Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industries Disclosures [Text Block] | NOTE 18 - SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ABOUT OIL AND GAS PRODUCING ACTIVITIES (UNAUDITED) The following estimates of proved oil and gas reserves, both developed and undeveloped, represent interests owned by Royale Energy which are located solely in the United States. Proved reserves represent estimated quantities of crude oil and natural gas which geological and engineering data demonstrate to be reasonably certain to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved developed oil and gas reserves are reserves that can be expected to be recovered through existing wells, with existing equipment and operating methods. Proved undeveloped oil and gas reserves are reserves that are expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled acreage, or from existing wells for which relatively major expenditures are required for completion. Disclosures of oil and gas reserves, which follow, are based on estimates prepared by independent petroleum engineering consultant Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., the net reserve value of its proved developed and undeveloped reserves was approximately $3.0 million at December 31, 2016, based on the average PG&E city-gate natural gas price spot price of $2.76 per MCF and for oil volumes, the average West Texas Intermediate price of $39.25 per barrel as applied on a field-by-field basis. Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. provided reserve value information for the Company’s California, Texas, Oklahoma, Utah and Louisiana properties. Such estimates are subject to numerous uncertainties inherent in the estimation of quantities of proved reserves and in the projection of future rates of production and the timing of development expenditures. These estimates do not include probable or possible reserves. The technical persons responsible for preparing the reserves estimates presented in the report of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., meet the requirements regarding qualifications, independence, objectivity, and confidentiality set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. is a firm of independent petroleum engineers, geologists, geophysicists, and petrophysicists; and do not own an interest in our properties and are not employed on a contingent basis. All activities and reports performed and completed by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. with regards to our reserve valuation estimates are reviewed Royale’s management. These estimates are furnished and calculated in accordance with requirements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Because of unpredictable variances in expenses and capital forecasts, crude oil and natural gas price changes, largely influenced and controlled by U.S. and foreign government actions, and the fact that the bases for such estimates vary significantly, management believes the usefulness of these projections is limited. Estimates of future net cash flows presented do not represent management's assessment of future profitability or future cash flows to Royale Energy. Management's investment and operating decisions are based upon reserve estimates that include proved reserves prescribed by the SEC as well as probable reserves, and upon different price and cost assumptions from those used here. It should be recognized that applying current costs and prices and a 10 percent standard discount rate does not convey absolute value. The discounted amounts arrived at are only one measure of the value of proved reserves. Changes in Estimated Reserve Quantities The net interest in estimated quantities of proved developed reserves of crude oil and natural gas at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and changes in such quantities during each of the years then ended, were as follows: 2016 2015 Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Proved developed and undeveloped reserves: Beginning of period 3,600 2,510,700 1,781 4,131,806 Revisions of previous estimates 2,446 74,983 (178 ) (1,323,750 ) Production (193 ) (232,539 ) (403 ) (363,168 ) Extensions, discoveries and improved recovery - 112,265 - 48,912 Purchase of minerals in place - - 2,400 16,900 Sales of minerals in place - (450,488 ) - - Proved reserves end of period 5,853 2,014,921 3,600 2,510,700 2016 2015 Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Proved developed reserves: Beginning of period - 2,174,100 587 3,786,785 End of period 5,823 1,699,997 - 2,174,100 2016 2015 Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Oil (BBL) Gas (MCF) Proved undeveloped reserves: Beginning of period 3,600 336,600 1,194 345,021 End of period - 314,925 3,600 336,600 For December 31, 2016, natural gas extensions, discoveries and improved recovery were 112,265 MCF which was added due to the drilling of two new exploratory wells and one new developmental well during 2016. The three new wells consisted of 99,762 MCF of proved developed producing reserves at year end. A location which had 187,500 MCF in proved developed reserves at December 31, 2015, was drilled and began producing prior to 2000, was revised downward 150,609 MCF at December 31, 2016. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2009, which had proved developed reserves of 400,400 was revised upward 71,607 MCF at December 31, 2016. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2015, was revised downward 44,600 MCF at December 31, 2016. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2010, had proved developed reserves of 592,700 at December 31, 2015, was revised upward 31,843 MCF at December 31, 2016. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2015, which had proved undeveloped reserves of 16,900, was revised upward 20,099 MCF at December 31, 2016. Four locations which were drilled prior to 2015, had a total of 249,500 MCF of proved developed reserves at December 31, 2015, were revised upward 37,181 MCF at December 31, 2016. Additionally in 2016, two locations which were drilled prior to 2009, were revised upward 44,175 MCF at December 31, 2016. For December 31, 2015, natural gas extensions, discoveries and improved recovery were 48,912 MCF which was added due to the drilling one new exploratory well during 2015. This new well consisted of 4,312 MCF of proved developed producing reserves and 44,600 proved developed non-producing reserves. A location which had 658,894 MCF in proved developed reserves at December 31, 2014, was drilled and began producing in 2014, was revised downward 566,405 MCF at December 31, 2015. A location which was drilled in 2011 and began producing in 2013, was revised downward 135,729 MCF at December 31, 2015. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2012, had proved developed producing reserves of 229,287 at December 31, 2014, was revised downward 184,436 MCF at December 31, 2015. A location which was drilled and began producing in 2013, had proved developed producing reserves of 111,445 at December 31, 2014, was revised downward 80,486 MCF at December 31, 2015. Additionally in 2015, four locations which were drilled prior to 2011, had a total of 905,646 MCF of proved developed reserves at December 31, 2014, were revised downward 306,366 MCF at December 31, 2015. Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows Relating to Proved Oil and Gas Reserves The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows is presented below for the two years ended December 31, 2016. The future net cash inflows are developed as follows: • Estimates are made of quantities of proved reserves and the future periods during which they are expected to be produced based on year-end economic conditions. • The estimated future production of proved reserves is priced on the basis of year-end prices. • The resulting future gross revenue streams are reduced by estimated future costs to develop and to produce proved reserves, based on year-end estimates. Estimated future development costs by year are as follows: 2017 $ 467,400 2018 - 2019 34,000 Thereafter 55,100 Total $ 556,500 The resulting future net revenue streams are reduced to present value amounts by applying a ten percent discount. Disclosure of principal components of the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows provides information concerning the factors involved in making the calculation. In addition, the disclosure of both undiscounted and discounted net cash flows provides a measure of comparing proved oil and gas reserves both with and without an estimate of production timing. The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flow relating to proved reserves reflects estimated income taxes. Changes in standardized measure of discounted future net cash flow from proved reserve quantities This statement discloses the sources of changes in the standardized measure from year to year. The amount reported as “Net changes in prices and production costs” represents the present value of changes in prices and production costs multiplied by estimates of proved reserves as of the beginning of the year. The “accretion of discount” was computed by multiplying the ten percent discount factor by the standardized measure on a pretax basis as of the beginning of the year. The “Sales of oil and gas produced, net of production costs” are expressed in actual dollar amounts. “Revisions of previous quantity estimates” is expressed at year-end prices. The “Net change in income taxes” is computed as the change in present value of future income taxes. 2016 2015 Future cash inflows $ 5,270,400 6,962,900 Future production costs (1,744,200 ) (3,066,200 ) Future development costs (556,500 ) (662,800 ) Future income tax expense (890,910 ) (970,170 ) Future net cash flows 2,078,790 2,263,730 10% annual discount for estimated timing of cash flows (595,518 ) (704,014 ) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows $ 1,483,272 1,559,716 Sales of oil and gas produced, net of production costs $ (55,272 ) (155,847 ) Revisions of previous quantity estimates 120,833 (5,089,087 ) Net changes in prices and production costs (253,313 ) (2,238,956 ) Sales of minerals in place (402,900 ) - Purchases of minerals in place - 6,000 Extensions, discoveries and improved recovery 184,476 36,000 Accretion of discount 296,970 220,000 Net change in income tax 32,762 2,166,567 Net increase (decrease) $ (76,444 ) (5,055,323 ) Future Development Costs In order to realize future revenues from our proved reserves estimated in our reserve report, it will be necessary to incur future costs to develop and produce the proved reserves. The following table estimates the costs to develop and produce our proved reserves in the years 2017 through 2019. Future development cost of: 2017 2018 2019 Proved developed reserves $ - $ - $ - Proved non-producing reserves 124,700 - 34,000 Proved undeveloped reserves 342,700 - - Total $ 467,400 $ - $ 34,000 Common assumptions include such matters as the real extent and average thickness of a particular reservoir, the average porosity and permeability of the reservoir, the anticipated future production from existing and future wells, future development and production costs and the ultimate hydrocarbon recovery percentage. As a result, oil and gas reserve estimates and discounted present value estimates are frequently revised in subsequent periods to reflect production data obtained after the date of the original estimate. If the reserve estimates are inaccurate, production rates may decline more rapidly than anticipated, and future production revenues may be less than estimated. Additional data relating to Royale Energy's oil and natural gas properties is disclosed in Supplemental Information About Oil and Gas Producing Activities (Unaudited), attached to Royale Energy's Financial Statements, beginning on page F-1. Historic Development Costs for Proved Reserves In each year we expend funds to drill and develop some of our proved undeveloped reserves. The following table summarizes our historic costs incurred in each of the past three fiscal years to drill and develop reserves that were classified as proved undeveloped reserves as of December 31 of the immediately preceding year: 2016 $ 243,583 2015 $ - 2014 $ 549,236 |