| Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans | Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Mid Penn adopted the amendments of FASB ASU 2016-13, on January 1, 2023. The amendments of ASU 2016-13 created FASB ASC Topic 326, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses," which, among other things, replace much of the guidance and disclosures previously provided in FASB ASC Topic 310, "Receivables." The guidance in FASB ASC Topic 326 replaces the incurred loss methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to determine credit losses. In accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 326-20, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measured at Amortized Cost," Mid Penn has developed an ACL methodology effective January 1, 2023, which replaced its previous allowance for loan losses methodology. See the section captioned "Allowance for Credit Losses, effective January 1, 2023" within this note for additional information regarding Mid Penn’s ACL. Loans, net of unearned income, are summarized as follows by portfolio segment: (In thousands) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Commercial real estate CRE Nonowner Occupied $ 1,187,050 $ 1,149,553 CRE Owner Occupied 623,756 629,904 Multifamily 374,175 309,059 Farmland 213,002 212,690 Total Commercial real estate 2,397,983 2,301,206 Commercial and industrial 692,703 675,079 Construction Residential Construction 105,676 92,843 Other Construction 348,289 362,624 Total Construction 453,965 455,467 Residential mortgage 1-4 Family 1st Lien 327,302 339,142 1-4 Family Rental 351,554 341,937 HELOC and Junior Liens 134,686 132,795 Total Residential Mortgage 813,542 813,874 Consumer 6,368 7,166 Total loans $ 4,364,561 $ 4,252,792 Total loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for net deferred fees and costs. Net deferred loan fees of $3.8 million and $4.2 million reduced the carrying value of loans as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is not included in the amortized cost basis of Mid Penn's loans. Accrued interest receivable for loans totaled $24.0 million and $22.1 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, with no related ACL and was reported in other assets Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the past due status as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are summarized as follows: (In thousands) 30-59 60-89 Greater Total Past Current Total Loans Loans June 30, 2024 Commercial real estate CRE Nonowner Occupied $ 7,850 $ — $ 2,074 $ 9,924 $ 1,177,126 $ 1,187,050 $ — CRE Owner Occupied 693 — 955 1,648 622,108 623,756 — Multifamily — — — — 374,175 374,175 — Farmland 505 — — 505 212,497 213,002 — Total Commercial real estate 9,048 — 3,029 12,077 2,385,906 2,397,983 — Commercial and industrial 493 414 1,548 2,455 690,248 692,703 — Construction Residential Construction — — — — 105,676 105,676 — Other Construction — — — — 348,289 348,289 — Total Construction — — — — 453,965 453,965 — Residential mortgage 1-4 Family 1st Lien 5,258 41 762 6,061 321,241 327,302 — 1-4 Family Rental 69 — 301 370 351,184 351,554 — HELOC and Junior Liens 1,424 1,077 1,157 3,658 131,028 134,686 — Total Residential Mortgage 6,751 1,118 2,220 10,089 803,453 813,542 — Consumer 42 — — 42 6,326 6,368 — Total $ 16,334 $ 1,532 $ 6,797 $ 24,663 $ 4,339,898 $ 4,364,561 $ — (In thousands) 30-59 60-89 Greater Total Past Current Total Loans Loans December 31, 2023 Commercial real estate CRE Nonowner Occupied $ 3,339 $ 682 $ 2,115 $ 6,136 $ 1,143,417 $ 1,149,553 $ — CRE Owner Occupied 1,734 — 859 2,593 627,311 629,904 — Multifamily — — — — 309,059 309,059 — Farmland — — — — 212,690 212,690 — Total Commercial real estate 5,073 682 2,974 8,729 2,292,477 2,301,206 — Commercial and industrial 638 24 1,270 1,932 673,147 675,079 — Construction Residential Construction — 270 303 573 92,270 92,843 — Other Construction — — 2,256 2,256 360,368 362,624 — Total Construction — 270 2,559 2,829 452,638 455,467 — Residential mortgage 1-4 Family 1st Lien 1,554 217 847 2,618 336,524 339,142 — 1-4 Family Rental 2,520 — 644 3,164 338,773 341,937 — HELOC and Junior Liens 574 50 1,027 1,651 131,144 132,795 — Total Residential Mortgage 4,648 267 2,518 7,433 806,441 813,874 — Consumer 41 31 — 72 7,094 7,166 — Total $ 10,400 $ 1,274 $ 9,321 $ 20,995 $ 4,231,797 $ 4,252,792 $ — Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management determines that the full repayment of principal and collection of interest according to contractual terms is no longer likely, generally when the loan becomes 90 days or more past due. Nonaccrual loans by loan portfolio class, including loans acquired with credit deterioration, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 (In thousands) With a Related Allowance Without a Related Allowance Total With a Related Allowance Without a Related Allowance Total Commercial real estate CRE Nonowner Occupied 354 2,221 2,575 361 4,144 4,505 CRE Owner Occupied — 1,642 1,642 — 1,909 1,909 Multifamily 88 77 165 93 80 173 Total Commercial real estate 442 3,940 4,382 454 6,133 6,587 Commercial and industrial 1,104 1,355 2,459 1,222 64 1,286 Construction Residential Construction — — — — 303 303 Other Construction — — — — 2,256 2,256 Total Construction — — — — 2,559 2,559 Residential mortgage 1-4 Family 1st Lien — 1,530 1,530 — 1,875 1,875 1-4 Family Rental — 348 348 2 699 701 HELOC and Junior Liens — 1,280 1,280 — 1,208 1,208 Total Residential Mortgage $ — $ — $ 3,158 $ 3,158 $ 2 $ 3,782 $ 3,784 Consumer — — — — — — Total loans $ 1,546 $ 8,453 $ 9,999 $ 1,678 $ 12,538 $ 14,216 The amount of interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was approximately $132 thousand and $281 thousand during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was approximately $291 thousand and $463 thousand, respectively. Credit Quality Indicators Mid Penn categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. On a minimum of a quarterly basis, Mid Penn analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to their credit risk. The following table presents risk ratings by loan portfolio segment and origination year, which is the year of origination or renewal. PASS - This type of classification consists of 6 subcategories: Nominal Risk / Pass - This loan classification is a credit extension of the highest quality. Moderate Risk / Pass - This type of classification has strong financial ratios, substantial debt capacity, and low leverage with a very favorable comparison to industry peers or better than average improving trends are necessary to be in this classification. Good Acceptable Risk / Pass - The Borrower in this rating classification is a reasonable credit risk having financial ratios on par with its peers and demonstrates slightly improving trends over time; they list good quality assets and fairly low leverage plus ample debt capacity. Average Acceptable Risk / Pass - This type of classification has financial ratios and assets are of above average quality, the leverage is worse than average compared to industry standards; the Borrower should have a good repayment history and possess consistent earnings with some growth. Marginally Acceptable Risk / Pass - This type of classification has financial ratios consistent with industry averages, assets of average quality with ascertainable values, acceptable leverage, moderate capital assets and an acceptable reliance on trade debt; the Borrower demonstrates marginally adequate earnings, cash flow and debt service plus positive trends. Weak/Monitor Risk (Watch list) / Pass - This type of classification has financial ratios are slightly below standard industry averages and assets are below average quality with unstable values; fixed assets could be near or at the end of their useful life plus liabilities may not match the asset structure. SPECIAL MENTION - These credits have developing weaknesses deserving extra attention from the lender and lending management. They are currently protected, but potentially weak. The weakness may be, cash flow, leverage, liquidity, management, industry or other factors which may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank’s credit position at some future date. SUBSTANDARD - These credit extensions also have well defined weaknesses, which are inadequately protected by the current worth and debt service capacity of the Borrowers, or the collateral pledged, if any. The repayment of principal and interest as originally intended can be jeopardized by defined weaknesses related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market or political conditions. DOUBTFUL - These credits have definite weaknesses inherent in Substandard loans with added characteristics that are severe enough to make further collection in full highly questionable and improbable based on the current trends. LOSS . These loans are considered uncollectible and no longer a viable asset of the Bank. They lack an identifiable source of repayment based on an inability to generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt. All trends are negative and the damage to the financial condition of the Borrower can’t be reversed now or in the near future. June 30, 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans Amortized (In thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total CRE Nonowner Occupied Pass $ 37,757 $ 123,658 $ 352,395 $ 155,832 $ 137,304 $ 338,754 $ 13,338 $ 1,159,038 Special mention $ — $ — $ 286 $ — $ — $ 8,563 $ — $ 8,849 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,186 $ 15,977 $ — $ 19,163 Total CRE Nonowner Occupied $ 37,757 $ 123,658 $ 352,681 $ 155,832 $ 140,490 $ 363,294 $ 13,338 $ 1,187,050 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — CRE Owner Occupied Pass $ 22,571 $ 95,962 $ 112,787 $ 69,370 $ 84,057 $ 217,751 $ 12,469 $ 614,967 Special mention $ — $ — $ 4,197 $ — $ — $ 1,196 $ — $ 5,393 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ 202 $ — $ 3,194 $ — $ 3,396 Total CRE Owner Occupied $ 22,571 $ 95,962 $ 116,984 $ 69,572 $ 84,057 $ 222,141 $ 12,469 $ 623,756 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ 4 Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ — $ 4 Multifamily Pass $ 1,760 $ 48,131 $ 68,902 $ 124,194 $ 40,289 $ 88,103 $ 2,573 $ 373,952 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 58 $ — $ 58 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 165 $ — $ 165 Total Multifamily $ 1,760 $ 48,131 $ 68,902 $ 124,194 $ 40,289 $ 88,326 $ 2,573 $ 374,175 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland Pass $ 10,235 $ 31,232 $ 58,763 $ 43,714 $ 26,913 $ 26,001 $ 13,581 $ 210,439 Special mention $ — $ 130 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,239 $ 194 $ 2,563 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total Farmland $ 10,235 $ 31,362 $ 58,763 $ 43,714 $ 26,913 $ 28,240 $ 13,775 $ 213,002 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial and industrial Pass $ 61,938 $ 140,077 $ 93,136 $ 63,424 $ 26,521 $ 99,786 $ 198,482 $ 683,364 Special mention $ — $ 73 $ 349 $ 111 $ — $ 2,083 $ 2,609 $ 5,225 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ 1,199 $ — $ 2,300 $ 615 $ 4,114 Total commercial and industrial $ 61,938 $ 140,150 $ 93,485 $ 64,734 $ 26,521 $ 104,169 $ 201,706 $ 692,703 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (56) $ — $ (56) Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (56) $ — $ (56) Residential Construction Pass $ 13,518 $ 48,702 $ 22,406 $ 2,147 $ 266 $ — $ 18,637 $ 105,676 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Substandard or lower — — — — — — — — Total Residential Construction 13,518 48,702 22,406 2,147 266 — 18,637 105,676 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net recoveries — — — — — — — — Other Construction Pass 16,732 126,782 141,267 15,126 15,240 13,480 17,852 346,479 Special mention — — — — 1,810 — — 1,810 Substandard or lower — — — — — — — — Total Other Construction 16,732 126,782 141,267 15,126 17,050 13,480 17,852 348,289 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net recoveries — — — — — — — — 1-4 Family 1st Lien Performing 18,016 65,349 48,612 37,567 45,419 108,872 1,937 325,772 Non-performing — — — — 220 1,310 — 1,530 Total 1-4 Family 1st Lien 18,016 65,349 48,612 37,567 45,639 110,182 1,937 327,302 Gross charge offs — — — — — (7) — (7) Current period recoveries — — — — — 7 — 7 Net charge offs — — — — — — — — 1-4 Family Rental Performing 17,981 61,319 91,335 62,865 37,115 76,677 1,885 349,177 Non-performing — 148 — — 1,430 799 — 2,377 Total 1-4 Family Rental 17,981 61,467 91,335 62,865 38,545 77,476 1,885 351,554 Gross charge offs — — — — — (2) — (2) Current period recoveries — — — — — 22 — 22 Net charge offs — — — — — 20 — 20 HELOC and Junior Liens Performing 2,535 17,139 10,644 5,294 2,500 9,918 85,377 133,407 Non-performing — 24 — — — 1,255 — 1,279 Total HELOC and Junior Liens 2,535 17,163 10,644 5,294 2,500 11,173 85,377 134,686 Gross charge offs — — (21) — — — — (21) Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net charge offs — — (21) — — — — (21) Consumer Performing 1,606 1,147 524 470 160 267 2,194 6,368 Non-performing — — — — — — — — Total consumer 1,606 1,147 524 470 160 267 2,194 6,368 Gross charge offs — — (2) — — (24) — (26) Current period recoveries — — 1 — — 16 — 17 Net charge offs — — (1) — — (8) — (9) Total Pass 164,511 614,544 849,656 473,807 330,590 783,875 276,932 3,493,915 Special mention — 203 4,832 111 1,810 14,139 2,803 23,898 Substandard or lower — — — 1,401 3,186 21,636 615 26,838 Performing 40,138 144,954 151,115 106,196 85,194 195,734 91,393 814,724 Nonperforming — 172 — — 1,650 3,364 — 5,186 Total $ 204,649 $ 759,873 $ 1,005,603 $ 581,515 $ 422,430 $ 1,018,748 $ 371,743 $ 4,364,561 December 31, 2023 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans Amortized (In thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total CRE Nonowner Occupied Pass $ 119,793 $ 329,715 $ 160,583 $ 140,083 $ 86,629 $ 267,210 $ 10,030 $ 1,114,043 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6,009 $ 7,926 $ — $ 13,935 Substandard or lower $ — $ 5,209 $ — $ 3,162 $ 229 $ 12,975 $ — $ 21,575 Total CRE Nonowner Occupied $ 119,793 $ 334,924 $ 160,583 $ 143,245 $ 92,867 $ 288,111 $ 10,030 $ 1,149,553 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — CRE Owner Occupied Pass $ 92,561 $ 121,231 $ 75,711 $ 86,322 $ 60,761 $ 174,680 $ 14,388 $ 625,654 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 190 $ — $ 190 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ 208 $ — $ — $ 3,852 $ — $ 4,060 Total CRE Owner Occupied $ 92,561 $ 121,231 $ 75,919 $ 86,322 $ 60,761 $ 178,722 $ 14,388 $ 629,904 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (16) $ — $ (16) Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (16) $ — $ (16) Multifamily Pass $ 26,776 $ 44,450 $ 105,406 $ 41,713 $ 23,118 $ 65,480 $ 1,881 $ 308,824 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 62 $ — $ 62 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 173 $ — $ 173 Total Multifamily $ 26,776 $ 44,450 $ 105,406 $ 41,713 $ 23,118 $ 65,715 $ 1,881 $ 309,059 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland Pass $ 32,525 $ 61,405 $ 45,211 $ 29,628 $ 7,926 $ 20,956 $ 11,962 $ 209,613 Special mention $ 194 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,304 $ 186 $ 2,684 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 345 $ 48 $ 393 Total Farmland $ 32,719 $ 61,405 $ 45,211 $ 29,628 $ 7,926 $ 23,605 $ 12,196 $ 212,690 Gross charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial and industrial Pass $ 158,824 $ 106,714 $ 68,448 $ 29,961 $ 50,206 $ 57,892 $ 188,714 $ 660,759 Special mention $ — $ 89 $ 2,224 $ — $ 227 $ 2,200 $ 4,391 $ 9,131 Substandard or lower $ — $ — $ 662 $ — $ — $ 1,978 $ 2,549 $ 5,189 Total commercial and industrial $ 158,824 $ 106,803 $ 71,334 $ 29,961 $ 50,433 $ 62,070 $ 195,654 $ 675,079 Gross charge offs $ — $ (100) $ — $ (111) $ — $ (27) $ — $ (238) Current period recoveries $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Net charge offs $ — $ (100) $ — $ (111) $ — $ (27) $ — $ (238) Residential construction Pass $ 43,043 $ 25,159 $ 6,444 $ 979 $ — $ — $ 16,645 $ 92,270 Special mention $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Substandard or lower — 573 — — — — — 573 Total Residential construction 43,043 25,732 6,444 979 — — 16,645 92,843 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net recoveries — — — — — — — — Other construction Pass 110,553 156,055 48,214 21,378 10,247 5,856 6,617 358,920 Special mention — — — 1,447 — — — 1,447 Substandard or lower — — — — — 2,257 — 2,257 Total Other construction 110,553 156,055 48,214 22,825 10,247 8,113 6,617 362,624 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net recoveries — — — — — — — — 1-4 Family 1st Lien Performing 77,801 51,651 41,133 48,748 9,348 106,353 2,240 337,274 Non-performing — — 37 218 — 1,613 — 1,868 Total 1-4 Family 1st Lien 77,801 51,651 41,170 48,966 9,348 107,966 2,240 339,142 Gross charge offs — — — — — (13) — (13) Current period recoveries — — — — — 8 — 8 Net recoveries — — — — — (5) — (5) 1-4 Family Rental Performing 62,897 90,092 64,766 38,672 16,831 64,309 1,885 339,452 Non-performing — — 56 1,252 — 1,177 — 2,485 Total 1-4 Family Rental 62,897 90,092 64,822 39,924 16,831 65,486 1,885 341,937 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — 30 — 30 Net recoveries — — — — — 30 — 30 HELOC and Junior Liens Performing 17,936 11,460 5,711 2,962 1,684 8,236 83,598 131,587 Non-performing — — — — — 1,208 — 1,208 Total HELOC and Junior Liens 17,936 11,460 5,711 2,962 1,684 9,444 83,598 132,795 Gross charge offs — — — — — — — — Current period recoveries — — — — — — — — Net recoveries — — — — — — — — Consumer Performing 2,361 754 649 273 223 103 2,803 7,166 Non-performing — — — — — — — — Total consumer 2,361 754 649 273 223 103 2,803 7,166 Gross charge offs (86) — (10) (9) — (30) — (135) Current period recoveries 26 — — 1 — 5 — 32 Net charge offs (60) — (10) (8) — (25) — (103) Total Pass 584,075 844,729 510,017 350,064 238,887 592,074 250,237 3,370,083 Special mention 194 89 2,224 1,447 6,236 12,682 4,577 27,449 Substandard or lower — 5,782 870 3,162 229 21,580 2,597 34,220 Performing 160,995 153,957 112,259 90,655 28,086 179,001 90,526 815,479 Nonperforming — — 93 1,470 — 3,998 — 5,561 Total 745,264 1,004,557 625,463 446,798 273,438 809,335 347,937 4,252,792 Mid Penn had no loans classified as "doubtful" as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There was $892 thousand and $121 thousand in loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Collateral-Dependent Loans A financial asset is considered to be collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. For all classes of financial assets deemed collateral-dependent, Mid Penn elected the practical expedient to estimate expected credit losses based on the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. In most cases, Mid Penn records a partial charge-off to reduce the loan’s carrying value to the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. Substantially all of the collateral supporting collateral-dependent financial assets consists of various types of real estate, including residential properties; commercial properties such as retail centers, office buildings, and lodging; agriculture land; and vacant land. Allowance for Credit Losses Mid Penn’s ACL - loans methodology is based upon guidance within FASB ASC Subtopic 326-20, as well as regulatory guidance from the FDIC, its primary federal regulator. The ACL - loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Credit quality within the loan portfolio is continuously monitored by management and is reflected within the ACL - loans. The ACL - loans is an estimate of expected losses inherent within Mid Penn’s existing loan portfolio. The ACL - loans is adjusted through the PCL and reduced by the charge off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. The loan loss estimation process involves procedures to appropriately consider the unique characteristics of Mid Penn’s loan portfolio segments. When computing allowance levels, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loss history and other credit trends and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Evaluations of the portfolio and individual credits are inherently subjective, as they require estimates, assumptions and judgments as to the facts and circumstances of particular situations. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgement by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. In future periods, evaluations of the overall loan portfolio, in light of the factors and forecasts then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the ACL and credit loss expense. Mid Penn estimates the ACL using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Mid Penn uses a third-party software application to calculate the quantitative portion of the ACL using a methodology and assumptions specific to each loan pool. The qualitative portion of the allowance is based on general economic conditions and other internal and external factors affecting Mid Penn as a whole, as well as specific loans. Factors considered include the following: lending process, concentrations of credit, and credit quality. The quantitative and qualitative portions of the allowance are added together to determine the total ACL, which reflects management’s expectations of future conditions based on reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the ACL has two basic components: a collective, or pooled, component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics, and an asset-specific component involving individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans. In estimating the ACL for the collective component, loans are segregated into loan pools based on loan purpose codes and similar risk characteristics. The commercial real estate and residential mortgage loan portfolio segments include loans for both commercial and residential properties that are secured by real estate. The underwriting process for these loans includes analysis of the financial position and strength of both the borrower and, if applicable, guarantor, experience with similar projects in the past, market demand and prospects for successful completion of the proposed project within the established budget and schedule, values of underlying collateral, availability of permanent financing, maximum loan-to-value ratios, minimum equity requirements, acceptable amortization periods and minimum debt service coverage requirements, based on property type. The borrower’s financial strength and capacity to repay their obligations remain the primary focus of underwriting. Financial strength is evaluated based upon analytical tools that consider historical and projected cash flows and performance, in addition to analysis of the proposed project for income-producing properties. Additional support offered by guarantors is also considered when applicable. Ultimate repayment of these loans is sensitive to interest rate changes, general economic conditions, liquidity and availability of long-term financing. The commercial and industrial loan portfolio segment includes commercial loans made to many types of businesses for various purposes, such as short-term working capital loans that are usually secured by accounts receivable and inventory, equipment and fixed asset purchases that are secured by those assets, and term financing for those within Mid Penn’s geographic markets. Mid Penn’s credit underwriting process for commercial and industrial loans includes analysis of historical and projected cash flows and performance, evaluation of financial strength of both borrowers and guarantors as reflected in current and detailed financial information, and evaluation of underlying collateral to support the credit. The consumer loan portfolio segment is comprised of loans which are underwritten after evaluating a borrower’s capacity, credit and collateral. Several factors are considered when assessing a borrower’s capacity, including the borrower’s employment, income, current debt, assets and level of equity in the property. Credit is assessed using a credit report that provides credit scores and the borrower’s current and past information about their credit history. Loan-to-value and debt-to-income ratios, loan amount and lien position are also considered in assessing whether to originate a loan. These borrowers are particularly susceptible to downturns in economic trends, such as conditions that negatively affect housing prices and demand and levels of unemployment. Mid Penn utilizes a DCF method to estimate the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses for loan pools. The DCF is based off of historical losses, including peer data, which is correlated to national unemployment and GDP. The PD and LGD measures are used in conjunction with prepayment data as inputs into the DCF model to calculate the cash flows at the individual loan level. Contractual cash flows based on loan terms are adjusted for PD, LGD and prepayments to derive loss cash flows. These loss cash flows are discounted by the loan’s coupon rate to arrive at the discounted cash flow based quantitative loss. The prepayment studies are updated quarterly by a third-party for each applicable pool. Mid Penn determined that reasonable and supportable forecasts could be made for a twelve-month period for all of its loan pools. To the extent the lives of the loans in the LHFI portfolio extend beyond this forecast period, Mid Penn uses a reversion period of four quarters and reverts to the historical mean on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the loans. Qualitative factors used in the ACL methodology include the following: • Lending process • Concentrations of credit • Peer Group Divergence The ACL for individual loans, such as non-accrual and PCD, that do not share risk characteristics with other loans is measured as the difference between the discounted value of expected future cash flows, based on the effective interest rate at origination, and the amortized cost basis of the loan, or the net realizable value. The ACL is the difference between the loan’s net realizable value and its amortized cost basis (net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except for collateral-dependent loans. A loan is collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral. The expected credit loss for collateral-dependent loans is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for the estimated cost to sell. Fair value estimates for collateral-dependent loans are derived from appraised values based on the current market value or the "as is" value of the collateral, normally from recently received and reviewed appraisals. Current appraisals are ordered on a regular basis based on the inspection date or more often if market conditions necessitate. Appraisals are obtained from state-certified appraisers and are based on certain assumptions, which may include construction or development status and the highest and best use of the property. These appraisals are reviewed by Mid Penn’s Real Estate Administration Group to ensure they are acceptable, and values are adjusted down for costs associated with asset disposal. If the calculated expected credit loss is determined to be permanent or not recoverable, the amount of the expected credit loss is charged off. Mid Penn may also purchase loans or acquire loans through a business combination. At the purchase or acquisition date, loans are evaluated to determine whether there has been more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are referred to as PCD loans. In its evaluation of whether a loan has experienced more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, Mid Penn takes into consideration loan grades, past due and nonaccrual status. Mid Penn may also consider external credit rating agency ratings for borrowers and for non-commercial loans, FICO score or band, probability of default levels, and number of times past due. At the purchase or acquisition date, the amortized cost basis of PCD loans is equal to the purchase price and an initial estimate of credit losses. The initial recognition of expected credit losses on PCD loans has no impact on net income. When the initial measurement of expected credit losses on PCD loans is calculated on a pooled loan basis, the expected credit losses are allocated to each loan within the pool. Any difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the unpaid principal balance of the loan represents a noncredit discount or premium, which is accreted (or amortized) into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL on PCD loans are recorded through the PCL. For purchased loans that are not deemed to have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination and are therefore not deemed PCD, any discounts or premiums included in the purchase price are accreted (or amortized) over the contractual life of the individual loan. Loans are charged off against the ACL, with any subsequent recoveries credited back to the ACL account. Expected recoveries may not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off. The following tables present the activity in the ACL - loans by portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and the three and six months ended June 30, 2023: (In thousands) Balance at Charge offs Recoveries Net loans (charged off) recovered (Benefit)/Provision for credit losses Three Months Ended Commercial Real Estate CRE Nonowner Occupied 10,417 — — — 230 10,647 CRE Owner Occupied 5,602 — 4 4 224 5,830 Multifamily 2,370 — — — 839 3,209 Farmland 2,002 — — — 57 2,059 Commercial and industrial 6,500 (56) — (56) 490 6,934 Construction Residential Construction 1,176 — — — (47) 1,129 Other Construction 2,171 — — — (158) 2,013 Residential Mortgage 1-4 Family 1st Lien 1,271 — 7 7 71 1,349 1-4 Family Rental 1,539 (2) 22 20 145 1,704 HELOC and Junior Liens 457 — — — (60) 397 Consumer 19 (4) 11 7 (9) 17 Total 33,524 (62) 44 (18) 1,782 35,288 (In thousands) Balance at Charge offs Recoveries Net loans (charged off) recovered (Benefit)/Provision for credit losses Six Months Ended Commercial Real Estate CRE Nonowner Occupied 10,267 — — — 380 10,647 CRE Owner Occupied 5,646 — 4 4 180 5,830 Multifamily 2,202 — — — 1,007 3,209 Farmland 2,064 — — — (5) 2,059 Commercial and industrial 7,131 (56) — (56) (141) 6,934 Const |
