Fair Value | Note 5 – Fair Value Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels whereby the highest priority is given to Level 1 inputs and the lowest to Level 3 inputs. Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date. Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. We classify assets in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. We have elected to fair value future draw commitments for HECM loans purchased or originated after December 31, 2018. The estimated fair value is included in Loans held for investment on our unaudited consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recognized in Other revenue, net in our unaudited consolidated statements of operations. The value of future draw commitments for HECM loans purchased or originated before January 1, 2019 will be recognized over time as such future draws are securitized or sold. The carrying amounts and the estimated fair values of our financial instruments and certain of our nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis or disclosed, but not measured, at fair value are as follows: June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Level Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Financial assets Loans held for sale Loans held for sale, at fair value (a) 2 $ 135,691 $ 135,691 $ 176,525 $ 176,525 Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value (b) 3 60,380 60,380 66,097 66,097 Total Loans held for sale $ 196,071 $ 196,071 $ 242,622 $ 242,622 Loans held for investment Loans held for investment - Reverse mortgages (a) 3 $ 5,872,407 $ 5,872,407 $ 5,472,199 $ 5,472,199 Loans held for investment - Restricted for securitization investors (a) 3 25,324 25,324 26,520 26,520 Total loans held for investment $ 5,897,731 $ 5,897,731 $ 5,498,719 $ 5,498,719 Advances (including match funded), net (c) 3 $ 1,104,499 $ 1,104,499 $ 1,186,676 $ 1,186,676 Receivables, net (c) 3 187,985 187,985 198,262 198,262 Mortgage-backed securities (a) 3 2,014 2,014 1,502 1,502 U.S. Treasury notes (a) 1 1,073 1,073 1,064 1,064 Corporate bonds (a) 2 450 450 450 450 Financial liabilities: Match funded liabilities (c) 3 $ 671,796 $ 673,168 $ 778,284 $ 776,485 Financing liabilities: HMBS-related borrowings (a) 3 $ 5,745,383 $ 5,745,383 $ 5,380,448 $ 5,380,448 Financing liability - MSRs pledged (a) 3 844,913 844,913 1,032,856 1,032,856 Financing liability - Owed to securitization investors (a) 3 23,697 23,697 24,815 24,815 Other (c) 3 62,841 45,470 69,942 53,570 Total Financing liabilities $ 6,676,834 $ 6,659,463 $ 6,508,061 $ 6,491,689 Other secured borrowings: Senior secured term loan (c) (d) 2 $ 333,552 $ 338,150 $ 226,825 $ 227,449 Other (c) 3 182,929 182,929 155,713 155,713 Total Other secured borrowings $ 516,481 $ 521,079 $ 382,538 $ 383,162 June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Level Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Senior notes: Senior unsecured notes (c) (d) 2 $ 118,524 $ 113,540 $ 119,924 $ 119,258 Senior secured notes (c) (d) 2 329,053 276,283 328,803 306,889 Total Senior notes $ 447,577 $ 389,823 $ 448,727 $ 426,147 Derivative financial instrument assets (liabilities) Interest rate lock commitments (a) 2 $ 4,105 $ 4,105 $ 3,871 $ 3,871 Forward mortgage-backed securities (a) 1 (3,863 ) (3,863 ) (4,983 ) (4,983 ) Interest rate caps (a) 3 47 47 678 678 MSRs (a) 3 $ 1,312,633 $ 1,312,633 $ 1,457,149 $ 1,457,149 (a) Measured at fair value on a recurring basis. (b) Measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. (c) Disclosed, but not measured, at fair value. (d) The carrying values are net of unamortized debt issuance costs and discount. See Note 13 – Borrowings for additional information . The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis: Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Loans Held for Inv. - Restricted for Securitiza- tion Investors Financing Liability - Owed to Securit - ization Investors Mortgage-Backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Three months ended June 30, 2019 Beginning balance $ 5,726,917 $ (5,614,688 ) $ 26,237 $ (24,562 ) $ 1,786 $ (951,216 ) $ 276 $ 1,400,191 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — — — — 61,080 Issuances 217,757 (214,543 ) — — — (299 ) — — Sales — — — — — — — (3 ) Settlements (127,884 ) 125,626 (913 ) 865 — 53,288 — (1,367 ) Transfers (to) from: Loans held for sale, at fair value (488 ) — — — — — — — Other assets (36 ) — — — — — — — Receivables, net (45 ) — — — — — — — 89,304 (88,917 ) (913 ) 865 — 52,989 — 59,710 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in earnings: Change in fair value (1) 56,186 (41,778 ) — — 228 50,745 (229 ) (147,268 ) Calls and other — — — — — 2,569 — — 56,186 (41,778 ) — — 228 53,314 (229 ) (147,268 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 5,872,407 $ (5,745,383 ) $ 25,324 $ (23,697 ) $ 2,014 $ (844,913 ) $ 47 $ 1,312,633 Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Mortgage-Backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Three months ended June 30, 2018 Beginning balance $ 4,988,151 $ (4,838,193 ) $ 1,679 $ (715,924 ) $ 1,866 $ 1,074,247 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — 95 3,507 Issuances 236,386 (276,751 ) — — — (617 ) Sales — — — — — (24 ) Settlements (103,497 ) 100,737 — 49,962 — — Transfers (to) from: Loans held for sale, at fair value (257 ) — — — — — Other assets (33 ) — — — — — Receivables, net (22 ) — — — — — 132,577 (176,014 ) — 49,962 95 2,866 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in earnings: Change in fair value 23,030 (26,776 ) 53 (8,069 ) (304 ) (33,118 ) Calls and other — — — 1,412 — — 23,030 (26,776 ) 53 (6,657 ) (304 ) (33,118 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — Ending balance $ 5,143,758 $ (5,040,983 ) $ 1,732 $ (672,619 ) $ 1,657 $ 1,043,995 Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Loans Held for Inv. - Restricted for Securitiza- Financing Liability - Owed to Securiti- Mortgage-backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Six months ended June 30, 2019 Beginning balance $ 5,472,199 $ (5,380,448 ) $ 26,520 $ (24,815 ) $ 1,502 $ (1,032,856 ) $ 678 $ 1,457,149 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — — (876 ) — 117,000 Issuances 427,021 (425,106 ) — — — — — — Sales — — — — — — — (570 ) Settlements (232,514 ) 228,015 (1,196 ) 1,118 — 103,417 — (4,680 ) Transfers (to) from: Loans held for sale, at fair value (884 ) — — — — — — — Other assets (155 ) — — — — — — — Receivables, net (113 ) — — — — — — — 193,355 (197,091 ) (1,196 ) 1,118 — 102,541 — 111,750 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings Included in earnings: Change in fair value (1) 206,853 (167,844 ) — — 512 76,982 (631 ) (256,266 ) Calls and other — — — — — 8,420 — — 206,853 (167,844 ) — — 512 85,402 (631 ) (256,266 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 5,872,407 $ (5,745,383 ) $ 25,324 $ (23,697 ) $ 2,014 $ (844,913 ) $ 47 $ 1,312,633 Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Mortgage-backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Six months ended June 30, 2018 Beginning balance $ 4,715,831 $ (4,601,556 ) $ 1,592 $ (508,291 ) $ 2,056 $ 671,962 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — 95 5,885 Issuances 487,472 (499,576 ) — (279,586 ) — (2,375 ) Sales — — — — — (155 ) Settlements (186,216 ) 181,548 — 104,509 (371 ) — Transfers (to) from: MSRs carried at amortized cost, net of valuation allowance — — — — — 418,925 Loans held for sale, at fair value (441 ) — — — — — Other assets (137 ) — — — — — Receivables, net (72 ) — — — — — 300,606 (318,028 ) — (175,077 ) (276 ) 422,280 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings Included in earnings: Change in fair value 127,321 (121,399 ) 140 8,642 (123 ) (50,247 ) Calls and other — — — 2,107 — — 127,321 (121,399 ) 140 10,749 (123 ) (50,247 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — Ending balance $ 5,143,758 $ (5,040,983 ) $ 1,732 $ (672,619 ) $ 1,657 $ 1,043,995 (1) The Change in fair value adjustments on Loans held for investment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 include $2.7 million and $5.6 million , respectively, in connection with the fair value election for future draw commitments on HECM reverse mortgage loans purchased or originated after December 31, 2018. The methodologies that we use and key assumptions that we make to estimate the fair value of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis and those disclosed, but not carried, at fair value are described below. Loans Held for Sale Residential forward and reverse mortgage loans that we intend to sell are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election. Such loans are subject to changes in fair value due to fluctuations in interest rates from the closing date through the date of the sale of the loan into the secondary market. These loans are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy because the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of mortgage forwards for loans of similar terms and characteristics. We have the ability to access this market, and it is the market into which conventional and government-insured mortgage loans are typically sold. We purchase certain loans from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations in connection with loan modifications, strategic early buyouts (EBO) and loan resolution activity as part of our contractual obligations as the servicer of the loans. Modified and EBO loans are classified as loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value, as we expect to redeliver (sell) the loans into new Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations (in the case of modified loans) or sell the loans to a private investor (in the case of EBO loans). The fair value of these loans is estimated using published forward Ginnie Mae prices or existing sale contracts. Loans repurchased in connection with loan resolution activities are classified as receivables. Because these loans are insured or guaranteed by the FHA or VA, the fair value of these loans represents the net recovery value taking into consideration the insured or guaranteed claim. We report all other loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value. When we enter into an agreement to sell a loan or pool of loans to an investor at a set price, we value the loan or loans at the commitment price, unless facts and circumstances exist that could impact deal economics, at which point we use judgment to determine appropriate adjustments to recorded fair value, if any. We base the fair value of loans for which we have no agreement to sell on the expected future cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows, as provided by a third-party valuation expert. Loans Held for Investment Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages We measure these loans at fair value based on the expected future cash flows discounted over the expected life of the loans at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows, including future draw commitments for HECM loans purchased or originated after December 31, 2018. Significant assumptions include expected prepayment and delinquency rates and cumulative loss curves. The discount rate assumption for these assets is primarily based on an assessment of current market yields on newly originated reverse mortgage loans, expected duration of the asset and current market interest rates. Significant valuation assumptions June 30, December 31, Life in years Range 2.9 to 7.8 3.0 to 7.6 Weighted average 6.2 5.9 Conditional repayment rate Range 6.9% to 32.4% 6.8% to 38.4% Weighted average 13.9 % 14.7 % Discount rate 2.8 % 3.4 % Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value, respectively. The effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the loans held for investment are largely offset by the effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the HMBS-related borrowings that are associated with these loans. Loans Held for Investment – Restricted for securitization investors We have elected to measure loans held by consolidated mortgage-backed securitization trusts at fair value. The loans are secured by first liens on single family residential properties. Fair value is based on proprietary cash flow modeling processes for a third-party broker/dealer and a third-party valuation expert. Significant assumptions used in the valuation include projected monthly payments, projected prepayments and defaults, property liquidation values and discount rates. MSRs The significant components of the estimated future cash inflows for MSRs include servicing fees, late fees, float earnings and other ancillary fees. Significant cash outflows include the cost of servicing, the cost of financing servicing advances and compensating interest payments. Third-party valuation experts generally utilize: (a) transactions involving instruments with similar collateral and risk profiles, adjusted as necessary based on specific characteristics of the asset or liability being valued; and/or (b) industry-standard modeling, such as a discounted cash flow model, in arriving at their estimate of fair value. The prices provided by the valuation experts reflect their observations and assumptions related to market activity, incorporating available industry survey results and client feedback, and including risk premiums and liquidity adjustments. The models and related assumptions used by the valuation experts are owned and managed by them and, in many cases, the significant inputs used in the valuation techniques are not reasonably available to us. However, we understand the processes and assumptions used to develop the prices based on our ongoing due diligence, which includes regular discussions with the valuation experts. We believe that the procedures executed by the valuation experts, supported by our verification and analytical procedures, provide reasonable assurance that the prices used in our unaudited consolidated financial statements comply with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures and reflect the assumptions that a market participant would use. We evaluate the reasonableness of our third-party experts’ assumptions using historical experience adjusted for prevailing market conditions. Assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include: • Mortgage prepayment speeds • Delinquency rates • Cost of servicing • Interest rate used for computing float earnings • Discount rate • Compensating interest expense • Interest rate used for computing the cost of financing servicing advances • Collection rate of other ancillary fees • Curtailment on advances Fair Value MSRs MSRs carried at fair value are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The fair value is equal to the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts, without adjustment, except in the event we have a potential or completed sale, including transactions where we have executed letters of intent, in which case the fair value of the MSRs is recorded at the estimated sale price unless facts and circumstances exist that could impact deal economics, at which point we use judgment to determine appropriate adjustments to recorded fair value, if any. Fair value reflects actual Ocwen sale prices for orderly transactions where available in lieu of independent third-party valuations. Our valuation process includes discussions of bid pricing with the third-party valuation experts and are contemplated along with other market-based transactions in their model validation. A change in the valuation inputs utilized by the valuation experts might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. Changes in market interest rates predominantly impact the fair value for Agency MSRs via prepayment speeds by altering the borrower refinance incentive and the non-Agency MSRs due to impact on advance costs. Other key assumptions used in the valuation of these MSRs include delinquency rates and discount rates. Significant valuation assumptions June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Agency Non-Agency Agency Non-Agency Weighted average prepayment speed 11.7 % 15.5 % 8.5 % 15.4 % Weighted average delinquency rate 6.9 % 27.2 % 6.6 % 27.1 % Advance financing cost 5-year swap 5-year swap plus 2.75% 5-year swap 5-yr swap plus 2.75% Interest rate for computing float earnings 5-year swap 5-year swap minus 0.50% 5-year swap 5-yr swap minus 0.50% Weighted average discount rate 9.3 % 12.6 % 9.1 % 12.8 % Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) $ 86 $ 295 $ 90 $ 297 Because the mortgages underlying these MSRs permit the borrowers to prepay the loans, the value of the MSRs generally tends to diminish in periods of declining interest rates, an improving housing market or expanded product availability (as prepayments increase) and increase in periods of rising interest rates, a deteriorating housing market or reduced product availability (as prepayments decrease). The following table summarizes the estimated change in the value of the MSRs that we carry at fair value as of June 30, 2019 given 10% and 20% hypothetical shifts in prepayment speeds and discount rate assumptions: Adverse change in fair value 10% 20% Weighted average prepayment speeds $ (130,889 ) $ (251,379 ) Weighted average discount rate (35,280 ) (68,984 ) The sensitivity analysis measures the potential impact on fair values based on hypothetical changes, which in the case of our portfolio at June 30, 2019 are increased prepayment speeds and an increase in the yield assumption. Advances We value advances at their net realizable value, which generally approximates fair value, because advances have no stated maturity, are generally realized within a relatively short period of time and do not bear interest. Receivables The carrying value of receivables generally approximates fair value because of the relatively short period of time between their origination and realization. Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) Our subordinate and residual securities are not actively traded, and therefore, we estimate the fair value of these securities using a process based upon the use of an independent third-party valuation expert. Where possible, we consider observable trading activity in the valuation of our securities. Key inputs include expected prepayment rates, delinquency and cumulative loss curves and discount rates commensurate with the risks. Where possible, we use observable inputs in the valuation of our securities. However, the subordinate and residual securities in which we have invested trade infrequently and therefore have few or no observable inputs and little price transparency. Additionally, during periods of market dislocation, the observability of inputs is further reduced. We classify subordinate and residual securities as trading securities and account for them at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair value of our investment in subordinate and residual securities are recognized in Other, net in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations. U.S. Treasury Notes We classify U.S. Treasury notes as trading securities and account for them at fair value on a recurring basis. We base the fair value on quoted prices in active markets to which we have access. Changes in the fair value of our investment in U.S. Treasury notes are recognized in Other, net in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations. Match Funded Liabilities For match funded liabilities that bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index, the carrying value approximates fair value. For match funded liabilities that bear interest at a fixed rate, we determine fair value by discounting the future principal and interest repayments at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. We assume the notes are refinanced at the end of their revolving periods, consistent with how we manage our advance facilities. Financing Liabilities HMBS-Related Borrowings We have elected to measure these borrowings at fair value. These borrowings are not actively traded, and therefore, quoted market prices are not available. We determine fair value by discounting the projected recovery of principal, interest and advances over the estimated life of the borrowing at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. Significant assumptions include prepayments, discount rate and borrower mortality rates. The discount rate assumption for these liabilities is based on an assessment of current market yields for newly issued HMBS, expected duration and current market interest rates. Significant valuation assumptions June 30, December 31, 2018 Life in years Range 2.9 to 7.8 3.0 to 7.6 Weighted average 6.2 5.9 Conditional repayment rate Range 6.9% to 32.4% 6.8% to 38.4% Weighted average 13.9 % 14.7 % Discount rate 2.8 % 3.3 % Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value. MSRs Pledged (Rights to MSRs) We have elected to measure these borrowings at fair value. We recognize the proceeds received in connection with Rights to MSRs transactions as a secured borrowing that we account for at fair value. Fair value for the portion of the borrowing attributable to the MSRs underlying the Rights to MSRs is determined using the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts. Fair value for the portion of the borrowing attributable to any lump sum payments received in connection with the transfer of MSRs underlying such Rights to MSRs to the extent such transfer is accounted for as a financing is determined by discounting the relevant future cash flows that were altered through such transfer using assumptions consistent with the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts for the related MSR. Because we measure all MSRs at fair value, changes in the Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged value are partially offset by changes in the fair value of the related MSRs. See Note 10 — Rights to MSRs for additional information. Significant valuation assumptions June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Weighted average prepayment speed 14.6 % 13.9 % Weighted average delinquency rate 19.7 % 20.3 % Advance financing cost 5-year swap plus 0% to 2.75% 5-year swap plus 0% to 2.75% Interest rate for computing float earnings 5-year swap minus 0% to 0.50% 5-year swap minus 0% to 0.50% Weighted average discount rate 11.9 % 12.0 % Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) $ 226 $ 234 Significant increases or decreases in these assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value. Secured Notes We issued Ocwen Asset Servicing Income Series (OASIS), Series 2014-1 Notes secured by Ocwen-owned MSRs relating to Freddie Mac mortgages. We accounted for this transaction as a financing. We determine the fair value based on bid prices provided by third parties involved in the issuance and placement of the notes. Financing Liability – Owed to Securitization Investors Consists of securitization debt certificates due to third parties that represent beneficial ownership interests in mortgage-backed securitization trusts that we include in our consolidated financial statements. We determine fair value using the measurement alternative to ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement as disclosed in Note 4 – Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities . In accordance with the measurement alternative, the fair value of the consolidated securitization debt certificates is measured as the fair value of the loans held by the trust less the fair value of the beneficial interests held by us in the form of residual securities. Other Secured Borrowings The carrying value of secured borrowings that bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index approximates fair value. For other secured borrowings that bear interest at a fixed rate, we determine fair value by discounting the future principal and interest repayments at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. For the SSTL, we based the fair value on valuation data obtained from a pricing service. Senior Notes We base the fair value on quoted prices in a market with limited trading activity, or on valuation data obtained from a pricing service in the absence of trading data. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) represent an agreement to purchase loans from a third-party originator or an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage applicant (locked pipeline), whereby the interest rate is set prior to funding. IRLCs are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of mortgage forwards for loans of similar terms and characteristics. Fair value amounts of IRLCs are adjusted for expected “fallout” (locked pipeline loans not expected to close) using models that consider cumulative historical fallout rates and other factors. We enter into forward MBS trades to provide an economic hedge against changes in the fair value of residential forward and reverse mortgage loans held for sale that we carry at fair value. Forward MBS trades are primarily used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized upon the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary market. Forward contracts are actively traded in the market and we obtain unadjusted market quotes for these derivatives; thus, they are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we may use interest rate caps to minimize future interest rate exposure on variable rate debt issued on servicing advance financing facilities from increases in one-month or three-month Eurodollar rate (1ML or 3 ML, respectively) interest rates. The fair value for interest rate caps is based on counterparty market prices and adjusted for counterparty credit risk. |