Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Basis of Presentation The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. (b) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased to be “cash equivalents.” Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2015 and 2014 consisted of cash and money market funds. Management determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase. Investments that the Company does not have the positive intent to hold to maturity are classified as “available-for-sale” and reported at fair market value. Available-for-sale investments are classified as long-term if their contractual maturity is greater than one year at the balance sheet date and the Company does not have the intent to sell them in order to fund current operations. Unrealized gains and losses associated with available-for-sale investments are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” on the accompanying balance sheets. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, and any realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary, and interest and dividends for all available-for-sale securities are included in “Interest income” on the accompanying statements of operations. Investments that the Company intends to hold to maturity are classified as “held-to-maturity” investments. The Company had no “held-to-maturity” investments at either December 31, 2015 or 2014. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The Company had no realized gains or losses from available-for-sale securities in 2015, 2014 or 2013. There were no losses or other-than-temporary declines in value included in “Interest income” for any securities for the three years ended December 31, 2015. The Company had no auction rate securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. (c) Restricted Cash As part of the Company’s lease arrangement for its office and laboratory facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Company is required to restrict cash held in a certificate of deposit securing a line of credit for the lessor. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the restricted cash amounted to $311,000 held in certificates of deposit securing a line of credit for the lessor. (d) Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Laboratory and other equipment are depreciated over three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the remaining lease term or the related useful life, if shorter. (e) Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 605, Revenue Recognition • Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; • delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; • the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and • collectability is reasonably assured. Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recognized as deferred revenue in the Company’s balance sheet. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, current. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion. The Company’s revenues have primarily been generated through collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements typically may include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: nonrefundable, up-front license fees, research, development and commercial milestone payments, other contingent payments due based on the activities of the counterparty or the reimbursement by licensees of costs associated with patent maintenance. Each of these types of revenue are recorded as Alliance revenues in the Company’s statement of operations. For each collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreement, which results in revenues, the Company determines (i) whether multiple deliverables exist, (ii) whether the delivered elements have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis, (iii) how the deliverables should be separated or combined and (iv) how the consideration should be allocated to the deliverables. The Company’s multiple element revenue arrangements may include the following: Up-front License Fees: Milestone Payments: Research and Development Activities: Under the terms of the GSK Agreement, the Company is eligible to receive up to approximately $100,000,000 in license, research, clinical development and commercialization milestone payments, including a $2,500,000 upfront, non-refundable, non-creditable cash payment. Approximately $9,000,000 of the milestone payments are payable by GSK upon the identification of additional targets, the completion of current and future research plans and the designation of development candidates. Approximately $89,000,000 is payable by GSK upon the achievement of clinical milestones and commercial milestones. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive royalty payments on sales upon commercialization at varying rates of up to five percent on annual net sales, as defined in the GSK Agreement. (f) Financial Instruments The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is determined and disclosed in accordance with the three-tier fair value hierarchy specified in Note 2(m). The Company is required to disclose the estimated fair values of its financial instruments. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, available-for-sale investments, receivables and a note payable. The estimated fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any derivatives, hedging instruments or other similar financial instruments except for the note issued under the Company’s loan and security agreement, which is discussed in Note 5(a), including put and call features which the Company determined are clearly and closely associated with the debt host and do not require bifurcation as a derivative liability, or the fair value of the feature is immaterial. (g) Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is comprised of reported net income (loss) and any change in net unrealized gains and losses on investments during each year, which is included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” on the accompanying balance sheets. The Company applies Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income” by presenting the components of net income and other comprehensive income as one continuous statement. The following table includes the changes in the accumulated balance of the component of other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013: Year ended December 31, (In thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Accumulated unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities at beginning of period $ (17) $ (7) $ — Change during the period (117) (10) (7) Accumulated unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities at end of period $ (134) $ (17) $ (7) (h) Net Income (Loss) per Common Share applicable to Common Stockholders Basic and diluted net loss per common share applicable to common stockholders is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share applicable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per common share applicable to common stockholders for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 as the effects of the Company’s potential common stock equivalents are antidilutive (see Note 12). (i) Segment Reporting The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment. Accordingly, the Company operates in one segment, which is the business of discovering and developing novel therapeutics that modulate immune responses through TLRs. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. For all of the periods presented, all of the Company’s revenues were generated in the United States. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, all assets were located in the United States. (j) Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes all share-based payments to employees and directors as expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on their fair values. The Company records compensation expense over an award’s requisite service period, or vesting period, based on the award’s fair value at the date of grant. The Company’s policy is to charge the fair value of stock options as an expense, adjusted for forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, which is generally four years for employees and three years for directors. The Company recorded charges of $5,442,000, $4,322,000, and $1,398,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for stock-based compensation expense attributable to share-based payments made to employees and directors. The 2015 charge includes approximately $329,000 of stock-based compensation in connection with the recognition of additional expense associated with the acceleration of vesting and extension of the exercise period of a retiring director’s stock options as a result of a modification to such director’s stock options. The 2014 charge includes approximately $1,293,000 for the recognition of amortization associated with an employee’s options that were subject to accelerated vesting as a result of a modification to such employee’s stock options. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following weighted average assumptions apply to the options to purchase 3,533,750, 8,232,424, and 5,072,583 shares of common stock granted to employees and directors during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively: 2015 2014 2013 Average risk free interest rate 1.4 % 1.4 % 1.3 % Expected dividend yield — — — Expected lives (years) 4.2 4.4 5.0 Expected volatility 93 % 86 % 67 % Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the period (per share) $ 2.51 $ 2.36 $ 0.89 Weighted average exercise price of options granted during the period (per share) $ 3.74 $ 3.69 $ 1.55 The expected lives of the options and the expected volatility are based on historical experience. All options granted during the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 were granted at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the dates of grant . The fair value of options that vested during 2015, 2014 and 2013 amounted to $5,403,000, $4,208,000 and $1,429,000, respectively. The intrinsic value of options exercised amounted to $761,000, $573,000 and $150,000 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $16,163,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation arrangements, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 3.0 years. (k) Research and Development Expenses All research and development expenses, including amounts funded by research collaborations, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including drug development trials and studies, drug manufacturing, laboratory supplies, external research, payroll including stock-based compensation and overhead. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are expensed as the related goods are accepted by the Company or the services are performed. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded approximately $2,300,000 and $840,000 as prepaid research and development, respectively. (l) Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments. The Company’s credit risk is managed by investing its cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities in highly rated money market instruments, certificates of deposit, corporate bonds, and debt securities. Due to these factors, no significant additional credit risk is believed by management to be inherent in the Company’s assets. As of December 31, 2015, all of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments are held at two financial institutions. (m) Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities The Company measures fair value at the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (the “inputs”) into a three-tier fair value hierarchy. This fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority (Level 1) to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority (Level 3) to unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, requiring companies to develop their own assumptions. Observable inputs that do not meet the criteria of Level 1, and include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, are categorized as Level 2. Level 3 inputs are those that reflect the Company’s estimates about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, based on the best information available in the circumstances. Valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs may include unobservable inputs such as projections, estimates and management’s interpretation of current market data. These unobservable Level 3 inputs are only utilized to the extent that observable inputs are not available or cost-effective to obtain. The Company applies ASU No. 2011-04, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820),” in its fair value measurements and disclosures. The table below presents the assets and liabilities measured and recorded in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014 categorized by the level of inputs used in the valuation of each asset and liability. (In thousands) Total Quoted Prices Significant Significant December 31, 2015 Assets Money market funds $ 26,056 $ 26,056 $ — $ — Short-term investments – commercial paper 3,974 — 3,974 — Short-term investments – corporate bonds 24,575 — 24,575 — Short-term investments – municipal bonds 5,025 — 5,025 — Long-term investments – corporate bonds 21,186 — 21,186 — Long-term investments – municipal bonds 5,811 — 5,811 — Total Assets $ 86,627 $ 26,056 $ 60,571 $ — Total Liabilities $ — $ — $ — $ — December 31, 2014 Assets Money market funds $ 17,156 $ 17,156 $ — $ — Other cash equivalents – commercial paper 2,500 — 2,500 — Short-term investments – commercial paper 4,494 — 4,494 — Short-term investments – certificate of deposit 500 — 500 — Short-term investments – corporate bonds 14,357 — 14,357 — Short-term investments – municipal bonds 1,905 — 1,905 — Long-term investments 7,344 — 7,344 — Total Assets $ 48,256 $ 17,156 $ 31,100 $ — Total Liabilities $ — $ — $ — $ — The Level 1 assets consist of money market funds, which are actively traded daily. The Level 2 assets consist of corporate bond, commercial paper, certificate of deposit and municipal bond investments whose fair value may not represent actual transactions of identical securities. The fair value of corporate and municipal bonds is generally determined from quoted market prices received from pricing services based upon quoted prices from active markets and/or other significant observable market transactions at fair value. The fair value of commercial paper is generally determined based on the relationship between the investment’s discount rate and the discount rates of the same issuer’s commercial paper available in the market which may not be actively traded daily. The fair value of certificates of deposits approximates carrying value. Since these fair values may not be based upon actual transactions of identical securities, they are classified as Level 2. Since any investments are classified as available-for-sale securities, any unrealized gains or losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss within stockholders’ equity on the balance sheet. The Company did not elect to measure any other financial assets or liabilities at fair value at December 31, 2015 or 2014. (n) New Accounting Pronouncements — Recently Issued In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which was amended by ASU No. 2015-14. ASU No. 2014-09, as amended by ASU No. 2015-14, requires an entity to recognize revenue from the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In particular, this ASU addresses contracts with more than one performance obligation, as well as the accounting for some costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, and provides for additional disclosures with respect to revenues and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption of this ASU is permitted only for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU will have on its financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. ASU 2014-15 amends FASB ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, by providing guidance on determining when and how reporting entities must disclose going-concern uncertainties in their financial statements, including requiring management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date of issuance of the entity’s financial statements and providing certain disclosures if there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 will be effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2016 and for interim periods thereafter. Early adoption of ASU 2014-15 is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of ASU 2014-15 will have on its financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of some of the amendments included in ASU 2016-01 to financial statements of fiscal years or interim periods that have not yet been issued is permitted as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of ASU 2016-01 will have on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The amendments in ASU 2016-02 will require organizations that lease assets, with lease terms of more than 12 months, to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Consistent with current Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, unlike current GAAP which requires only capital leases to be recognized on the balance sheet, ASU No. 2016-02 will require both types of leases to be recognized on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its financial statements. |