LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | NOTE 5 – LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The fundamental lending business of the Company is based on understanding, measuring, and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company's loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. These risks entail both general risks, which are inherent in the lending process, and risks specific to individual borrowers. The Company's credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type. The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses by specific portfolio segments and classes, which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses. The Company believes each portfolio segment has unique risk characteristics. The Company's loans held for investment is divided into three portfolio segments: loans secured by real estate, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans. Each of these segments is further divided into loan classes for purposes of estimating the allowance for credit losses. For additional information, including the accounting policies and CECL methodology used to estimate the allowance for credit losses, see Note 2 “Basis of Presentation” and Note 7 “Recent Accounting Pronouncements.” The following table is a summary of loans receivable by loan portfolio segment and class. September 30, December 31, 2022 2021 (dollars in thousands) Amount % Amount % Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 5,362 3 $ 4,087 2 Farmland 336 — 342 — Single-family residential 80,134 40 78,119 37 Multi-family 5,337 3 5,428 3 Commercial 44,431 23 48,729 23 Total loans secured by real estate 135,600 136,705 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 8,859 5 10,003 5 SBA guaranty 6,203 3 6,397 3 Comm SBA PPP - — 1,047 — Total commercial and industrial loans 15,062 17,447 Consumer Loans Consumer 1,523 1 2,090 1 Automobile 41,895 22 54,150 26 Total consumer loans 43,418 56,240 Loans, net of deferred fees and costs 194,080 100 210,392 100 Less: Allowance for credit losses (2,275) (2,470) Loans, net $ 191,805 $ 207,922 The Bank’s net loans totaled . Construction and land loans increased from . Farmland loans were million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Single-family residential loans increased from . Multi-family residential loans were . Commercial real estate loans decreased $ million on December 31, 2021. Commercial and industrial loans decreased by $ million on December 31, 2021. SBA guaranty loans were million at December 31, 2021. The Commercial Small Business Administration (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan balance was %. Consumer loans decreased by $ million on December 31, 2021. Automobile loans decreased from Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses . Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from the inability of a borrower to meet his or her obligations and entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risks specific to individual borrowers. Credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type. Residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines generally have the lowest credit loss experience. Loans secured by personal property, such as auto loans, generally experience medium credit losses. Unsecured loan products, such as personal revolving credit, have the highest credit loss experience and for that reason, the Bank has chosen not to engage in a significant amount of this type of lending. Credit risk in commercial lending can vary significantly, as losses as a percentage of outstanding loans can shift widely during economic cycles and are particularly sensitive to changing economic conditions. Generally, improving economic conditions result in improved operating results on the part of commercial customers, enhancing their ability to meet their particular debt service requirements. Improvements, if any, in operating cash flows can be offset by the impact of rising interest rates that may occur during improved economic times. Inconsistent economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the operating results of commercial customers, reducing their ability to meet debt service obligations. On January 1, 2021, the Company early adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”) which replaces the “incurred loss approach” for estimating credit losses with an expected loss methodology. The incurred loss model delayed the recognition of credit losses until it was probable that a loss had occurred, while the CECL model requires the immediate recognition of expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial instruments that fall within the scope of CECL at the date of origination or purchase of the financial instrument. The CECL model, which is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, affects the Company’s estimates of the allowance for credit losses for our loan portfolio and the reserve for our off-balance sheet credit exposures related to loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. The allowance, based on all available information from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing the collectability of loans over their contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate, is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb possible losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The evaluations are performed for each class of loans and take into consideration factors such as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, value of collateral securing the loans and current economic conditions and trends that may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay. For example, delinquencies in unsecured loans and indirect automobile installment loans will be reserved for at significantly higher ratios than loans secured by real estate. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions or changes in collateral values that are reasonable and supportable. Based on that analysis, the Bank deems its allowance for credit losses in proportion to the total nonaccrual loans and past due loans to be sufficient. Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows: Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans September 30, 2022 Construction Single-family Commercial Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty SBA PPP Consumer Automobile Total Balance, beginning of year $ 5 $ 11 $ 1,357 $ 105 $ 278 $ 115 $ 30 $ — $ 36 $ 533 $ 2,470 Charge-offs — — — — — — (9) — (10) (132) (151) Recoveries — — — — — — — — 7 127 134 Release (provision) for credit losses 45 9 (119) (4) (57) 105 — — (9) (148) (178) Balance, end of quarter $ 50 $ 20 $ 1,238 $ 101 $ 221 $ 220 $ 21 $ — $ 24 $ 380 $ 2,275 Individually evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ — $ — $ 18 $ — $ 109 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 127 Related loan balance — — 35 — 499 — — — — — 534 Collectively evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ 50 $ 20 $ 1,220 $ 101 $ 112 $ 220 $ 21 $ — $ 24 $ 380 $ 2,148 Related loan balance 5,362 336 80,099 5,337 43,932 8,859 6,203 — 1,523 41,895 193,546 Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans December 31, 2021 Construction Single-family Commercial Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty SBA PPP Consumer Automobile Total Balance, beginning of year $ 9 $ 2 $ 513 $ 39 $ 218 $ 67 $ 48 $ — $ 11 $ 569 $ 1,476 Impact of ASC 326 adoption 16 9 854 63 199 120 (6) — 46 273 1,574 Charge-offs — — — — — — — — (2) (251) (253) Recoveries — — 408 — — — — — — 240 648 Release (provision) for credit losses (20) — (418) 3 (139) (72) (12) — (19) (298) (975) Balance, end of the year $ 5 $ 11 $ 1,357 $ 105 $ 278 $ 115 $ 30 $ — $ 36 $ 533 $ 2,470 Individually evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ — $ — $ 10 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 10 Related loan balance — — 36 — — — — — — — 36 Collectively evaluated for impairment: Balance in allowance $ 5 $ 11 $ 1,347 $ 105 $ 278 $ 115 $ 30 $ — $ 36 $ 533 $ 2,460 Related loan balance 4,087 342 78,083 5,428 48,729 10,003 6,397 1,047 2,090 54,150 210,356 September 30, September 30, (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Average loans $ 197,199 $ 239,492 Net charge offs to average loans (annualized) 0.00 % (0.19) % During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2022, loans to 14 borrowers and related entities totaling approximately $151,000 were determined to be uncollectible and were charged off. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2021, loans to Reserve for Unfunded Commitments . Loan commitments and unused lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. The Bank generally requires collateral to support financial instruments with credit risk on the same basis as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The collateral requirement is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter party. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer's creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. As of September 30, 2022, and 2021, the Bank had outstanding commitments totaling $30.5 million and $30.6 million, respectively. The reserve for unfunded commitments represents the expected lifetime credit losses on off-balance sheet obligations such as commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws, including the effects of risk mitigation actions, and applying the expected loss rates on those draws. Loss rates are estimated by utilizing the same loss rates calculated for the allowance for credit losses related to the respective loan portfolio class. The following table shows the Bank’s reserve for unfunded commitments arising from these transactions: Nine Months Ended Ended September 30, (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Beginning balance $ 371 $ 33 Impact of ASC 326 adoption — 457 Reduction of unfunded reserve (76) (34) Provisions charged to operations 174 — Ending balance $ 469 $ 456 Contractual Obligations and Commitments. No material changes, outside the normal course of business, have been made during the third quarter of 2022. Asset Quality . The following tables set forth the amount of the Bank’s current, past due, and non-accrual loans by categories of loans and restructured loans, at the dates indicated. At September 30, 2022 90 Days or (dollars in thousands) 30-89 Days More and Current Past Due Still Accruing Nonaccrual Total Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 5,362 $ — $ — $ — $ 5,362 Farmland 336 — — — 336 Single-family residential 79,811 204 11 108 80,134 Multi-family 5,337 — — — 5,337 Commercial 44,431 — — — 44,431 Total loans secured by real estate 135,277 204 11 108 135,600 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 8,360 499 — — 8,859 SBA guaranty 6,203 — — — 6,203 Comm SBA PPP — — — — — Total commercial and industrial loans 14,563 499 — — 15,062 Consumer Loans Consumer 1,439 84 — — 1,523 Automobile 41,636 184 — 75 41,895 Total consumer loans 43,075 268 — 75 43,418 $ 192,915 $ 971 $ 11 $ 183 $ 194,080 At December 31, 2021 90 Days or (dollars in thousands) 30-89 Days More and Current Past Due Still Accruing Nonaccrual Total Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ 4,087 $ — $ — $ — $ 4,087 Farmland 342 — — — 342 Single-family residential 77,981 — 15 123 78,119 Multi-family 5,428 — — — 5,428 Commercial 48,729 — — — 48,729 Total loans secured by real estate 136,567 — 15 123 136,705 Commercial and Industrial — Commercial and industrial 10,003 — — — 10,003 SBA guaranty 6,326 — — 71 6,397 Comm SBA PPP 1,047 — — — 1,047 Total commercial and industrial loans 17,376 — — 71 17,447 Consumer Loans — Consumer 2,086 4 — — 2,090 Automobile 53,655 351 — 144 54,150 Total consumer loans 55,741 355 — 144 56,240 $ 209,684 $ 355 $ 15 $ 338 $ 210,392 The balances in the above charts have not been reduced by the allowance for credit losses. For the period ended September 30, 2022, the allowance for credit loss is $ million. For the period ended December 31, 2021, the allowance for credit loss is Non-accrual loans with specific reserves at September 30, 2022 are comprised of: Single–family residential 34,476 established for the loan. This loan was also a troubled debt restructured loan. Below is a summary of the recorded investment amount and related allowance for losses of the Bank’s impaired loans at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. September 30, 2022 Unpaid Interest Average (dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Income Specific Recorded Investment Balance Recognized Reserve Investment Impaired loans with specific reserves: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland — — — — — Single-family residential 17 35 1 18 48 Multi-family — — — — — Commercial — — — — — Total loans secured by real estate 17 35 1 18 48 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial 390 499 19 109 499 SBA guaranty — — — — — Total commercial and industrial loans 390 499 19 109 499 Consumer Loans Consumer — — — — — Automobile — — — — — Total consumer loans — — — — — Total impaired loans with specific reserves $ 407 $ 534 $ 20 $ 127 $ 547 Impaired loans with no specific reserve: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ n/a $ — Farmland — — — n/a — Single-family residential 73 73 1 n/a 80 Multi-family — — — n/a — Commercial — — — n/a — Total loans secured by real estate 73 73 1 — 80 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — n/a — SBA guaranty — — — n/a — Total commercial and industrial loans — — — — — Consumer Loans Consumer — — — n/a — Automobile 75 75 4 n/a 95 Total consumer loans 75 75 4 n/a 95 Total impaired loans with no specific reserve $ 148 $ 148 $ 5 $ — $ 175 December 31, 2021 Unpaid Interest Average (dollars in thousands) Recorded Principal Income Specific Recorded Investment Balance Recognized Reserve Investment Impaired loans with specific reserves: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland — — — — — Single-family residential 26 36 2 10 49 Multi-family — — — — — Commercial — — — — — Total loans secured by real estate 26 36 2 10 49 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — — — SBA guaranty — — — — — Total commercial and industrial loans — — — — — Consumer Loans Consumer — — — — — Automobile — — — — — Total consumer loans — — — — — Total impaired loans with specific reserves $ 26 $ 36 $ 2 $ 10 $ 49 Impaired loans with no specific reserve: Loans Secured by Real Estate Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ n/a $ — Farmland — — — n/a — Single-family residential 87 87 3 n/a 98 Multi-family — — — n/a — Commercial — — — n/a — Total loans secured by real estate 87 87 3 — 98 Commercial and Industrial Commercial and industrial — — — n/a — SBA guaranty 71 71 1 n/a 71 Total commercial and industrial loans 71 71 1 — 71 Consumer Loans Consumer — — — n/a — Automobile 143 143 8 n/a 181 Total consumer loans 143 143 8 n/a 181 Total impaired loans with no specific reserve $ 301 $ 301 $ 12 $ — $ 350 September 30, December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2022 2021 Troubled debt restructured loans $ 34 $ 36 Non-accrual and 90+ days past due and still accruing loans to average loans 0.10 % 0.16 % Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual & 90+ days past due and still accruing loans 1,171.4 % 703.7 % At September 30, 2022, there was one troubled debt restructured loan consisting of a single-family residential loan in the amount of $34,476 . This loan is in a nonaccrual status. The following table shows the activity for non-accrual loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Commercial and Loans Secured By Real Estate Industrial Loans Consumer Loans Single-family (dollars in thousands) Residential Commercial SBA Guaranty Consumer Automobile Total December 31, 2020 $ 270 $ 4,029 $ — $ 34 $ 179 $ 4,512 Transfers into nonaccrual — 920 71 1 204 1,196 Loans paid down/payoffs (138) (1,881) — (1) (68) (2,088) Loans returned to accrual status — (616) — (34) — (650) Loans charged off — — — — (189) (189) September 30, 2021 $ 132 $ 2,452 $ 71 $ — $ 126 $ 2,781 December 31, 2021 $ 123 $ — $ 71 $ — $ 144 $ 338 Transfers into nonaccrual 31 — — 11 151 193 Loans paid down/payoffs (46) — (61) (11) (73) (191) Loans returned to accrual status — — — — (29) (29) Loans charged off — — (10) — (118) (128) September 30, 2022 $ 108 $ — $ — $ — $ 75 $ 183 Other Real Estate Owned. The Company had no real estate acquired in partial or total satisfaction of debt at September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021. All such properties are initially recorded at the lower of cost or fair value (net realizable value) at the date acquired and carried on the balance sheet as other real estate owned. Losses arising at the date of acquisition are charged against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent write-downs that may be required and expense of operation are included in noninterest expense. Gains and losses realized from the sale of other real estate owned were included in noninterest income. Credit Quality Information In addition to monitoring the performance status of the loan portfolio, the Company utilizes a risk rating scale (1-8) to evaluate loan asset quality for all loans. Loans that are rated 1-4 are classified as pass credits. For the pass rated loans, management believes there is a low risk of loss related to these loans and, as necessary, credit may be strengthened through improved borrower performance and/or additional collateral. The Bank’s internal risk ratings are as follows: 1 – 4 (Pass) - Pass credits are loans in grades “superior” through “acceptable”. These are at least considered to be credits with acceptable risks and would be granted in the normal course of lending operations. 5 (Special Mention) - Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credits or in the Bank’s credit position at some future date. If weaknesses cannot be identified, classifying as special mention is not appropriate. Special mention credits are not adversely classified and do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant an adverse classification. No apparent loss of principal or interest is expected. 6 (Substandard) - Substandard credits are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Financial statements normally reveal some or all of the following: poor trends, lack of earnings and cash flow, excessive debt, lack of liquidity, and the absence of creditor protection. Credits so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. 7 (Doubtful) - A doubtful credit has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans. Doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded Substandard. The following tables provides information with respect to the Company's credit quality indicators by loan portfolio segment on September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021: Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans September 30, 2022 Construction Single-family Commercial Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty SBA PPP Consumer Automobile Total Pass $ 5,362 $ 336 $ 80,026 $ 5,337 $ 44,431 $ 8,360 $ 6,203 $ — $ 1,523 $ 41,820 $ 193,398 Special mention — — — — — 499 — — — — 499 Substandard — — 108 — — — — — — 71 179 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — 4 4 Loss — — — — — — — — — — — $ 5,362 $ 336 $ 80,134 $ 5,337 $ 44,431 $ 8,859 $ 6,203 $ — $ 1,523 $ 41,895 $ 194,080 Nonaccrual $ — $ — $ 108 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 75 $ 183 Troubled debt restructures $ — $ — $ 34 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 34 Number of TDRs accounts — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 Non-performing TDRs $ — $ — $ 34 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 34 Number of non-performing TDR accounts — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 Loans Secured By Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Loans Consumer Loans December 31, 2021 Construction Single-family Commercial Commercial (dollars in thousands) and Land Farmland Residential Multi-family Commercial and Industrial SBA Guaranty SBA PPP Consumer Automobile Total Pass $ 4,072 $ 342 $ 77,996 $ 5,428 $ 45,307 $ 10,003 $ 6,326 $ 1,047 $ 2,084 $ 54,006 $ 206,611 Special mention 15 — — — 3,422 — — — 6 4 3,447 Substandard — — 123 — — — 71 — — 50 244 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — 90 90 Loss — — — — — — — — — — — $ 4,087 $ 342 $ 78,119 $ 5,428 $ 48,729 $ 10,003 $ 6,397 $ 1,047 $ 2,090 $ 54,150 $ 210,392 Nonaccrual $ — $ — $ 123 $ — $ — $ — $ 71 $ — $ — $ 144 $ 338 Troubled debt restructures $ — $ — $ 36 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 36 Number of TDRs accounts — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 Non-performing TDRs $ — $ — $ 36 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 36 Number of non-performing TDR accounts — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 |