BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Policies) | 9 Months Ended |
Sep. 30, 2013 |
BASIS OF PRESENTATION | ' |
Reclassifications | ' |
Reclassifications |
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Certain prior year amounts in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. |
Use of Estimates | ' |
Use of Estimates |
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The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including critical accounting policies or estimates related to available-for-sale securities, debt instruments, research and development expenses, income taxes, inventories, revenues, contingencies and litigation and share-based compensation. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, information received from third-parties and on various market specific and other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. |
Revenue from Multiple Element Arrangements | ' |
Revenue from Multiple Element Arrangements |
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The Company accounts for multiple element arrangements, such as license and commercialization agreements in which a customer may purchase several deliverables, in accordance with ASC Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition — Multiple-Element Arrangements, or ASC 605-25. The Company evaluates how the deliverables in an arrangement should be separated and how the consideration should be allocated. The Company allocates non-contingent consideration to each stand-alone deliverable based upon the relative selling price of each element. When applying the relative selling price method, the Company determines the selling price for each deliverable using vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if it exists, or third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price, if it exists. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exist for a deliverable, the Company uses best estimated selling price, or BESP, for that deliverable. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized based on when the following four basic revenue recognition criteria are met for each element: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. |
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Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue the Company reports. Changes in assumptions or judgments, or changes to the elements in an arrangement, could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that the Company reports in a particular period. |
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ASC Topic 605-28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method, or ASC 605-28, established the milestone method as an acceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event-based payments under research and development arrangements. Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone is recognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from its performance, (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved, and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to the Company. The determination that a milestone is substantive requires judgment and is made at the inception of the arrangement. Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from the achievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone, or the enhancement of value of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relates solely to past performance, and (iii) is reasonable, relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. |
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Other contingent, event-based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage of time or the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605-28. In accordance with ASC 605-25, such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the four basic revenue recognition criteria are met. |
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Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized as earned in accordance with the terms of the license and commercialization agreements. |
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In accordance with ASC 605-25, VIVUS identified the license and related know-how and supply services as separate deliverables under the agreements. The Company determined that the license and related know-how and supply services individually represent separate units of accounting because each deliverable has stand-alone value. The Company determined that the license and related know-how have stand-alone value based on various facts and circumstances in the arrangement, including Menarini’s option to sublicense. Although Menarini is precluded from reselling the license, Menarini’s ability to use the delivered license and related know-how for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverable indicated that the license and related know-how have stand-alone value. |
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VIVUS determined that the supply services have stand-alone value because: (i) the manufacturing process is not proprietary to the Company; (ii) a third party manufacturer produces the product, and (iii) Menarini may at any time with notice to the Company elect to accept assignment of VIVUS’s agreements with the third party manufacturer, or manufacture the licensed product itself or contract with a third party manufacturer to produce it. |
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The Company allocated the non-contingent consideration relating to the stand-alone deliverables on the basis of relative selling price, which is BESP because VSOE or TPE are unavailable for these deliverables. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. BESP for the license is based on discounted future projected cash flows relating to the licensed territories. Revenue related to the license was recognized in the third quarter of 2013 when the license and all related knowledge and data had been transferred. BESP for the supply services is based on third party costs to manufacture the licensed product, plus a mark-up consistent with similar agreements. Revenues allocated to the supply services will be recognized when the product has met all required specifications and the related title and risk of loss and damages have been transferred to Menarini. The Company has determined that achievement of any and all of the milestones is dependent solely upon the results of Menarini and therefore none of the milestones are deemed to be substantive. Royalties to be received from Menarini will be recognized by the Company based upon the net sales of the product by Menarini. As of September 30, 2013, no supply services have been provided and the SPEDRA drug product has not yet launched, thus no revenues for supply services and royalties have been recognized. |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | ' |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
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Financial instruments include cash equivalents, available-for-sale securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Available-for-sale securities are carried at estimated fair value. The carrying value of cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their estimated fair value due to the relatively short-term nature of these instruments. |
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Debt instruments are initially recorded at fair value, with coupon interest and amortization of debt issuance discounts recognized in the statement of operations as interest expense at each period end while such instruments are outstanding. If the Company issues shares to discharge the liability, the debt obligation is derecognized and common stock and additional paid-in capital are recognized on the issuance of those shares. |
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The Company’s Convertible Notes contain a conversion option which is classified as equity. The Company determined the fair value of the liability component of the debt instrument and allocated the excess amount from the initial proceeds to the conversion option. The fair value of the debt component was determined by estimating a risk adjusted interest rate, or market yield, at the time of issuance for similar notes that do not include the conversion feature, or equity component. This excess is reported as a debt discount and is amortized as non-cash interest expense, using the interest method, over the expected life of the Convertible Notes. |
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Issuance costs related to the equity component of the Convertible Notes were charged to additional paid-in capital. The remaining portion related to the debt component is being amortized and recorded as additional interest expense over the expected life of the Convertible Notes. In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated to the underwriters. The fair value of the purchased capped calls was recorded to stockholders’ equity. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | ' |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
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There have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, that are of significance, or potential significance to the Company. |
Long Term Debt | ' |
The Convertible Notes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Under ASC 470-20, issuers of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion, including partial cash settlement, are required to separately account for the liability (debt) and equity (conversion option) components. The Company analyzed the conversion feature to determine if it was required to be bifurcated and treated as a derivative liability and determined that it did not. Rather, the Company is required to separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instrument. The Company determined the fair value of the liability component by estimating a risk adjusted interest rate, or market yield, at the time of issuance for similar notes that do not include the equity component. To arrive at the appropriate risk adjusted rate, or market yield, for the Convertible Notes, the Company performed (i) a synthetic credit rating analysis estimating the issuer level credit rating of the Company using a regression model; (ii) research on appropriate market yields using option adjusted spread indications for similar credit ratings, and (iii) considered the market yield implied for the Convertible Notes from a binomial lattice model, or Level 3 inputs. The risk adjusted interest rate was used to compute the initial fair value of the liability component of $154.7 million. The excess of the proceeds received from the Convertible Notes over the amount allocated to the liability component, of $95.3 million, is allocated to the equity component and recorded to additional paid-in capital. This excess is reported as a debt discount and is amortized as non-cash interest expense, using the interest method, over the expected life of the Convertible Notes. The conversion option will not be subsequently remeasured as long as it continues to meet conditions for equity classification. |
Share-based compensation | ' |
In accordance with ASC 718, all unamortized expense for options that were expected to vest on the date of grant and the modified fair value of the options that were not expected to vest on the date of grant (due to expected forfeitures) were immediately expensed. |
Available-for-Sale Securities | ' |
As of September 30, 2013, the Company’s available-for-sale securities have original contractual maturities up to 23 months. However, the Company may or may not hold securities with stated maturities greater than 12 months until maturity. In response to changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements, the Company may sell these securities prior to their stated maturities. As these securities are viewed by the Company as available to support current operations, securities with maturities beyond 12 months are classified as current assets. Due to their short-term maturities, the Company believes that the fair value of its bank deposits, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their carrying value. |
Inventories and related reserves | ' |
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the weighted average method. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the same lower of cost or market approach as that used to value the inventory. |
Net Income (Loss) Per Share | ' |
The Company computes basic net income (loss) per share applicable to common stockholders based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based on the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares, which represent shares that may be issued in the future upon the exercise of outstanding stock options or upon a net share settlement of the Company’s Convertible Notes. Common share equivalents are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect. Stock options for which the price exceeds the average market price over the period have an anti-dilutive effect on net income per share and, accordingly, are excluded from the calculation. As discussed in Note 11, the triggering conversion conditions that allow holders of the Convertible Notes to convert have not been met. If such conditions are met and the note holders opt to convert, the Company may choose to pay in cash, common stock, or a combination thereof; however, if this occurs, the Company has the intent and ability to net share settle this debt security; thus the Company uses the treasury stock method for earnings per share purposes. Due to the effect of the capped call instrument purchased in relation to the Convertible Notes, there would be no net shares issued until the market value of the Company’s stock exceeds $20 per share, and thus no impact on diluted net income per share. Further, when there is a net loss, potentially dilutive common equivalent shares are not included in the calculation of net loss per share since their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. |