| Organization and Significant Accounting Policies | ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Organization Natus Medical Incorporated (“Natus”, the “Company”) was incorporated in California in May 1987 and reincorporated in Delaware in August 2000. Natus is a leading provider of neurology, newborn care, and hearing and balance assessment healthcare products and services used for the screening, diagnosis, detection, treatment, monitoring and tracking of common medical ailments in newborn care, hearing impairment, neurological dysfunction, epilepsy, sleep disorders, neuromuscular diseases and balance and mobility disorders. Product offerings include computerized neurodiagnostic systems for audiology, neurology, polysomnography, and neonatology, as well as newborn care products such as hearing screening systems, phototherapy devices for the treatment of newborn jaundice, head-cooling products for the treatment of brain injury in newborns, incubators to control the newborn’s environment, software systems for managing and tracking disorders and diseases for public health laboratories, computer-based audiological, otoneurologic and vestibular instrumentation and sound rooms for hearing and balance care professionals. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications to the prior periods have been made to conform to the current period presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include allowances for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, intangible assets, goodwill, share-based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for warranty obligations, and the provision for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of devices, supplies, or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. For the majority of devices and supplies, the Company transfers control and recognizes revenue when products ship from the warehouse to the customer. The Company generally does not provide rights of return on devices and supplies. Freight charges billed to customers are included in revenue and freight-related expenses are charged to cost of revenue. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, the Company may also defer the recognition of a portion of the consideration received because it has to satisfy a future obligation (e.g. installation). Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation. The Company’s estimate of SSP is a point estimate. The estimate is calculated annually for each performance obligation that is not sold separately. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the Company does not sell the product or service separately, the SSP is determined using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The Company sells separately-priced service contracts that extend maintenance coverages for both medical devices and data management systems beyond the base agreements to customers. The separately priced service contracts range from 12 months to 36 months. The Company receives payment at the inception of the contract and recognizes revenue ratably over the service period. For products containing embedded software, the Company determined the hardware and software components function together to deliver the products' essential functionality and are considered a combined performance obligation. Revenue recognition policies for sales of these products are substantially the same as for other tangible products. Inventory Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method. The carrying value of the Company's inventories is reduced for any difference between cost and estimated net realizable value of the inventory. We determine net realizable value by evaluating ending inventories for excess quantities, obsolescence, and other factors that could impact our ability to consume inventory for its intended use. Our evaluation of includes an analysis of historical sales by product, projections of future demand by product, and an analysis of obsolescence by product. Adjustments to the value of inventory establish a new cost basis and are considered permanent even if circumstances later suggest that increased carrying amounts are recoverable. If demand is higher than expected, Natus may sell inventory that had previously been written down. Intangible assets The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives over the estimate of their useful lives. Any future changes that would limit their useful lives or any determination that these assets are carried at amounts greater than their estimated fair value could result in acceleration of amortization over a revised useful life. The Company reviews intangible assets with finite lives for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the finite-lived intangible assets is assessed based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, the finite-lived intangible assets are considered to be impaired. The amount of the impairment loss, if any, is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the asset and its fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of finite-lived intangible assets by using an income approach or, when available and appropriate, using a market approach. During the fourth quarter of 2018 the Company recorded impairment charges related to intangible assets of $8.2 million ( See Note 6 - Intangible Assets ). Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment analysis, which is performed as of October 1st; this assessment is also performed whenever there is a change in circumstances that indicates the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. As the result of organizational changes at the end of 2018, the Company's evaluation of our GND reporting unit, which is part of our Neuro business unit, was determined to be impaired. Prior to calculating the goodwill impairment loss, we analyzed the recoverability of GND long-lived assets (other than goodwill). As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $14.8 million within restructuring expense on the Company's income statement. There is no remaining goodwill in the GND reporting unit as of December 31, 2018. In 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company performed a qualitative assessment to test goodwill for impairment. Qualitative factors considered in this assessment include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and other relevant events and factors affecting each reporting unit. Based on the qualitative assessment, the Company determined that the fair value was more likely than not to be greater than its carrying amount, and no further analysis was needed. If the fair value was less than its carrying amount, the Company would perform a two-step impairment test on goodwill. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The Company uses a projected discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is not required. The second step, if required, compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The fair value of a reporting unit is allocated to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit (including any unrecognized intangible assets) as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the price paid to acquire the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Long lived assets The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that carrying amounts of its long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, the Company will assess the recoverability by determining whether the carrying value of an asset group will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company will recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Liability for product warranties The Company provides a warranty for products that is generally one year in length. In some cases, regulations may require the Company to provide repair or remediation beyond the typical warranty period. If any products contain defects, the Company may be required to incur additional repair and remediation costs. Service for domestic customers is provided by Company-owned service centers that perform all service, repair, and calibration services. Service for international customers is provided by a combination of Company-owned facilities and vendors on a contract basis. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale based on historical experience. A warranty reserve is included in accrued liabilities for the expected future costs of servicing products. Additions to the reserve are based on management’s best estimate of probable liability. The Company considers a combination of factors including material and labor costs, regulatory requirements, and other judgments in determining the amount of the reserve. The reserve is reduced as costs are incurred to honor existing warranty and regulatory obligations. Share-based compensation The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense associated with employee stock options under the single-option straight line method over the requisite service period, which is generally a four -year vesting period and ten -year contractual term pursuant to ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation . See Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. For employee stock options, the value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of freely traded options. Similar to other option pricing models, the Black-Scholes method requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including stock price volatility. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the estimated fair value of the employee stock options. The Company recognizes share-based compensation associated with Restricted Stock Awards (“RSA”) and Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”). RSAs and RSUs vest ratably over a three -year period for employees. RSAs and RSUs for executives vest over a four -year period; 50% on the second anniversary of the awarded date and 25% on each of the third and fourth anniversaries. RSAs and RSUs for non-employees (Board of Directors) vest over a one -year period; 100% on the first anniversary. The value is estimated based on the market value of Natus common stock on the date of issuance pursuant to ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. In 2018, the Company granted performance share unit ("PSU") awards to certain employees. These PSUs fully vest on December 31, 2020. Stock-based compensation for the awards is recognized over the requisite service period beginning on the date of grant through the end of the performance period based on the number of PSUs expected to vest under the awards at the end of the performance period. The expected amount of vesting is determined using certain performance measures. In addition, the PSUs awarded may be subject to downward or upward adjustment depending on the total shareholder return achieved by the Company during the particular performance period related to the PSUs, relative to total shareholder return of our identified peer group. The Company used a third-party service provider to estimate the fair value of the PSUs at grant date by using a Monte Carlo simulation model. This model simulates the stock price movements of the Company and peer group constituents using certain assumptions, including the stock price of the company and peer group constituents. The Company issues new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSAs and RSUs. Forfeitures of employee stock options and awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Share-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures, such that expense is recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest. Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments All highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. Investments with maturities greater than one year are classified as current because management considers all investments to be available for current operations. Cash equivalents and investments are stated at amounts that approximate fair value based on quoted market prices. The Company's investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. Such investments are recorded at fair value and unrealized holding gains and losses are reported as a separate component of comprehensive income until realized. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments, if any, are determined on the specific identification method and are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to results of operations as other income (expense). Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company estimates the allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable based on historical collection experience within the markets in which the Company operates and other customer-specific information, such as bankruptcy filings or customer liquidity problems. When all internal efforts have been exhausted to collect the receivable, it is written off and relieved from the reserve. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Cash is reported at its fair value on the balance sheet dates. The recorded carrying amounts of investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate the fair values due to the short-term maturities. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are three to ten years for office furniture and equipment, three to five years or the length of the license for computer software and hardware, three to five years for demonstration and loaned equipment, and 30 to 40 years for buildings. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life. Land is not depreciated. Costs associated with acquiring and installing software to be used for internal purposes are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over three years. Research & Development Costs Costs incurred in research and development are charged to operations as incurred. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements carrying value of assets and liabilities and the tax basis of those assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not that the assets will be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. To the extent that previously reserved deferred tax assets are estimated to be realizable, the Company adjusts the valuation allowance which reduces the provision for income taxes. The Company recognizes the tax benefit of uncertain tax positions in the financial statements as defined in ASC Topic 740, Income Tax. When the tax position is deemed more likely than not of being sustained, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being ultimately realized upon settlement, as defined in ASC 740-10-05. On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, Income Taxes . In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. The conclusion to the SAB118 period is further discussed in Note 17 - Income Taxes. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries outside of North America is generally the local currency of the country where the subsidiary is located. Accordingly, foreign currency translation adjustments relating to the translation of foreign subsidiary financial statements are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Company recorded $(14.4) million , $21.5 million , and $(5.0) million of foreign currency translation gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Gains and losses from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies are included in other income and expense. In 2018, 2017, and 2016, net foreign currency transaction gains (losses) were $(0.8) million, $1.0 million, and $(0.4) million, respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses result primarily from fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, Euro, British pound, and Danish kroner. Effective July 1, 2018, Argentina's economy is considered to be highly inflationary under U.S. GAAP since it has experienced a rate of general inflation in excess of 100% over the latest three-year period, based upon the cumulative inflation rates published by Center for Audit Quality (CAQ) SEC Regulations Committee and its International Practices Task Force (IPTF). As a result, beginning July 1, 2018, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency for the Company's subsidiary in Argentina, Medix I.C.S.A. (“Medix”). Accordingly, all gains and losses resulting from the translation of the Company's Argentinian operations are required to be recorded directly in the statement of operations. Through June 30, 2018, prior to being designated as highly inflationary, currency translation adjustments of Medix's balance sheet are reflected in shareholders' equity as part of Other Comprehensive Income; however subsequent to July 1, 2018, such adjustments are reflected in earnings. Currency adjustments recorded in earnings for Medix subsequent to July 1, 2018 represented a gain of $0.9 million . Comprehensive Income The Company reports by major components and as a single total the change in net assets during the period from non-owner sources as defined in ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income has been included with the consolidated statements of operations. Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of translation gains and losses on foreign subsidiary financial statements as well as unrealized gains and losses on investments. Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share Natus computes net income per share as defined in ASC Topic 260, Earnings per Share. Basic net income per share is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Common stock equivalents are options granted and shares of restricted stock issued under the stock awards plans and are calculated under the treasury stock method. Common equivalent shares from unexercised stock options and restricted stock are excluded from the computation when there is a loss as the effect is anti-dilutive, or if the exercise price of such options is greater than the average market price of the stock for the period. Recent Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance. The standard's core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard creates a five-step model to achieve its core principle: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction's price to the separate performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In addition, entities must disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required about: (i) the entity's contracts with customers; (ii) the significant judgments, and changes in judgments, made in applying the guidance to those contracts; and (iii) any assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer. The Company adopted the new revenue standard on January 1, 2018, without any material impact to its accounting policies or its reported results. The Company utilized the modified retrospective method of transition and applied a practical expedient permitting the Company to not disclose the consideration allocated to the remaining performance obligations or an explanation of when the Company expects to recognize revenue for all reporting periods presented before January 1, 2018, the date of initial application. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update is to remove the prohibition in ASC 740 against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. Under the ASU, the selling entity is required to recognize any current tax expense or benefit upon transfer of the asset. Similarly, the purchasing entity is required to recognize a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability, as well as the related deferred tax benefit or expense, upon receipt of the asset. The Company adopted this guidance on a modified retrospective basis on January 1, 2018, recognizing a charge to retained earnings of approximately $3.9 million which reflects the unamortized portion of the deferred tax asset for both the consideration as well as the reserve. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805). This update is to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisition (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affected many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. The adoption of this guidance prospectively on January 1, 2018 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. This update provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. The adoption of this guidance prospectively on January 1, 2018 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This update amends and simplifies existing hedge accounting guidance and allows for more hedging strategies to be eligible for hedge accounting. In addition, the ASU amends disclosure requirements and how hedge effectiveness is assessed. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2017-12. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This update simplifies the accounting for share-based payments made to non-employees so the accounting for such payments is substantially the same as those made to employees. Under this ASU, share based awards to non-employees will be measured at fair value on the grant date of the awards. Entities will need to assess the probability of satisfying performance conditions if any are present, and awards will continue to be classified according to ASC 718 upon vesting. This eliminates the need to reassess classification upon vesting, consistent with awards granted to employees. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-07 effective July 1, 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Recent Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This standard requires lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases to be presented in the statement of financial position. Qualitative along with specific quantitative disclosures are required by lessees and lessors to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 including interim periods within those fiscal years. In July 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, which affects narrow aspects of the guidance issued in the amendments in Update 2016-02. In July 2018, the FASB also issued ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide additional clarification and implementation guidance on certain aspects of the previously issued ASU 2016-02 and have the same effective and transition requirements as ASU 2016-02. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We expect to elect the ‘package of practical expedients,' which permits us not to reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. We have not elected the use-of-hindsight practical expedient or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements; the latter not being applicable to us. We will make an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet. We will recognize those lease payments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The new standard is effective for Natus on January 1, 2019. The Company expects to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective transition method and use the effective date as our date of initial application. The Company has substantially completed its evaluation of the impact on the Company’s lease portfolio. The Company believes the largest impact will be on the consolidated balance sheet for the accounting of facilities-related leases, which represents a majority of its operating leases it has entered into as a lessee. These leases will be recognized under the new standard as ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $27.5 million of undiscounted future minimum operating lease commitments that are not recognized on its consolidated balance sheets as determined under the current standard. By electing the effective date as our date of initial application, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for periods prior to January 1, 2019. While substantially complete, the Company is still in the process of finalizing its evaluation of the effect of ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures. The Company will finalize its accounting assessment and quantitative impact of the adoption during the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. As the Company completes its evaluation of this new standard, new information may arise that could change the Company’s current understanding of the impact to leases. Additionally, the Company will continue to monitor industry activities and any additional guidance provided by regulators, standards setters, or the accounting profession, and adjust the Company’s assessment and implementation plans accordingly. We do not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings. The Company does not believe the new standard will impact on our liquidity. The standard is also not expected to impact our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). This update modifies the concept of impairment from the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value to the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. An entity no longer will determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Because these amendments eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, they should reduce the cost and complexity of evaluating goodwill for impairment. ASU 2017-04 is effective for the Company's annual and any interim goodwill impairment tests performed on or after January 1, 2020. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU |
