Segment Reporting | NOTE 15 . SEGMENT REPORTING We operate primarily through three business segments: diagnostic and information technology-based products and services for the veterinary market, which we refer to as CAG; water quality products (“Water”); and diagnostic products and services for livestock and poultry health and to ensure the quality and safety of milk and food, which we refer to as LPD. Our Other operating segment combines and presents products for the human point-of-care medical diagnostics market with our pharmaceutical intellectual property and our out-licensing arrangements because they do not meet the quantitative or qualitative thresholds for reportable segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision-maker is our Chief Executive Officer. Our reportable segments include: CAG, Water, LPD, and Other. Assets are not allocated to segments for internal reporting purposes. CAG develops, designs, manufactures and distributes products and performs services for veterinarians and the bioresearch market, primarily related to diagnostics and information management. Water develops, designs, manufactures and distributes a range of products used in the detection of various microbiological parameters in water. LPD develops, designs, manufactures and distributes diagnostic tests and related instrumentation and performs services that are used to manage the health status of livestock and poultry, to improve bovine reproductive efficiency, and to ensure the quality and safety of milk and food . OPTI Medical develops, designs, manufactures and distributes point-of-care electrolyte and blood gas analyzers and related consumable products for the human medical diagnostics market. The accounting policies of our segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2 except for inventories, as discussed below. Intersegment revenues, which are not included in the table below, were not material for the years ended December 31, 201 7 , 201 6 and 201 5 . Certain costs are not allocated to our reportable segments and are instead reported under the caption “Unallocated Amounts”. These costs include costs that do not align with one of our existing operating segments or are cost prohibitive to allocate, which primarily consist of our R&D function, regional or country expenses, certain foreign currency revaluation gains and losses on monetary balances in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ functional currency and unusual items. Corporate support function costs (such as information technology, facilities, human resources, finance and legal), health benefits and incentive compensation are charged to our business segments at pre-determined budgeted amounts or rates. Differences from these pre-determined budgeted amounts or rates are captured within Unallocated Amounts. Effective January 1, 2016, we modified our management reporting to the Chief Operating Decision Maker to provide a more comprehensive view of the performance of our operating segments by including the capitalization and subsequent recognition of variances between standard and actual manufacturing costs, which adjusts the timing of cost recognition from when the variance is created to the period in which the related inventory is sold. Prior to January 1, 2016, the capitalization and subsequent recognition of these variances were not allocated to our operating segments and were instead reported under the caption “Unallocated Amounts”. Below is our segment information ( in thousand s): For the Years Ended December 31, CAG Water LPD Other Unallocated Amounts Consolidated Total 2017 Revenue $ 1,703,377 $ 114,395 $ 128,481 $ 22,805 $ - $ 1,969,058 Income (loss) from operations $ 363,557 $ 50,616 $ 16,464 $ 4,837 $ (22,446) $ 413,028 Interest expense, net (31,971) Income before provision for income taxes 381,057 Provision for income taxes 117,788 Net income 263,269 Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 125 Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders $ 263,144 Depreciation and amortization $ 71,835 $ 2,856 $ 5,052 $ 3,397 $ - $ 83,140 Expenditures for long-lived assets (1) $ 64,759 $ 2,573 $ 3,021 $ 4,031 $ - $ 74,384 2016 Revenue $ 1,522,689 $ 103,579 $ 126,491 $ 22,664 $ - $ 1,775,423 Income (loss) from operations $ 301,342 $ 45,702 $ 18,914 $ 884 $ (16,603) $ 350,239 Interest expense, net (28,393) Income before provision for income taxes 321,846 Provision for income taxes 99,792 Net income 222,054 Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 9 Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders $ 222,045 Depreciation and amortization $ 64,878 $ 3,098 $ 5,543 $ 4,699 $ - $ 78,218 Expenditures for long-lived assets (1) $ 56,329 $ 2,102 $ 4,824 $ 1,532 $ - $ 64,787 2015 Revenue $ 1,356,287 $ 96,884 $ 127,143 $ 21,578 $ - $ 1,601,892 Income (loss) from operations $ 233,319 $ 44,752 $ 27,157 $ (137) $ (5,179) $ 299,912 Interest expense, net (26,771) Income before provision for income taxes 273,141 Provision for income taxes 81,006 Net income 192,135 Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest 57 Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders $ 192,078 Depreciation and amortization $ 60,715 $ 3,188 $ 4,367 $ 686 $ - $ 68,956 Expenditures for long-lived assets (1) $ 69,371 $ 2,781 $ 9,110 $ 1,659 $ - $ 82,921 __________ (1) Expenditures for long-lived assets exclude expenditures for intangible assets. See Note 3 for information regarding acquisitions of intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 201 7 , 201 6 and 2015 . Revenue by product and service categories was as follows ( in thousands ): For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 CAG segment revenue: CAG Diagnostics recurring revenue: $ 1,451,701 $ 1,281,262 $ 1,147,026 IDEXX VetLab consumables 518,774 451,456 396,526 Rapid assay products 205,309 189,122 182,670 Reference laboratory diagnostic and consulting services 660,142 581,067 512,155 CAG Diagnostics service and accessories 67,476 59,617 55,675 CAG Diagnostics capital - instruments 119,963 121,191 98,502 Veterinary software, services and diagnostic imaging systems 131,713 120,236 110,759 CAG segment revenue 1,703,377 1,522,689 1,356,287 Water segment revenue 114,395 103,579 96,884 LPD segment revenue 128,481 126,491 127,143 Other segment revenue 22,805 22,664 21,578 Total revenue $ 1,969,058 $ 1,775,423 $ 1,601,892 Revenue by principal geographic area, based on customers’ domiciles, was as follows ( in thousands ): For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Americas United States $ 1,203,547 $ 1,089,595 $ 980,281 Canada 83,818 74,923 69,303 Latin America 46,893 38,872 34,725 1,334,258 1,203,390 1,084,309 Europe, the Middle East and Africa Germany 88,328 80,156 73,395 United Kingdom 80,149 77,671 74,879 France 55,993 51,204 46,972 Italy 31,889 28,907 25,903 Spain 28,866 24,268 19,998 Switzerland 17,913 16,361 15,631 Netherlands 15,877 14,049 11,645 Other 100,409 83,147 79,910 419,424 375,763 348,333 Asia Pacific Region Australia 56,994 52,871 49,274 China 55,810 48,257 40,619 Japan 53,344 51,544 43,171 Other 49,228 43,598 36,186 215,376 196,270 169,250 Total $ 1,969,058 $ 1,775,423 $ 1,601,892 Net long-lived assets, consisting of net property and equipment, are subject to geographic risks because they are generally difficult to move and to effectively utilize in another geographic area in a reasonable time period and because they are relatively illiquid. Net long-lived assets by principal geographic areas were as follows (in thousands) : December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 Americas United States $ 310,696 $ 298,944 Brazil 17,030 17,910 Canada 2,238 1,977 329,964 318,831 Europe, the Middle East and Africa United Kingdom 11,528 9,127 Germany 7,522 5,040 Netherlands 8,225 5,948 France 2,305 2,428 Switzerland 1,755 2,450 Other 3,838 3,490 35,173 28,483 Asia Pacific Region Japan 4,065 2,469 Australia 4,426 4,185 Other 5,468 3,454 13,959 10,108 Total $ 379,096 $ 357,422 |