| Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Ligand and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which we considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial results. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements included in our 2017 Annual Report. Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. Reclassifications Certain amounts in the prior period combined financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. See detail in Accounting Standards Recently Adopted subsection below for further information. Significant Accounting Policies We have described our significant accounting policies in Note 1 to the financial statements in Item 8 of our 2017 Annual Report. Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Accounting Standards Recently Adopted Revenue Recognition - In May 2014, the FASB issued new guidance related to revenue recognition, ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which outlines a comprehensive revenue recognition model and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. The new guidance requires a company to recognize revenue upon transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 defines a five-step approach for recognizing revenue, which may require a company to use more judgment and make more estimates than under the current guidance. We adopted this new standard as of January 1, 2018, by using the modified-retrospective method. See Revenue , Royalties, Licenses Fees and Milestones , Material Sales , and Disaggregation of Revenue subsections below for further information. Financial Instruments - In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10), which requires equity investments (other than those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in consolidation) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. We have strategic investments, including Viking, that fall under this guidance update. We have adopted ASU 2016-01 effective January 1, 2018 as a cumulative-effect adjustment and reclassified $2.6 million unrealized gains on equity investments, net of tax, from accumulated other comprehensive income to accumulated deficit on our consolidated balance sheet. Effective January 1, 2018, our results of operations include the changes in fair value of these financial instruments. See Viking subsection below for further information on the Viking investment. Statement of Cash Flows - In August 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The new standard clarifies certain aspects of the statement of cash flows, and aims to reduce diversity in practice regarding how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. This standard was effective January 1, 2018. We adopted ASU 2016-15 effective January 1, 2018. We have updated our presentation of payments to CVR holders and other contingency payments from investing activities to operating activities to conform to the standard and have revised our prior year cash flows accordingly. In addition, in November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash. The standard requires that a statement of cash flows explains the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, restricted cash should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this standard retrospectively, effective January 1, 2018 and included restricted cash amount as of September 30, 2018 in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. We did not have any restricted cash as of December 31, 2017. Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted Leases - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This standard requires organizations that lease assets to recognize the assets and liabilities created by those leases. The standard also will require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The ASU becomes effective for public companies for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The FASB recently issued guidance that provides an optional transition method for adoption of this standard, which allows organizations to initially apply the new requirements at the effective date, recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings, and continue to apply the legacy guidance in ASC 840, Leases, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented. We will adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2019 and plan to apply the optional transition method and may elect to apply optional practical expedients. While we are currently evaluating the impact of this standard, the adoption will result in an increase to our consolidated balance sheet for lease liabilities and right-of-use assets, which we do not expect to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Financial Instruments - In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), which amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables and available for sale debt securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. Fair Value Measurement - In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2020, with earlier adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements. We do not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures. Revenue Our revenue is generated primarily from royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners, Captisol material sales, license fees and development, regulatory and sales based milestone payments. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 which amends the guidance for recognition of revenue from contracts with customers by using the modified-retrospective method applied to those contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2018, are presented in accordance with the new standard, although comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards and policies in effect for those periods. See Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies, to the consolidated financial statements in our 2017 Annual Report for the accounting associated with revenue prior to the adoption of ASC 606. Upon adoption, we recorded a net decrease of $25.4 million to accumulated deficit due to the cumulative impact of adopting the new standard, with the impact related primarily to the acceleration of royalty revenue, net of related deferred tax impact. See additional information in Disaggregation of Revenue subsection below. Our accounting policies under the new standard were applied prospectively and are noted below. Royalties, License Fees and Milestones We receive royalty revenue on sales by our partners of products covered by patents that we own. We do not have future performance obligations under these license arrangements. We generally satisfy our obligation to grant intellectual property rights on the effective date of the contract. However, we apply the royalty recognition constraint required under the guidance for sales-based royalties which requires a sales-based royalty to be recorded no sooner than the underlying sale. Therefore, royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners are recognized in the quarter the product is sold. Our partners generally report sales information to us on a one quarter lag. Thus, we estimate the expected royalty proceeds based on an analysis of historical experience and interim data provided by our partners including their publicly announced sales. Differences between actual and estimated royalty revenues are adjusted for in the period in which they become known, typically the following quarter. Our contracts with customers often will include future contingent milestone based payments. We include contingent milestone based payments in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the payment. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated results and our best judgment at the time. If the contingent milestone based payment is sales-based, we apply the royalty recognition constraint and record revenue when the underlying sale has taken place. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of intellectual property. Because of the risk that products in development with our partners will not reach development based milestones or receive regulatory approval, we generally recognize any contingent payments that would be due to us upon or after the development milestone or regulatory approval. Material Sales We recognize revenue when control of Captisol material or intellectual property license rights is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from our customers in exchange for those products. This process involves identifying the contract with a customer, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. We consider a performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of the product, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the Captisol material or intellectual property license right. We recognize revenue for satisfied performance obligations only when we determine there are no uncertainties regarding payment terms or transfer of control. Sales tax and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less or the amount is immaterial. We did not incur any incremental costs of obtaining a contract during the periods reported. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received because we have to satisfy a future obligation. We use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations or a cost plus margin approach when one is not available. We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over Captisol material has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of sales. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Except for royalty revenue, we generally receive payment at the point we satisfy our obligation or soon after. Therefore, we do not generally carry a contract asset or contract liability balance. We have revenue sharing arrangements whereby certain revenue proceeds are shared with a third party. The revenue standard requires an entity to determine whether it is a principal or an agent in these transactions by evaluating the nature of its promise to the customer. We received a $4.6 million milestone payment from a license partner in the first nine months of 2018 of which $3.0 million was paid to a third-party in-licensor. We recorded net revenue of $1.6 million as we believe we are an agent in the transaction. We record amounts due to third-party in-licensors as general and administrative expenses when we are the principal in the transaction. Disaggregation of Revenue Under ASC 605, the legacy revenue standard, we would have reported total royalty revenue of $31.6 million in the third quarter of 2018, disaggregated as follows: Promacta $24.8 million, Kyprolis $5.2 million, Evomela $1.1 million, and Other $0.5 million. In 2017 royalty revenue continues to be reported in accordance with ASC 605 and was $21.9 million for the third quarter of 2017 or disaggregated as follows: Promacta $15.6 million, Kyprolis $4.0 million, Evomela $1.9 million and Other $0.4 and $60.4 million for the first nine months of 2017 or disaggregated as follows: Promacta $41.9 million, Kyprolis $11.6 million, Evomela $5.1 million, and Other $1.8 million. Under ASC 606, royalty revenue was $36.1 million in the third quarter of 2018 or disaggregated as follows: Promacta $27.8 million, Kyprolis $6.3 million, Evomela $1.3 million and Other $0.7 million and $88.3 million the first nine months of 2018 or disaggregated as follows: Promacta $68.2 million, Kyprolis $14.4 million, Evomela $4.1 million and Other $1.6 million. The following table represents disaggregation of Material Sales and License fees, milestone and other (in thousands): Three months ended Nine months ended September 30, September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Material Sales Captisol $ 7,027 $ 7,664 $ 19,030 $ 14,336 License fees, milestones and other License Fees $ 265 $ 738 $ 75,201 $ 4,276 Milestone 1,308 2,059 6,052 7,564 Other 936 983 3,237 4,090 $ 2,509 $ 3,780 $ 84,490 $ 15,930 Short-term Investments Our investments consist of the following at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands): September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair value Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair value Short-term investments Bank deposits $ 411,166 $ 98 $ (17) $ 411,247 $ 80,095 $ 6 $ (42) $ 80,059 Corporate bonds 76,961 4 (52) 76,913 55,335 — (96) 55,239 Commercial paper 288,549 3 (72) 288,480 27,933 — (20) 27,913 U.S. Government bonds 110,834 — (25) 110,809 8,939 — (10) 8,929 Agency bonds — — — — 4,991 — (1) 4,990 Municipal bonds 2,008 — (13) 1,995 2,028 — (13) 2,015 Corporate equity securities 135 1,549 — 1,684 207 1,689 — 1,896 $ 889,653 $ 1,654 $ (179) $ 891,128 $ 179,528 $ 1,695 $ (182) $ 181,041 Inventory Inventory, which consists of finished goods, is stated at the lower of cost or market value. We determine cost using the first-in, first-out method. Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands): September 30, December 31, 2018 2017 Indefinite lived intangible assets IPR&D $ — $ 7,923 Goodwill 85,961 85,959 Definite lived intangible assets Complete technology 228,413 222,900 Less: accumulated amortization (31,990) (23,301) Trade name 2,642 2,642 Less: accumulated amortization (1,015) (916) Customer relationships 29,600 29,600 Less: accumulated amortization (11,374) (10,264) Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net $ 302,237 $ 314,543 Commercial License Rights Commercial license rights consist of the following (in thousands): September 30, December 31, 2018 2017 Aziyo and CorMatrix $ 17,696 $ 17,696 Selexis 8,602 8,602 $ 26,298 $ 26,298 Less: accumulated amortization (5,364) (6,772) Total commercial rights, net $ 20,934 $ 19,526 Commercial license rights represent a portfolio of future milestone and royalty payment rights acquired from Selexis in April 2013 and April 2015 and CorMatrix in May 2016. Individual commercial license rights acquired are carried at allocated cost and approximate fair value. In May 2017, we entered into a Royalty Agreement with Aziyo pursuant to which we will receive royalties from certain marketed products that Aziyo acquired from CorMatrix. We account for the Aziyo commercial license right as a financial asset in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, and amortize the commercial license right using the effective interest method whereby we forecast expected cash flows over the term of the arrangement to arrive at an annualized effective interest. The annual effective interest associated with the forecasted cash flows from the Royalty Agreement with Aziyo as of September 30, 2018 is 26%. Revenue is calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the commercial license right by the effective interest. Viking Our equity ownership interest in Viking decreased in the first quarter of 2018 to approximately 12.4% due to Viking's financing events in February 2018. As a result, in February 2018, we concluded that we did not exert significant influence over Viking and discontinued accounting for our investment in Viking under the equity method. We also have outstanding warrants to purchase 1.5 million shares of Viking's common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share. We recorded the warrants in other current assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value of $24.3 million and $3.8 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): September 30, December 31, 2018 2017 Compensation $ 4,249 $ 4,085 Professional fees 594 430 Amounts owed to former licensees 481 396 Royalties owed to third parties 74 954 Other 3,869 1,512 Total accrued liabilities $ 9,267 $ 7,377 Share-Based Compensation Share-based compensation expense for awards to employees and non-employee directors is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period until the last tranche vests. The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense recorded as components of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands): Three months ended Nine months ended September 30, September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Share-based compensation expense as a component of: Research and development expenses $ 2,257 $ 2,394 $ 6,120 $ 8,260 General and administrative expenses 3,213 2,854 8,717 7,657 $ 5,470 $ 5,248 $ 14,837 $ 15,917 No options were granted during the third quarter of 2018. The fair-value for options that were awarded to employees and directors was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Three months ended Nine months ended September 30, September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Risk-free interest rate N/A 2% 2.8% 2.1% Dividend yield N/A N/A N/A N/A Expected volatility N/A 47% 34% 47% Expected term N/A 6.5 5.7 6.8 Derivatives In May 2018, we issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 0.75% convertible senior notes (the “2023 Notes”) as further described in “Footnote 3. Convertible Senior Notes.” Concurrently with the issuance of the notes, we entered into a series of convertible note hedge and warrant transactions which in combination are designed to reduce the potential dilution to our stockholders and/or offset the cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount upon conversion of the notes. The conversion option associated with the 2023 Notes temporarily met the criteria for an embedded derivative liability which required bifurcation and separate accounting. In addition, the note hedge and warrants were also temporarily classified as a derivative asset and liability, respectively, on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. As a result of shareholder approval to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock on June 19, 2018, as discussed in “Footnote 3. Convertible Senior Notes,” the derivative asset and liabilities were reclassified to additional paid-in capital. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives prior to being classified in equity were reflected in other expense, net, in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the inputs and assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of the assets and the inputs and assumptions used in the Binomial model to calculate the fair value of the derivative liabilities associated with the 2023 Notes: As of May 22, 2018 As of June 19, 2018 Common stock price $187.09 $195.91 Exercise price, conversion premium and bond hedge $248.48 $248.48 Exercise price, warrant $315.38 $315.38 Risk-free interest rate 2.9% 2.8% Volatility 30%-35% 30%-35% Dividend yield — — Annual coupon rate 0.75% 0.75% Remaining contractual term (in years) 5.00 4.98 In addition, on May 22, 2018, we amended our 2019 Notes making an irrevocable election to settle the entire note in cash. As a result, we reclassified from equity to derivative liability the fair value of the conversion premium as of May 22, 2018. Amounts paid in excess of the principal amount will be offset by an equal receipt of cash under the corresponding convertible bond hedge. As a result, we reclassified from equity to derivative asset the fair value of the bond hedge as of May 22, 2018. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are reflected in other expense, net, in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the inputs and assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of the derivative assets and the inputs and assumptions used in the Binomial model to calculate the fair value of the derivative liability associated with the 2019 Notes: As of May 22, 2018 As of September 30, 2018 Common stock price $187.09 $274.49 Exercise price, conversion premium and bond hedge $75.05 $75.05 Risk-free interest rate 2.47% 2.59% Volatility 30%-35% 30%-35% Dividend yield — — Annual coupon rate 0.75% 0.75% Remaining contractual term (in years) 1.25 0.89 Income Per Share Basic income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of shares issuable under the 2023 Notes, warrants associated with the 2019 Notes and 2023 Notes, stock options and restricted stock. The 2023 Notes have a dilutive impact when the average market price our common stock exceeds the applicable conversion price of the notes. The 2019 Notes were amended to require cash settlement of the conversion premium for conversion notices received after May 22, 2018 and therefore do not have a dilutive impact subsequent to May 22, 2018. The warrants have a dilutive effect to the extent the market price per share of common stock exceeds the applicable exercise price of the warrants. Potentially dilutive common shares from stock options and restricted stock are determined using the average share price for each period under the treasury stock method. In addition, proceeds from exercise of stock options and the average amount of unrecognized compensation expense for restricted stock are assumed to be used to repurchase shares. The following table presents the calculation of weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share: Three months ended Nine months ended September 30, September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Weighted average shares outstanding: 21,148,080 21,070,678 21,188,938 21,006,718 Dilutive potential common shares: Restricted stock 83,427 79,222 68,997 140,340 Stock options 1,247,940 1,019,342 1,166,777 980,461 2019 Convertible Senior Notes — 1,334,357 923,650 1,118,456 Warrants 1,572,969 47,646 1,081,209 15,882 Shares used to compute diluted income per share 24,052,416 23,551,245 24,429,571 23,261,857 Potentially dilutive shares excluded from calculation due to anti-dilutive effect 3,125,815 255,101 1,788,709 2,531,219 |
