Organization and Significant Accounting Policies | ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Organization Natus Medical Incorporated (“Natus”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”) was incorporated in California in May 1987 and reincorporated in Delaware in August 2000. Natus is a leading provider of healthcare products used for the screening, detection, treatment, monitoring and tracking of common medical ailments in newborn care, hearing impairment, neurological dysfunction, epilepsy, sleep disorders, and balance and mobility disorders. Product offerings include computerized neurodiagnostic systems for audiology, neurology, polysomnography, and neonatology, as well as newborn care products such as hearing screening systems, phototherapy devices for the treatment of newborn jaundice, head-cooling products for the treatment of brain injury in newborns, incubators to control the newborn’s environment, and software systems for managing and tracking disorders and diseases for public health laboratories. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications to the prior periods have been made to conform to the current period presentation. The consolidated statements of income for 2014 and 2013 reflect reclassifications from Cost of revenue to Intangibles amortization, from Marketing and selling, Research and development, and General and administrative to Intangible amortization, and from General and administrative to Restructuring. In 2015, there have been no adjustments to previously reported net income or shareholder's equity. Refer to Note 21 for discussion of immaterial corrections identified and reported in 2014. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include allowances for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, intangible assets, goodwill, share-based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for warranty obligations, and the provision for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue recognition Revenue, net of discounts, is recognized from sales of medical devices and supplies, including sales to distributors, when the following conditions have been met: a purchase order has been received, title has transferred, the selling price is fixed or determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Terms of sale for most domestic sales are FOB origin, reflecting that title and risk of loss are assumed by the purchaser at the shipping point; however, terms of sale for some neurology, sleep-diagnostic, and head cooling systems are FOB destination, reflecting that title and risk of loss are assumed by the purchaser upon delivery. Terms of sales to international distributors are generally EXW, reflecting that goods are shipped “ex works,” in which title and risk of loss are assumed by the distributor at the shipping point. For products shipped under FOB origin or EXW terms, delivery is generally considered to have occurred when the product is shipped. Freight charges billed to customers are included in revenue and freight-related expenses are charged to cost of revenue. We generally do not provide rights of return on products. For products containing embedded software, we have determined that the hardware and software components function together to deliver the products’ essential functionality, and therefore, the revenue from the sale of these products does not fall within the scope of the software revenue recognition rules. Our revenue recognition policies for sales of these products are substantially the same as for our other tangible products. Revenue from sales of certain of our products that remain within the scope of the software revenue recognition rules under ASC Subtopic 985-605 is not significant. Revenue from extended service and maintenance agreements, for both medical devices and data management systems, is recognized ratably over the service period. Revenue from installation or training services is deferred until such time service is provided. Certain revenue transactions include multiple element arrangements. We allocate revenue in these arrangements to each unit of accounting using the relative selling price method. The selling prices used during the allocation process are based on vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) if available, third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available, or estimated selling price ("ESP") if neither VSOE or TPE is available. Group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”) negotiate volume purchase prices for member hospitals, group practices, and other clinics. Our agreements with GPOs typically contain preferential terms for the GPO and its members, including provisions for some, if not all, of the following: • Payment of marketing fees by Natus to the GPO, usually based on purchasing experience of group members; and • Non-recourse cancellation provisions. We do not sell products to GPOs. Hospitals, group practices, and other clinics that are members of a GPO purchase products directly from us under the terms negotiated by the GPO. Negotiated pricing and discounts are recognized as a reduction of the selling price of products at the time of the sale. Revenue from sales to members of GPOs is otherwise consistent with general revenue recognition policies as previously described. Inventory Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or market, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method. The carrying value of our inventories is reduced for any difference between cost and estimated market value of inventories that is determined to be obsolete or unmarketable, based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Adjustments to the value of our inventory establish a new cost basis and are considered permanent even if circumstances later suggest that increased carrying amounts are recoverable. If demand is higher than expected, we may sell inventory that had previously been written down. Carrying value of intangible assets and goodwill We amortize intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives; any future changes that would limit their useful lives or any determination that these assets are carried at amounts greater than their estimated fair value could result in additional charges. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment analysis, which is performed as of October 1st; this assessment is also performed whenever there is a change in circumstances that indicates the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. In 2015 and 2014, we performed qualitative assessments to test our reporting units’ goodwill for impairment. Qualitative factors considered in this assessment include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and other relevant events and factors affecting each reporting unit. Based on our qualitative assessment, we determined that the fair value of each reporting unit was more likely than not to be greater than its carrying amount, and no impairment was recognized. In 2013 we performed a two-step impairment test on our goodwill. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. We use a projected discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is not required. The second step, if required, compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The fair value of a reporting unit is allocated to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit (including any unrecognized intangible assets) as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the price paid to acquire the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Prior to the assignment of definite lives to our tradenames in the second quarter of 2015 (See Note 6 - Intangible Assets ), we tested indefinite lived intangibles for impairment by comparing the carrying value of those assets to be fair value as of the assessment date. We used the relief from royalty method to determine the fair value of the assets. This analysis is dependent upon a number of quantitative and qualitative factors including estimates of forecasted revenue, royalty rate, and taxes. The discount rate applied also has an impact on the estimates of fair value, as use of a higher rate will result in a lower estimate of fair value. As of the October 1, 2014 and 2013 testing dates, we determined that certain trade names were impaired and we recorded impairment charges of $0.6 million and $1.5 million , respectively. Goodwill impairment analysis and measurement is a process that requires significant judgment. Future changes in the judgments and estimates underlying our analysis of goodwill for possible impairment, including expected future cash flows and discount rate, could result in a significantly different estimate of the fair value of the reporting units and could result in additional impairment of goodwill. Long lived assets We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that carrying amounts of its long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess the recoverability by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of these assets, we will recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Liability for product warranties We provide a warranty with our products that is generally one year in length and in some cases, regulations may require us to provide repair or remediation beyond our typical warranty period. If any of our products contain defects, we may be required to incur additional repair and remediation costs. Service for domestic customers is provided by Company-owned service centers that perform all service, repair, and calibration services. Service for international customers is provided by a combination of Company-owned facilities and vendors on a contract basis. A warranty reserve is included in accrued liabilities for the expected future costs of servicing products. Additions to the reserve are based on management’s best estimate of probable liability. We consider a combination of factors including material and labor costs, regulatory requirements, and other judgments in determining the amount of the reserve. The reserve is reduced as costs are incurred to honor existing warranty and regulatory obligations. Share-based compensation We recognize share-based compensation expense associated with employee stock options under the single-option straight line method over the requisite service period, which is generally a four -year vesting period pursuant to ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation . See Note 12 of our Consolidated Financial Statements. For employee stock options, the value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of freely traded options. Similar to other option pricing models, the Black-Scholes method requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including stock price volatility. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the estimated fair value of our employee stock options. We recognize share-based compensation associated with Restricted Stock Awards ("RSA") and Restricted Stock Units ("RSU"). RSAs and RSUs vest ratably over a three -year period for employees. RSAs and RSUs for executives vest over a four -year period; 50% on the second anniversary of the vesting start date and 25% on each of the third and fourth anniversaries of the vesting date. The value is estimated based on the market value of our commons stock on the date of issuance pursuant to ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. We issue new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSAs and RSUs. Forfeitures of employee stock options and awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Share-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures, such that expense is recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest. The cash flow from the tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for employee options (excess tax benefits) is classified as a cash inflow from financing activities and a cash outflow from operating activities in our Statements of Cash Flows. We treat tax deductions from certain stock option exercises as being realized when they reduce taxes payable in accordance with relevant tax law. Cash Equivalents All highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We estimate our allowance for estimated uncollectible accounts receivable based on historical collection experience within the markets in which we operate and other customer-specific information, such as bankruptcy filings or liquidity problems of customers. When all internal efforts have been exhausted to collect the receivable, it is written off and relieved from the reserve. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Cash is reported at its fair value on the balance sheet dates. The recorded carrying amounts of accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are three to five years for office furniture and equipment, three to five years for computer software and hardware, three years for demonstration and loaned equipment, and 30 to 40 years for buildings. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life. Land is not depreciated. Costs associated with acquiring and installing software to be used for internal purposes are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over three years. Research & Development Costs Costs incurred in research and development are charged to operations as incurred. Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We record net deferred tax assets to the extent we believe it is more likely than not that the assets will be realized. In making such determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance which would reduce the provision for income taxes. We recognize the tax benefit of uncertain tax positions in the financial statements in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Tax. When the tax position is deemed more likely than not of being sustained, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being ultimately realized upon settlement, in accordance with ASC 740-10-05. Foreign Currency The functional currency of our subsidiaries outside of North America is generally the local currency of the country where the subsidiary is located. Accordingly, foreign currency translation adjustments relating to the translation of foreign subsidiary financial statements are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. We recorded $8.4 million , $11.2 million , and $2.0 million of foreign currency translation losses for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Gains and losses from transactions denominated in currencies other than our functional currencies are included in other income and expense. In 2015, 2014, and 2013, net foreign currency transaction losses were $1.4 million , $37,000 , and $1.4 million , respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses result primarily from fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Argentine Peso, British Pound, and Danish Kroner. Comprehensive Income We report by major components and as a single total the change in our net assets during the period from non-owner sources in accordance with ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income has been included with the consolidated statements of operations. Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of translation gains and losses on foreign subsidiary financial statements. Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share We compute net income per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings per Share. Basic net income per share is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Common stock equivalents are options granted and shares of restricted stock issued under our stock awards plans and are calculated under the treasury stock method. Common equivalent shares from unexercised stock options and restricted stock are excluded from the computation when there is a loss as their effect is anti-dilutive, or if the exercise price of such options is greater than the average market price of the stock for the period. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2014-09 requires revenue recognition to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a new revenue recognition model that requires identifying the contract, identifying the performance obligations, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. The original effective date for ASU 2014-09 would have required us to adopt beginning in its first quarter of 2017. In July 2015, the FASB voted to amend ASU 2014-09 by approving a one-year deferral of the effective date as well as providing the option to early adopt the standard on the original effective date. Accordingly, we may adopt the standard in either our first quarter of 2017 or our first quarter of 2018. The new revenue standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. We are currently evaluating the timing of its adoption and the impact of adopting the new revenue standard on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classifications of Deferred Taxes. This update requires an entity to classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as non-current within a classified statement of financial position. ASU 2015-17 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. This update may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. We elected early application prospectively in the beginning of the fourth quarter 2015. Prior periods in the consolidated financial statements were not retrospectively adjusted. As a result, $14.2 million of current deferred tax assets were reported as non-current deferred tax assets. |