Investments | Investments The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of the investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are shown below: December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 160,393 $ 2,133 $ (1,942 ) $ 160,584 Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions 1,766,407 33,410 (7,290 ) 1,792,527 Corporate debt securities 2,046,697 2,836 (44,770 ) 2,004,763 Asset-backed securities 116,764 56 (203 ) 116,617 Residential mortgage-backed securities 265,879 161 (8,392 ) 257,648 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 237,304 162 (3,975 ) 233,491 Collateralized loan obligations 61,345 3 (1,148 ) 60,200 Debt securities issued by foreign sovereign governments 29,359 2,474 (102 ) 31,731 Total debt securities 4,684,148 41,235 (67,822 ) 4,657,561 Equity securities 5,625 38 (18 ) 5,645 Total investment portfolio $ 4,689,773 $ 41,273 $ (67,840 ) $ 4,663,206 December 31, 2014 (In thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 349,153 $ 2,752 $ (5,130 ) $ 346,775 Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions 844,942 12,961 (2,761 ) 855,142 Corporate debt securities 2,418,991 16,325 (10,035 ) 2,425,281 Asset-backed securities 286,260 535 (140 ) 286,655 Residential mortgage-backed securities 329,983 254 (9,000 ) 321,237 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 276,215 1,221 (2,158 ) 275,278 Collateralized loan obligations 61,340 — (1,264 ) 60,076 Debt securities issued by foreign sovereign governments 35,630 3,540 — 39,170 Total debt securities 4,602,514 37,588 (30,488 ) 4,609,614 Equity securities 3,003 61 (9 ) 3,055 Total investment portfolio $ 4,605,517 $ 37,649 $ (30,497 ) $ 4,612,669 (1) There were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 . Our foreign investments primarily consist of the investment portfolio supporting our Australian domiciled subsidiary. The portfolio is comprised of Australian government and semi government securities, representing 87% of the market value of our foreign investments with the remaining 7% invested in corporate securities and 6% in cash equivalents. Eighty-nine percent of the Australian portfolio is rated AAA, by one or more of Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings, and the remaining 11% is rated AA. As of December 31, 2015 , the investment portfolio fair value in our Australian operations was approximately $34 million . The amortized cost and fair values of debt securities as of December 31, 2015 , by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Because most asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations provide for periodic payments throughout their lives, they are listed below in separate categories. December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 280,697 $ 281,063 Due after one year through five years 1,450,854 1,450,315 Due after five years through ten years 1,207,011 1,176,468 Due after ten years 1,064,294 1,081,759 4,002,856 3,989,605 Asset-backed securities 116,764 116,617 Residential mortgage-backed securities 265,879 257,648 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 237,304 233,491 Collateralized loan obligations 61,345 60,200 Total as of December 31, 2015 $ 4,684,148 $ 4,657,561 At December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $67.8 million and $30.5 million , respectively. For those securities in an unrealized loss position, the length of time the securities were in such a position, as measured by their month-end fair values, is as follows: December 31, 2015 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total (In thousands) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 60,548 $ (1,467 ) $ 1,923 $ (475 ) $ 62,471 $ (1,942 ) Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions 417,615 (6,404 ) 37,014 (886 ) 454,629 (7,290 ) Corporate debt securities 1,470,628 (38,519 ) 114,982 (6,251 ) 1,585,610 (44,770 ) Asset-backed securities 86,604 (173 ) 5,546 (30 ) 92,150 (203 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 35,064 (312 ) 209,882 (8,080 ) 244,946 (8,392 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 134,488 (2,361 ) 69,927 (1,614 ) 204,415 (3,975 ) Collateralized loan obligations — — 51,750 (1,148 ) 51,750 (1,148 ) Debt securities issued by foreign sovereign governments 4,463 (102 ) — — 4,463 (102 ) Equity securities 355 (8 ) 171 (10 ) 526 (18 ) Total investment portfolio $ 2,209,765 $ (49,346 ) $ 491,195 $ (18,494 ) $ 2,700,960 $ (67,840 ) December 31, 2014 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total (In thousands) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 58,166 $ (138 ) $ 232,351 $ (4,992 ) $ 290,517 $ (5,130 ) Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions 166,408 (1,066 ) 114,465 (1,695 ) 280,873 (2,761 ) Corporate debt securities 816,555 (5,259 ) 243,208 (4,776 ) 1,059,763 (10,035 ) Asset-backed securities 54,491 (80 ) 11,895 (60 ) 66,386 (140 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 24,168 (34 ) 263,002 (8,966 ) 287,170 (9,000 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 89,301 (810 ) 110,652 (1,348 ) 199,953 (2,158 ) Collateralized loan obligations — — 60,076 (1,264 ) 60,076 (1,264 ) Debt securities issued by foreign sovereign governments — — — — — — Equity securities 167 (1 ) 235 (8 ) 402 (9 ) Total investment portfolio $ 1,209,256 $ (7,388 ) $ 1,035,884 $ (23,109 ) $ 2,245,140 $ (30,497 ) The unrealized losses in all categories of our investments as of December 31, 2015 were primarily caused by the difference in interest rates at December 31, 2015 compared to interest rates at the time of purchase. There were 303 and 423 securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. As of December 31, 2015 , the fair value as a percent of amortized cost of the securities in an unrealized loss position was 98% and approximately 15% of the securities in an unrealized loss position were backed by the U.S. Government. There were no other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses in earnings during 2015 . We recognized OTTI losses of $0.1 million and $0.3 million during 2014 and 2013 , respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , there were no credit losses recognized in earnings for which a portion of an OTTI loss was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The source of net investment income is as follows: (In thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturities $ 105,882 $ 89,437 $ 82,168 Equity securities 208 227 229 Cash equivalents 191 179 353 Other 455 711 675 Investment income 106,736 90,554 83,425 Investment expenses (2,995 ) (2,907 ) (2,686 ) Net investment income $ 103,741 $ 87,647 $ 80,739 The net realized investment gains, including impairment losses, and change in net unrealized gains (losses) of investments are as follows: (In thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Net realized investment gains on investments: Fixed maturities $ 28,335 $ 1,000 $ 3,274 Equity securities 26 356 1,068 Other — 1 1,389 Total net realized investment gains $ 28,361 $ 1,357 $ 5,731 Change in net unrealized gains (losses): Fixed maturities $ (33,687 ) $ 91,718 $ (126,020 ) Equity securities (32 ) 66 (153 ) Other — — — Total (decrease) increase in net unrealized gains/losses $ (33,719 ) $ 91,784 $ (126,173 ) The gross realized gains, gross realized losses and impairment losses are as follows: (In thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Gross realized gains $ 30,039 $ 4,966 $ 11,043 Gross realized losses (1,678 ) (3,465 ) (4,984 ) Other-than-temporary-impairment losses — (144 ) (328 ) Net realized gains on securities $ 28,361 $ 1,357 $ 5,731 We had $18.9 million and $20.2 million of investments at fair value on deposit with various states as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively, due to regulatory requirements of those state insurance departments. |