated relative standalone selling prices of the goods or services at the inception of the contract, which typically is determined using cost plus an appropriate margin. Subsequent to the inception of a contract in our Construction segment, the transaction price could change for various reasons, including executed or unapproved change orders, and unresolved contract modifications and/or affirmative claims. Changes that are accounted for as an adjustment to existing performance obligations are allocated on the same basis at contract inception. Otherwise, changes are accounted for as separate performance obligation(s) and the separate transaction price is allocated as discussed above. Changes are made to the transaction price from unapproved change orders to the extent the amount can be reasonably estimated and recovery is probable. On certain projects we have submitted and have pending unresolved contract modifications and/or affirmative claims (“affirmative claims”) to recover additional costs and the associated profit, if applicable, to which we believe we are entitled under the terms of contracts with customers, subcontractors, vendors or others. The owners or their authorized representatives and/or other third parties may be in partial or full agreement with the modifications or affirmative claims, or may have rejected or disagree entirely or partially as to such entitlement. Changes are made to the transaction price from affirmative claims with customers to the extent that additional revenue on a claim settlement with a customer is probable and estimable. A reduction to costs related to affirmative claims with non-customers with whom we have a contractual arrangement (“back charges”) is recognized when the estimated recovery is probable and estimable. Recognizing affirmative claims and back charge recoveries requires significant judgments of certain factors including, but not limited to, dispute resolution developments and outcomes, anticipated negotiation results, and the cost of resolving such matters. Generally, performance obligations related to contracts in our Construction segment are satisfied over time because our performance typically creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised good and/or service is transferred to the customer. Revenue in our Construction segment is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an input (i.e., “cost to cost”) method. Under the cost to cost method, costs incurred to-date are generally the best depiction of transfer of control. All contract costs, including those associated with affirmative claims, change orders and back charges, are recorded as incurred and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors, direct overhead costs and equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs). The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the forecasted revenue and cost to complete each project. Cost estimates for all of our significant projects use a detailed “bottom up” approach. There are a number of factors that can contribute to revisions in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include: • changes in costs of labor and/or materials; • subcontractor costs, availability and/or performance issues; • extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays; • changes in productivity expectations; • changes from original design on design-build projects; • our ability to fully and promptly recover on affirmative claims and back charges for additional contract costs; • a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials; • complexity in original design; • length of time to complete the project; • the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project; • site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid; • costs associated with scope changes; and • the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract. The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit and gross profit margin from period to period. Significant changes in revenue and cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex, multi-year projects have had, and can in future periods have, a significant effect on our profitability. All state and federal government contracts and many of our other contracts provide for termination of the contract at the convenience of the party contracting with us, with provisions to pay us for work performed through the date of termination including demobilization cost. Costs to obtain our contracts (“pre-bid costs”) that are not expected to be recovered from the customer are expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Although unusual, pre-bid costs that are explicitly chargeable to the customer even if the contract is not obtained are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets when we are notified that we are not the low bidder with a corresponding reduction to selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Unearned Revenue: Unearned revenue represents the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of a reporting period. We generally include a project in our unearned revenue at the time a contract is awarded, the contract has been executed and to the extent we believe funding is probable. Certain contracts contain contract options that are exercisable at the option of our customers without requiring us to go through an additional competitive bidding process or contain task orders related to master contracts under which we perform work only when the customer awards specific task orders to us. Contract options and task orders are included in unearned revenue when exercised or issued, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, unearned revenue was $3.6 billion. Approximately $2.6 billion of the December 31, 2024 unearned revenue is expected to be recognized within the next twelve months and the remaining amount will be recognized thereafter. Substantially all of the contracts in our unearned revenue may be canceled or modified at the election of the customer; however, we have not been materially adversely affected by contract cancellations or modifications in the past. Many projects are added to unearned revenue and completed within the same fiscal quarter or year and, therefore, may not be reflected in our beginning or ending unearned revenue. Balance Sheet Classifications: Prepaid expenses and amounts receivable and payable under construction contracts (principally retentions) that may exist over the duration of the contract and could extend beyond one year are included in current assets and liabilities. A one-year time period is used as the basis for classifying all other current assets and liabilities. Cash and Cash Equivalents : Cash equivalents are securities having maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Our access to joint venture cash may be limited by the provisions of the joint venture agreements. Contract Assets: Our contract assets include costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings as well as amounts due under contractual retention provisions. Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings represent amounts earned and reimbursable under contracts, including customer affirmative claim recovery estimates, and have a conditional right for billing and payment such as achievement of milestones or completion of the project. Generally, with the exception of customer affirmative claims, such unbilled amounts will become billable according to the contract terms and generally will be billed and collected over the next twelve months. Settlement with the customer of outstanding affirmative claims is dependent on the claims resolution process and could extend beyond one year. Based on our historical experience, we generally consider the collection risk related to billable amounts to be low. However, when events or conditions indicate that it is probable that the amounts become unbillable, the transaction price and associated contract asset is reduced. Certain contracts in our Construction segment include retention provisions to provide assurance to our customers that we will perform in accordance with the contract terms and are not considered a financing benefit under ASC Topic 606. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the customer. Marketable Securities : We determine the classification of our marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluate these determinations at each balance sheet date. Our marketable securities are fixed income marketable securities and are classified as held-to-maturity as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity investments are stated at amortized cost and are periodically assessed for other-than-temporary impairment. Amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity and is included in interest income. The cost of securities redeemed or called is based on the specific identification method. Derivative Instruments: We recognize derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value using Level 2 inputs. To receive hedge accounting treatment, derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges must be highly effective in offsetting changes to expected future cash flows on hedged transactions. We formally document our hedge relationships at inception, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction, and the initial quantitative assessment of the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting changes in the fair value of the hedged items. The effective portion of the gain or loss on cash flow hedges is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to the consolidated statements of operations when the periodic hedged cash flows are settled. Adjustments to fair value on derivative instruments that are not part of a designated hedging relationship are reported through the consolidated statements of operations. We do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. The 2023 capped call transactions associated with the 3.75% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the "3.75% Convertible Notes") and the 2024 capped call transactions associated with the 3.25% convertible senior notes due 2030 (the "3.25% Convertible Notes") are indexed to our stock and meet the equity classification requirements per ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging . These capped call transactions were recorded to equity in our consolidated balance sheets and are not accounted for as a bifurcated derivative. They will not be remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities: We measure and disclose certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC Topic 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. We utilize the active market approach to measure fair value for our financial assets and liabilities. We report separately each class of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and include assets and liabilities that are disclosed but not recorded at fair value in the fair value hierarchy. Allowance for Credit Losses: Financial assets, which potentially subject us to credit losses, consist primarily of short and long-term marketable securities, receivables, contract assets and long-term notes receivables included in other noncurrent assets in our consolidated balance sheets. We measure expected credit losses of financial assets based on historical loss and other information available to management using a loss rate method applied to asset groups with categorically similar risk characteristics. These expected credit losses are recorded to an allowance for credit losses valuation account that is deducted from receivables and contract assets to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheets. Concentrations of Credit Risk: Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable and contract assets. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and our marketable securities with several financial institutions. We invest with high credit quality financial institutions and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, our largest volume customer, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, was the California Department of Transportation (“Caltrans”). Revenue recognized from contracts with Caltrans during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 represented $567.6 million (14.2% of total revenue), $458.2 million (13.1% of total revenue), and $348.0 million (10.5% of total revenue), respectively, which was primarily in the Construction segment. Other than Caltrans, none of our customers, including both prime and subcontractor arrangements, had revenue that individually exceeded 10% of total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, or December 31, 2022. The majority of our receivables are from customers concentrated in the United States. None of our customers had a receivable balance in excess of 10% of our total net receivables as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Certain construction contracts include retention provisions that were included in contract assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 in our consolidated balance sheets. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the owners. The majority of the December 31, 2024 contract retention balance disclosed in Note 6 is expected to be collected within one year. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral, although the law provides us the ability to file mechanics’ liens on real property improved for private customers in the event of non-payment by such customers. Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation: In the periods presented we had operations in Mexico and Canada which involved exposure to possible volatile movements in foreign currency exchange rates. We account for foreign currency exchange transactions and translation in accordance with ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters . In the third quarter of 2023, we began the wind down of our international mineral services operations which operated in Mexico and Canada. Our Materials Segment continues to have international operations in Canada. In Mexico, most of our customer contracts and a significant portion of our costs were denominated in U.S. dollars; therefore, the functional currency was U.S. dollars. In Canada, the functional currency is the local currency. Foreign currency transactions are remeasured into the functional currency with gains and losses included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The impact from foreign currency transactions was immaterial for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Assets and liabilities in functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at average foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the reporting periods. The translation adjustments from functional currency to U.S. dollars are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets. Inventories: Inventories relating to our operations consist primarily of quarry products, contract-specific materials and water well drilling materials, supplies, as well as mineral extraction and drilling supplies located primarily in the U.S. Cost of inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or net realizable value . We reserve quarry products based on estimated quantities of materials on hand in excess of approximately one year of demand. Investments in Affiliates : Each investment accounted for under the equity method of accounting is reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. We account for our share of the operating results of the equity method investments in equity in income from affiliates, net in the consolidated statements of operations and as a single line item in the consolidated balance sheets as investments in affiliates. Our investments in affiliates include foreign entities, real estate ventures and an asphalt terminal entity. These investments are evaluated for impairment using the other-than-temporary impairment model, which requires an impairment charge to be recognized if our investment’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, and the decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary. Recoverability is measured by comparison of carrying amounts to future undiscounted cash flows the investments are expected to generate. Events or changes in circumstances which would cause us to review undiscounted future cash flows include, but are not limited to: • significant adverse changes in legal factors or the business climate and • current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses, or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset. In addition, events or changes in circumstances specifically related to our real estate ventures, include: • significant decreases in the market price of the asset; • accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition, development or construction of the asset; and • significant changes to the development or business plans of a project. Future undiscounted cash flows and fair value assessments for our foreign entities and for the asphalt terminal entity are estimated based on market conditions and the political climate. Future undiscounted cash flows and fair value assessments for our real estate ventures are estimated based on entitlement status, market conditions, cost of construction, debt load, development schedules, status of joint venture partners and other factors applicable to the specific project. Fair value is estimated based on the expected future cash flows attributable to the asset or group of assets and on other assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value, such as market discount rates, transaction prices for other comparable assets, and other market data. Our estimates of cash flows may differ from actual cash flows due to, among other things, fluctuations in interest rates, decisions made by jurisdictional agencies, economic conditions, or changes to our business operations. Property and Equipment : Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation for construction and other equipment is calculated using accelerated methods over lives ranging from three two Property, Plant, and Equipment, depreciation is discontinued and we write it down to fair value less cost to sell, if the fair value is below the carrying value. Fair value is estimated by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, market comparative data, historical sales prices, broker quotes and third-party valuations. If material, such property is separately disclosed in the consolidated balance sheets, otherwise it is held in property and equipment until sold. The cost and accumulated depreciation or depletion of property sold or retired is removed from the consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gains or losses, if any, are reflected in operating income in the consolidated statements of operations for the period. In the case tha |
